Nate Persily is a professor at Stanford Law School and an expert in election law. He sees the most recent presidential election as a fundamental change in the way Americans vote. For the first time ever, the majority of voters cast their ballot by mail, rather than at a polling place. It “was an earthquake,” Persily says, speaking metaphorically about the 2020 election’s profound implications for future elections. But not all agree it was a success. Republicans and Democrats are further apart th...
Jun 03, 2021•28 min•Ep 152•Transcript available on Metacast Whether by injury or disease, paralysis has afflicted humans through the ages. Only now have science and technology converged to a point where scientists can contemplate a day when computers and the human mind can communicate directly to restore a certain degree of independence to people with debilitating spinal injuries and other physical conditions that impede or prevent movement. Electrical engineer Krishna Shenoy is an expert in such brain-computer interfaces and has built machinery by which...
Jun 02, 2021•28 min•Ep 151•Transcript available on Metacast Sam Wineburg , a research psychologist at Stanford’s Graduate School of Education, recently conducted a nationwide study of the fact-checking skills of thousands of American high school students. He didn’t go about it with a survey asking the kids to self-report their own behaviors. Instead, he devised a live experiment that charged the 3,000 students in the study to determine the veracity of a now-famous bit of fake news from the 2016 election. Wineburg and team were then able to follow along a...
May 16, 2021•28 min•Ep 150•Transcript available on Metacast Many have now become familiar with the term herd immunity, an idea few outside the infectious disease community knew just a few short months ago. It’s an elusive concept to comprehend, and harder still to achieve, but Stanford epidemiologist Dr. Julie Parsonnet says it’s important to understand just what herd immunity does – and doesn’t – mean for today’s pandemic. Broadly speaking, herd immunity is reached when enough people have either recovered from or have been fully vaccinated against an in...
May 16, 2021•28 min•Ep 149•Transcript available on Metacast Imagine typing words into a text editor and watching on a nearby television as a well-known celebrity speaks those words within seconds. Computer graphics expert Maneesh Agrawala has imagined it and has created a video editing software that can do it, too. Given enough raw video, Agrawala’s application can produce polished, photorealistic video of any person saying virtually anything he types in. While he acknowledges concerns about manufactured “deep fakes” of political leaders or others speaki...
May 04, 2021•28 min•Ep 148•Transcript available on Metacast Biology is not typically considered a mathematically intensive science, says Noah Rosenberg , an expert in genetics, but all that is about to change. Math, statistics, data and computer science have coalesced into a growing interest in applying quantitative skills to this traditionally qualitative field. The result will be better and more accurate models of life, ranging from genetic inheritance to the entirety of human society. The yield will be a greater understanding and, quite possibly, revo...
May 03, 2021•28 min•Ep 147•Transcript available on Metacast Slowly but surely, the highly centralized, industrial electric grid that supplies power to the vast majority of American homes and business is changing. Our existing system of massive power plants and huge networks of high-voltage wires is giving way to a much leaner, decentralized system of small-scale power generation on a more personal, neighborhood- or residence-level scale. In other words, we’re going from an “infrastructure-centric” model to a “human-centric” one, says grid expert Ram Raja...
Apr 22, 2021•28 min•Ep 146•Transcript available on Metacast The world’s once linear — take it, treat it, use it, dispose it — model of freshwater usage is changing fast. Despite two-thirds of Earth being covered in water, just 2.5% of it is fit for human consumption. And that share is dwindling by the day, says civil and environmental engineer and expert in water treatment and distribution systems Meagan Mauter . With a rapidly increasing population and climate change disrupting traditional weather and distribution patterns, access to freshwater is heade...
Apr 21, 2021•28 min•Ep 145•Transcript available on Metacast Humankind has long harnessed the wind to its advantage. From ancient mariners to millers grinding grist, the wind has been an ally for millennia, but only now do engineers have at their disposal advanced computer simulations to better understand the details of wind flow and to optimize designs. Catherine Gorle is one such engineer who has made it her career to design better built environments able to improve walkability, temper extreme winds, shuffle air pollution far away and dissipate heat isl...
Apr 07, 2021•28 min•Transcript available on Metacast As the world moves to more efficient and cleaner energy solutions, there is a growing divide between the clean-energy haves and have-nots, says Anthony Kinslow II, PhD, a lecturer in civil and environmental engineering. Too often the divide falls along racial and socio-economic lines, as minority and low-income communities do not benefit from clean energy to the degree that whiter and wealthier communities do. The problem is founded in history and in the federal government’s askew system of fina...
Apr 06, 2021•28 min•Ep 144•Transcript available on Metacast Electrical engineer Kunle Olukotun has built a career out of building computer chips for the world. These days his attention is focused on new-age chips that will broaden the reach of artificial intelligence to new uses and new audiences—making AI more democratic. The future will be dominated by AI, he says, and one key to that change rests in the hardware that makes it all possible—faster, smaller, more powerful computer chips. He imagines a world filled with highly efficient, specialized chips...
Mar 27, 2021•28 min•Ep 142•Transcript available on Metacast Julie Owono is a lawyer, executive director of Internet Sans Frontières and a fellow at the Stanford Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society . She wants the world to know that the internet is the not the same for every person, everywhere. Born in Cameroon, and having grown up in Russia, she understands firsthand that every nation sets and maintains its own content standards. Owono has dedicated her career to establishing and securing basic digital rights, but also to developing standards by whi...
Mar 09, 2021•28 min•Ep 141•Transcript available on Metacast Words are a window into human psychology, society, and culture, says Stanford linguist and computer scientist Dan Jurafsky . The words we choose reveal what we think, how we feel and even what our biases are. And, more and more, computers are being trained to comprehend those words, a fact easily apparent in voice-recognition apps like Siri, Alexa and Cortana. Jurafsky says that his field, known as natural language processing (NLP), is now in the midst of a shift from simply trying to understand...
Mar 08, 2021•28 min•Ep 140•Transcript available on Metacast When Riitta Katila looks at old photos or movies about the space program of the 1960s, she sees one common thread among the people depicted there — homogeneity. The engineers and technicians who first put humans on the moon were, almost without exception, white and male. While society has come a long way in the decades since, Katila, who is an expert in technology strategy and organizational learning, says there’s still a long way to go. She notes that companies need innovation not only to reach...
Feb 19, 2021•28 min•Ep 139•Transcript available on Metacast As the silicon chip embarks upon its second half-century of dominance in computing and communications, the field is confronting fundamental boundaries that threaten to halt that progress in its tracks. The transistor cannot get much better or smaller and the copper wires that connect them cannot carry much more data than they do now. But, says electrical engineer David Miller , an alternative technology that uses light instead of electricity has the potential to transmit vastly more data than pr...
Feb 10, 2021•28 min•Ep 138•Transcript available on Metacast In recent decades, medical and biological science have advanced by leaps and bounds using technologies that allow us to peer into the brain in myriad new and insightful ways — MRI, CT, PET, EEG, etc. However, Stanford electrical engineer Jin Hyung Lee says, we are still missing critical insights that could lead to a cure for currently incurable brain diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, epilepsy and others. Even in diagnosis, we still rely on “diagnosis of exclusion,” where tests are used to ...
Feb 05, 2021•28 min•Ep 137•Transcript available on Metacast Stanford’s Mark Schnitzer says several of the more exciting recent advances in his field of applied physics have come through developing new imaging technologies that peer into the brain as never before. What’s more, Schnitzer says the insights gained have put the world closer to solving long-vexing brain diseases, like Parkinson’s and others, where the circuitry of the brain seems to be malfunctioning. Schnitzer says that these new imaging methods are helping medical science discern the specifi...
Jan 29, 2021•28 min•Ep 136•Transcript available on Metacast The old maxim holds that a lie spreads much faster than a truth, but it has taken the global reach and lightning speed of social media to lay it bare before the world. One problem of the age of misinformation, says sociologist and former journalist Mutale Nkonde , a fellow at the Stanford Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society ( PACS ), is that the artificial intelligence algorithms used to profile users and disseminate information to them, whether truthful or not, are inherently biased agains...
Jan 23, 2021•28 min•Ep 135•Transcript available on Metacast Stanford’s Karen Liu is a computer scientist who works in robotics. She hopes that someday machines might take on caregiving roles, like helping medical patients get dressed and undressed each day. That quest has provided her a special insight into just what a monumental challenge such seemingly simple tasks are. After all, she points out, it takes a human child several years to learn to dress themselves — imagine what it takes to teach a robot to help a person who is frail or physically comprom...
Jan 15, 2021•28 min•Ep 134•Transcript available on Metacast It has been said that batteries hold the key to a sustainable future. But so-called “clean energy” does not come without environmental costs. For instance, says Stanford geoscientist Jef Caers , the batteries in a single Tesla contain some 4.5 kilograms — about 10 pounds — of cobalt, in addition to plenty of lithium and nickel, too. With some 300 million cars in the U.S. right now, a full transition to electric vehicles would be impossible without new resources. But, finding new deposits and get...
Jan 08, 2021•28 min•Ep 133•Transcript available on Metacast Evan Reed and a team of scientists recently identified a promising solid material that could replace highly flammable liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. The trick? Reed didn’t discover the material the old-fashioned way, using trial and error to narrow down a list of candidates. Instead, he used computers to do the legwork for him. He says that until recent advances in computer science, the seemingly never-ending search for new materials was more like a quest for unicorns. Breakthroug...
Dec 10, 2020•28 min•Ep 132•Transcript available on Metacast Renée DiResta is research manager at the Stanford Internet Observatory , a multi-disciplinary center that focuses on abuses of information technology, particularly social media. She’s an expert in the role technology platforms and their “curatorial” algorithms play in the rise and spread of misinformation and disinformation. Fresh off an intense period keeping watch over the 2020 U.S. elections for disinformation as part of the Election Integrity Partnership , DiResta says the campaign became on...
Nov 18, 2020•28 min•Ep 131•Transcript available on Metacast Once the bathwater is drained, the toilet flushed or the laundry done, few give a passing thought to the wastewater that leaves our homes. But chemical engineer Will Tarpeh might change your mind, if you give him the chance. Tarpeh says that that water is a literal mine of valuable chemicals. Chemicals like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium make great fertilizers. Lithium can be used in lithium ion batteries. And even pharmaceuticals could be recovered and reused. In fact, Tarpeh points out tha...
Nov 13, 2020•28 min•Ep 130•Transcript available on Metacast Bioengineer Kwabena Boahen builds highly efficient “neuromorphic” supercomputers modeled on the human brain. He hopes they will drive the artificial intelligence future. He uses an analogy when describing the goal of his work: “It’s LA versus Manhattan.” Boahen means structurally. Today’s chips are two dimensional — flat and spread out, like LA. Tomorrow’s chips will be stacked, like the floors of the skyscrapers on a New York block. In this analogy, the humans are the electrons shuffling data b...
Nov 09, 2020•28 min•Ep 129•Transcript available on Metacast In a world where a drug takes years and billions of dollars to develop, just one in 20 candidates makes it to market. Daphne Koller is betting artificial intelligence can change that dynamic. Twenty years ago, when she first started using artificial intelligence to venture into medicine and biology, Koller was stymied by a lack of data. There wasn’t enough of it and what there was, was often not well suited to the problems she wanted to solve. Fast-forward 20 years, however, and both the quantit...
Nov 02, 2020•28 min•Ep 128•Transcript available on Metacast When Stanford bioengineer Markus Covert first decided to create a computer model able to simulate the behavior of a single cell, he was held back by more than an incomplete understanding of how a cell functions, but also by a lack of computer power. His early models would take more than 10 hours to churn through a single simulation and that was when using a supercomputer capable of billions of calculations per second. Nevertheless, in his quest toward what had been deemed "a grand challenge of t...
Oct 19, 2020•28 min•Ep 127•Transcript available on Metacast COVID-19 is changing how many scientists, like Stanford sleep expert Rafael Pelayo , MD, view their field. First off, the shift to telemedicine is providing Pelayo, author of the new book How to Sleep , an unprecedented glimpse into the sleep environments of his patients. “I’m making house calls for the first time,” he says. Second, surprisingly, some of his patients, unburdened of long commutes, say they are sleeping and dreaming more than ever. But, others are not so fortunate, reporting incre...
Sep 23, 2020•28 min•Ep 126•Transcript available on Metacast Marietje Schaake was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019 and now serves as the international policy director at Stanford University’s Cyber Policy Center and international policy fellow at Stanford’s Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. As she has watched democracy evolve in the age of instantaneous global communication and hyperconnected social media, she has grown concerned about the resilience of democracy as technology disrupts the status quo. While the tec...
Sep 21, 2020•28 min•Ep 125•Transcript available on Metacast Andrew Huberman is a Stanford neurobiologist and ophthalmologist keenly interested in the biology of stress and ways to manage stress. He’s developed and tested a number of stress-relieving techniques — from specific patterns of breathing to visual tools — and uses virtual reality to help humans control their stress in adaptive ways. He is also testing how people can access better sleep using stress-relief tools. Much of this work is done in collaboration with David Spiegel, MD, associate chair ...
Sep 18, 2020•28 min•Ep 124•Transcript available on Metacast Manu Prakash was in France when COVID-19 took hold throughout the world. There, the Stanford bioengineer, famous for “frugal science” like his $1 field microscope made of paper, witnessed the challenges a relatively well-resourced nation experienced holding back the disease. His head was soon filled with visions of the nightmare awaiting developing nations, given that a COVID-19 test in developing countries can cost as much as $400. In a flurry, Prakash jotted down an engineering manifesto of so...
Aug 26, 2020•28 min•Ep 123•Transcript available on Metacast 
