John Heywood was a playwright and poet who made two important contributions to the history of English. He was a key figure in the emergence of modern English drama which led directly to William Shakespeare at the end of the century. He was also a proverb collector who assembled most of the common proverbs in English into a popular poem that serves as an important resource for modern historians of the language. In this episode, we examine English proverbs, the emergence of modern English drama, a...
Sep 29, 2021•1 hr 3 min•Transcript available on Metacast During the reign of Henry VIII, medical books and herbals proved to be some of the most popular publications in England. The people of England wanted medical books that they could read in the own language. The largely unregulated medical marketplace meant that people often had to find a way to treat diseases on their own. In this episode, we explore the nature and terminology of disease in early Tudor England, and we examine the many illnesses that plagued the people of England, including Henry ...
Aug 30, 2021•1 hr 14 min•Transcript available on Metacast In the 1530s, Henry VIII declared himself to be the 'Supreme Head' of the Church of England, and he demanded absolute loyalty from his subjects. Those who crossed him risked the loss of their heads. Meanwhile, the modern punctuation system started to emerge with the introduction of the comma and other punctuation marks. In this episode, we look at the intersection of 'capital' offenses, 'capital' letters, and the origin of modern punctuation. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 150
Jul 29, 2021•1 hr 15 min•Transcript available on Metacast In the years following Martin Luther's protest against the Catholic Church, small fractures soon turned into a major rift. The Protestant Reformation led to the break-up of the Western Church. Meanwhile in England, the marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was also coming to an end. Those two events came together in the 1520s to set the stage for the permanent break between the Church of England and the Catholic Church. This break-up also created an environment in which William Tyndale ...
Jun 28, 2021•1 hr 7 min•Transcript available on Metacast In the early 1500s, a series of marriages between European royal families re-shaped the face of Europe and brought together separate regions under the leadership of a single ruler. This led to creation of modern Spain and the formation of a massive European empire ruled by the Habsburg family. It also secured the position of the Tudors in England, and laid the foundation for the union of England and Scotland as Great Britain. In this episode, we explore those developments and examine the poetry ...
May 26, 2021•1 hr 10 min•Transcript available on Metacast The European Renaissance provided a transition to the early modern era by looking back to the culture of classical Greece and Rome. It led to a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Latin and a new world view known as humanism. But scholars in England doubted the ability of English to handle the new learning associated with this cultural movement. They felt that English was 'rude' and 'rusty,' and could only convey the new ideas and concepts by borrowing words from Greek and Latin. In this episo...
Apr 28, 2021•58 min•Transcript available on Metacast In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. The voyage marked the beginning of the European discovery of the Americas. Columbus encountered natives in the Caribbean who spoke a Native American dialect called Arawakan. As the Europeans encountered the native culture of the region, several Arawakan words passed into Spanish and then into English. In this episode, we look at what happened when these separate ecosystems began to mix together in the late 1400s. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 146 Map Prepared by Lo...
Mar 24, 2021•1 hr 20 min•Transcript available on Metacast The period of European exploration and discovery began in the 1400s as part of an effort to find new trading routes to Africa and Asia. In this episode, we look at how European sailors and merchants began to think of the ocean as an international highway rather than a barrier to travel. We also examine the naval accounts of Henry VII's ships to reveal a variety of words recorded for the first time in English. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 145
Feb 18, 2021•1 hr 8 min•Transcript available on Metacast In the second half of the 1400s, there is written evidence of word play and new word formations within English. These new terms included words for the sounds made by animals and collective nouns for various groups of animals and people. This was also a period when the Plantagenet era came to an end, and the first Tudor monarch seized the throne. In this episode, we examine those linguistic and historical developments. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 144
Jan 20, 2021•55 min•Transcript available on Metacast In this bonus episode of the regular podcast, we explore the effects of the Great Vowel Shift on the pronunciation of English by reading Geoffrey Chaucer's last known poem in Middle English, early Modern English and contemporary English.
Dec 17, 2020•27 min•Transcript available on Metacast In this final episode about the sound changes associated with the Great Vowel Shift, we explore the vowel shifts that took place in the back of the mouth. We also explore how these changes impacted the way words are spelled in Modern English. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 143
Nov 24, 2020•57 min•Transcript available on Metacast In this second part of our look at the Great Vowel Shift, we explore the movement of the vowel sounds located in the bottom front part of the mouth. We also examine how these sounds were traditionally spelled and how the merger of those sounds produced many homonyms within Modern English. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 142
Oct 22, 2020•49 min•Transcript available on Metacast The term 'Great Vowel Shift' was coined in the early 1900s by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen to describe a systematic change in the long vowel sounds of English. The changes help to mark the transition from Middle English to Modern English. In this episode, we explore the specific changes that took place in the upper front part of the mouth. We also examine the impact of those changes on Modern English spellings. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 141
Sep 24, 2020•56 min•Transcript available on Metacast Vowel sounds are a key feature of every language, but the actual vowel sounds vary from one language to another. The English language contains about twenty vowel sounds, some of which are pure vowels and some of which are a combination of vowel sounds called diphthongs. In this episode, we explore the pure vowel sounds used in Modern English, and we examine how slight changes in the vowel sounds contribute to accent differences within Modern English. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 140
Aug 28, 2020•1 hr 6 min•Transcript available on Metacast William Caxton introduced the mass production of books to England in the 1470s. He was also the first person to print books in the English language via the printing press. Caxton's publications reveal the priorities and concerns of a businessman, not those of a linguist or scholar. In this episode, we explore Caxton's contribution to the history of English, and we examine the impact of the printing press on the development of the English language. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 139
Jul 21, 2020•1 hr 11 min•Transcript available on Metacast In the 1400s, rising literacy rates and access to cheap paper combined to produce the first collections of personal letters in the English language. One of the earliest letter collections was maintained by the Paston family of Norfolk. Their letters reflect the struggles of an upstart family against the traditional landed nobility, and they provide an important perspective on the family dispute that became known as The Wars of the Roses. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 138
Jun 25, 2020•1 hr 7 min•Transcript available on Metacast The rose is one of the most beloved flowers in western Europe, and it has a long association with English royalty. In this episode, we explore the history of English gardens and the use of the rose as a symbol of various branches of the royal family. We also examine the oldest guide to gardening composed in the English language and the origins of the conflict that became known as the 'Wars of the Roses.' TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 137
May 23, 2020•1 hr 6 min•Transcript available on Metacast The legend of Robin Hood has its origins in the murky history of England after the Norman Conquest, but the first written examples of Robin Hood ballads don't appear until the mid-1400s. In this episode, we examine the earliest references to the legend, and we explore the oldest surviving ballads that tell the story of the legendary outlaw. We also look at evidence of the Great Vowel Shift in these early ballads. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 136
Apr 24, 2020•1 hr 4 min•Transcript available on Metacast In this bonus 'stay at home' episode, we explore several words and phrases that appeared for the first time in the first half of the 15th century, including "turnpike," "to curry favor," "budget," "average," "peculiar," "hogwash," and others.
Apr 06, 2020•28 min•Transcript available on Metacast In the early 1400s, playing cards made their first appearance in England. Those cards provide evidence of an early form of printing, but it would take another generation for Johannes Gutenberg to invent the printing press. In this episode we explore the history of playing cards and the printing press, and we also look at the end of the Hundred Years' War. We also examine how these events contributed to the history of English and the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. TRANSCRIPT: ...
Mar 24, 2020•1 hr 17 min•Transcript available on Metacast In the early 1400s, England welcomed a new king, a new ruling family, and a new role for the English language in the administration of government. In this episode, we explore the rise of the House of Lancaster and the emergence of a standard form of written English for the first time since the Norman Conquest. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 134
Feb 20, 2020•1 hr 9 min•Transcript available on Metacast In this episode, we explore words associated with mealtime in the Middle Ages. We also examine the important role of bread in medieval meals and impact of bread-related terms on the English language. Finally, we look at the important role of table manners as outlined in an early English etiquette guide called the Boke of Curtasye. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 133
Jan 21, 2020•1 hr 10 min•Transcript available on Metacast In the midst of the English literary revival of the late 1300s, the household chefs of Richard II compiled the first cookbook in the English language. In the episode, we examine the cookbook known as 'The Forme of Cury,' and we explore the nature of food and cooking in medieval England. We also look at how the culinary arts shaped the English language. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 132
Dec 19, 2019•1 hr 10 min•Transcript available on Metacast Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is one of the most popular English poems of the Middle Ages. In this episode, we explore the language and story of the poem. We also examine how the poem reflects certain changes that were taking place within the English language in the late 1300s. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 131
Nov 25, 2019•1 hr 16 min•Transcript available on Metacast Geoffrey Chaucer was one of the first English writers to compose dialogue in regional dialects to reflect the way characters spoke in the different parts of England. In this episode, we explore the dialogue of Chaucer's northern students in the Reeve's Tale, and we also examine the Second Shepherd's Play from the north of England which reflects a similar approach to regional dialects. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 130
Oct 22, 2019•56 min•Transcript available on Metacast Geoffrey Chaucer was one of the few poets of the Middle Ages to explore the vulgar side of English and the connection between the common people and their language. The Miller's Tale exemplifies this style. In this episode, we explore the history of swearing and obscenities, and we examine Chaucer's use of bawdy language in the Miller's Tale. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 129
Sep 25, 2019•1 hr 15 min•Transcript available on Metacast In this bonus episode, Kevin interviews Allan Metcalf about his new book, "The Life of Guy: Guy Fawkes, the Gunpowder Plot, and the Unlikely History of an Indispensable Word."
Sep 10, 2019•23 min•Transcript available on Metacast The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories told by pilgrims during their trek to Canterbury Cathedral. The pilgrims represent a cross-section of English society in the late 1300s, and Geoffrey Chaucer paints a vivid picture of each one. He also modifies his language to fit the social class of each character. In this episode, we explore the descriptions of the various pilgrims in the General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales, and we examine how the language of the poem reflects the state of t...
Aug 23, 2019•59 min•Transcript available on Metacast In the mid-1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer gave up his London job and residence and moved to Kent along the pilgrimage route to Canterbury. This move inspired the creation of the Canterbury Tales which remains the most well-known work of Middle English literature. In this episode, we explore the background of the poem and the circumstances which led Chaucer to abandon London in favor of Kent. We also examine the opening lines of the General Prologue of the poem. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 127
Jul 24, 2019•1 hr 3 min•Transcript available on Metacast During the Middle English period, English grammar and syntax underwent significant changes. Old inflectional endings continued to erode, and new phrases were introduced in their place. The writings of Geoffrey Chaucer reflect these changes, so we examine Chaucer's House of Fame and Troilus and Criseyde for evidence of the newly emerging grammar and syntax. TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 126
Jun 26, 2019•1 hr 9 min•Transcript available on Metacast 
