Harvard’s Dr. Ellen Langer On The Mind-Body Connection, The Power of Mindfulness, & Why Age Is Nothing But a Mindset

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Most of us live mindlessly most of the time. Dr. Ellen Lager is the author of several books on mindfulness, including her latest, the Mindful Body. Medical science can only give us probabilities. There are still doctors who will say something like you have six months to live. There is no way they could know that.

Harvard Psychology professor Ellen Lager showed that mental attitude can reverse the effects of aging, her groundbreaking research spanning over 40 years, delts into the mind-body connection. Everything you think you know for sure, every limit you place on yourself is a function of your mindlessness. People think they want complete success, not knowing that if they had complete success, life would be empty. That's maybe the most inspirational monologue I've heard in a long time.

Thank you for coming. It's an honor to meet you. I appreciate you coming to do this today. It's a treat to have such a legend in our presence today. One of the things that I love so much about you and your work is just the kind of novel, unconventional approach that you've taken to psychology. You do it with this seeming twinkle in your eye, kind of pushing boundaries. I'm doing what you're doing.

With a beginner's mind and this kind of sense of awe and wonder, it says a lot about your imagination. Like all of these studies, you've done so many studies over the years that the average person wouldn't even concoct in their wildest dreams. And you're just putting them to the test all the time. Like over the course of your career, what is one of the wildest craziest studies that you came up with and tested?

So we're doing one right now and all you're doing is watching somebody eat pizza. That's the whole thing you're watching. So we give different instructions. One group is supposed to count the number of times the person is chewing. That's the control group. The important group is imagining tasting it and smelling it and feeling on the tongue. So bringing a mind to the end of the day. And so the question is, will they gain, lose or no difference in weight? That's pretty wild.

If they lose weight, I'm going to have to rewrite physics. Well, you've already demonstrated that this has an impact on satiate hunger, right? Like even with the time that you spent with your friend when she's eating her Sunday. It was amazing. In fact, I'm very external in that way. And whenever I go out to dinner, it's very important to know the time between when I get there and start watching somebody else eat and when they're going to take my order.

Because I don't want, when you're taking your last bite of that burger for me to now order, because I'm not going to want the burger in another five minutes. There's so much to kind of extrapolate from that, right? I think there is some kind of weight loss, like guru protocol that we could define from that. So here's one. You haven't done this yet, but you know David Edwards. So David was an MIT. I think he still might be there.

And he has these things. They look like hour glasses. And you turn it over and it admits an odor. One of these is the order of chocolate. And it seems to me that if people smell chocolate and then have available to them also just snacks and the chocolates, they're going to eat a lot. However, if they do it multiple times, they won't want the chocolate. It's like people who you walk by a bakery, you have to have it. But maybe you don't have to.

But the people who work there, you know, don't eat the stuff right? Right. Well, you tested that with cheese as well. Like people know that was in mind. That was a different one. Yeah, but it's in the same idea imagining eating a bunch of cheese. And then that translates into when you're actually presented with cheese, like you're going to eat less.

Yeah, similar, but the point here would be if you wanted to control your weight by eating less. So the substance you want to eat less of you overdose on the smell. At some point you would develop a tolerance for that, I think that we haven't tested that part of it. I watched, remember madmen? And every minute they're smoking.

Yeah. So when I'm just smoking, I still smoke. So I walk into the room. No one's listening anymore. I walk into the room and madmen is on. And he's putting out a cigarette, one of them. And I didn't want to cigarette. Okay. So if they're lighting up, I want to cigarette. If they're putting it out, I don't. And so the, you know, if you break up in your in your mind, imagining difference, it's not, you know, one activity. It depends on where you are in the act.

Sure. Well, it's that sort of Q behavior, reward cycle. Right. So if he's putting it out, it's telling your brain, I've already satisfied the craving. Like what's the wildest study that you would like to put to the test that you haven't yet? Well, one is I would like to take hundreds of people who were just diagnosed with cancer. We could use three or four different kinds of cancer.

And nobody is going to be happy when they get a diagnosis. So give them three weeks. Then after that, measure their stress level every three weeks, four weeks. And I predict independent of their genetics, independent of their treatment, independent of nutrition and the kind of cancer. Stress will predict the course of the disease. And that hypothesis comes from where this idea that you have that stress is really foundational to. Yeah, it's way more than we think.

Yeah, you know, I couldn't tell you where any of these ideas come from. Right. Yeah, but I'm overwhelmed. I can't get out of bed. What is your, what is your process? Do you wake up in the morning and jot down ideas? All day long hundreds of what I have. I have, I have a friend collaborator, his member of my lab, Philip Mime and his big in AI. And I know he can't possibly remember these, but at least I feel so I feel like Philip has this great idea. I tell him and then it's out.

Whether or never come back or not, I don't know. So the foundation of your work is essentially disabusing people of this dichotomy between mind and body. And when I think about it, people talking about mind and body, these are just words and people have made them, reified them in some sense. And it seemed to me just the work on placebo alone that is more going on. And you know, the mindful body when I first, it was first going to be a memoir.

So I have lots of personal stories in there. And two that speak to the mind body unit. Rodley, both about pancreas. Now you tell me how many people you know who have even one story about pancreas I have to. Yeah. So I was married when I was very young, foolishly, maybe, maybe not. And I went to Paris on my honeymoon. I was 19 going on 40. And so I have to be very grown up because that's all now. I'm married one doesn't follow, but it did in my mind at that time.

So we're having dinner on Paris. And I ordered the mixed grill and on the mixed grill is pancreas. So I asked my then husband, which of these is the pancreas? He points to something. Big eat or I love eating. I eat everything else with gusto. Now the moment of truth. And I eat the pancreas. And I feel I have to because I have to prove that now I'm all grown up. So I start eating it. And then I get sick, literally sick to my stomach. He starts laughing. I say, why are you laughing?

Because that's chicken. You ate the pancreas a while ago. Okay. So what was going on there? Another pancreas related story with the same bottom line perhaps was my mother had breast cancer that had metastasized to her pancreas. That's the end game. And then all of a sudden it was gone. And the medical world couldn't explain it.

And so for me, just entertaining the possibility, even if just for heuristic purposes, just to generate new hypotheses, let's put the mind and body back together, see them as one and see how far we can push it. And that would explain both of those pancreas instincts. And then we've done study after study. And they just keep turning out to make it so that we don't gain anything.

I don't think by keeping them as separate. And the separate has delayed research because the question it raises is how do you get from this fuzzy thing called the brain to something material called the body. And so everybody's looking for mediators and put it back together. You don't need a mediator because it's one thing.

The findings are so astonishing that it's very difficult to digest. And I think despite the fact that the kind of advent and awareness around mindfulness is growing kind of exponentially right now, there is still this recalcitrance in the Western medicine kind of, you know, there's no question about it. Industrial complex to resist that notion when it comes to diagnosis and treatment.

There's an article that somebody wrote about me for, it was the head of the magazine section of the New York Times. And so it took me forever to explain to him the mind body unity. And then when he turned the article in and these very smart people who already agreed to publish the article, still they kept asking the sort of what's going on under the hood, what's going on inside.

And I'm not suggesting that there's nothing going on. I'm simply suggesting that more or less it's all happening simultaneously. Now, decades ago, the medical model was such that they didn't believe that psychology mattered at all. I mean, it's nice to be happy. I'm sure they felt that way. But that the only way you're going to become ill was the introduction of an antigen pathogen. What have you? And then that model shifted to the bio-social model. So now they know psychology matters some.

And eventually, I think we'll get to the point to realize that it's really in some sense the whole bowl. And that leads me to recall the study around colds and flu. That's in the book, which is so. Incredible. And it's so funny because I've done several podcasts once the book came out. And I've never talked about it. And you know, I'm going to say, talk about the colds.

Yeah, please, please elaborate. So basically, people come in to the lab, the room. And there's a large television. And the television is showing a video of people coughing and sneezing. The room is full of things like tissues, chickens, soup, vasoline, whatever might prime a cold. And essentially, without the introduction of a virus, people who believe for whom we prime a cold get sick.

There's no evidence, I think. I'm not sure of this, but that if your hair is wet and you go outside, that you're going to get a cold. But I believe that if you believe, you know, if you go outside, with the whole, yeah, that you're going to get a cold. And, you know, which would be a nice test to see to take people to find out how they believe colds come about.

And then test them in those circumstances, the interesting thing would be to put them in a situation where you a different situation from that, where you're introducing a virus and to see if they get sick. There were some added nuance to that as well. Wasn't there was some interesting prompts, like sort of telling people like, hey, you might be on the verge of a cold or then having a control group and seeing what would happen. And then they would start to express symptomology.

And obviously, I guess on some level, we're all harboring, you know, viruses and bacteria. So maybe that, that sort of activates or represses an immune response. When I try to explain it, I thought, well, I mean, you know, where is it coming from and all of a sudden you become sick, the weak hypothesis, and I couldn't answer that, but that would be the strong hypothesis.

The weak hypothesis is that the last cold you got or the cold before that wasn't 100% cured. And so it's dormant and what this did was make it active again. Right. Human beings aren't saying. Oh, there's no question about it. And you sort of back this truck up into this world that pulls the covers on like, you know, we think we're sentient and we're making logical rational decisions all the time and we're not easily manipulated.

And that we have an agency in control. And, you know, the book really pulls the covers on that reveal a very different picture of how we operate, how easily we're, we're conjured into believing one thing or the other, how we can be manipulated and the power of belief on outcomes in terms of physical manifestations. Yeah. No, I don't know if it's how easily we're deceived because I think the whole structure, since we're little kids, everything is sort of conspiring against us.

You know, you're taught right and wrong as if these are completely different. You taught absolutes at every turn. And so then when you grow up and you believe these absolutes absolutely doesn't seem quite as surprising. Within that structure, then you can prime people and move them around. Those structures give us this illusion of control or a sense of security, which of course leads to this idea of mindlessness, which is really how you kind of enter this world, not through the traditional,

traditional, I said Buddhism world of mindfulness, but from the opposite direction, it's even worse than that. Okay. So I start studying mindlessness and from the very beginning, I'm going to have data, so much data showing that virtually all of us are mindless almost all the time.

Then I had a conversation with somebody and I wish I could remember with whom it was because he said to me, I don't know if he said it in this nasty way, but I don't know how you make this nice. You are what you study. I took it seriously. So then I decided to look at the other side of it. And it was only after looking at the other side of it that I learned all about Buddhism and Eastern philosophy and so on.

But my ideas had already been formed. And what was interesting to me was from me from a Western scientific perspective to come to the same point, time after time, as this ancient thinking felt that, you know, there must be something there. The idea that we're mindless most of the time is a disturbing thought. But when you reflect on that, it becomes very clear how true that is. And there's a couple quotes that I jotted down that you said that I think can can can kind of set this up.

You said, we don't enjoy our lives enough because we are not actually there. We are mindless, not mindful. Virtually all the world's ill boil down to mindlessness. Most of us live mindlessly most of the time. Yeah, no, I mean big because it's even bigger than that when I give talks about it where I have a slide that says virtually all of our ill personal into personal professional global are the director and direct of result of our mindlessness.

Now when I give a talk on that, I say, and just among us and the other million or so people, I've said this to I mean all. So yeah, I think that if we can only wake up life would be very, very different for virtually all of us. Well, let's tease that out a little bit. Like what would be a good example? Like I'm thinking of those moments when you're driving the car and then you kind of come to and realize you don't even know where you were in the last 10 minutes.

Oh, yes, it was that example that made me realize it in the first place. You know that I'm driving and I think I'm going to be an exit 32 and I say I'm at 38, where was I? No, everything you think you know for sure. Every limit you place on yourself is a function of your mindlessness. I mean we make people more mindful and they live longer. So we're talking, you know, we're talking about very big changes as a function of giving up this view that you know.

The the powers that be I think would like us even in our democracy to stay mindless because that instantiates the status quo in some sense. But I think everybody knows they don't know. They just don't know that they can't know. So they pretend and they up doubt and when somebody acts as if they know, then what you do is you do is you can't know. So when I lecture on this, I often give this example. One thing that everybody thinks they know how much is one plus one.

Well, I read the book. So the answer is two. Okay, so it is sometimes two, but not always if you add one watt of chewing gum plus one watt of chewing gum, one plus one is one. If you add one pile of laundry plus one pile of laundry, one plus one is one. You add one cloud plus one cloud, one plus one is one. In the real world, one plus one probably doesn't equal to as a more often as it does. Now imagine right after we finish talking, someone comes over you and says,

Rich, how much is one plus one? You're no longer going to mindlessly say to what you're going to do is pay some attention to the context. And then you're going to answer more mindful and say it could be and then you can say could be one could be two. Right. And what does plus even mean? Right.

It's simultaneously humbling, but also confronting. And as you know, a scientist who is in a world where the scientific method is everything and there are guardrails and rules and protocols. And this is the way we do it. And we don't do it like this. And this is the way it has to be. I would imagine that you're ruffling some feathers here.

But I'm oblivious to it most of the time. I just ruffle and then find I had written in another book about the art becoming an artist they started to paint your pan. I didn't I was applauded for not following certain rules. And then I admitted I wasn't I didn't know the rules because I couldn't find so much of the time when I'm being recalcitrant.

And I think that's a lot of it's out of ignorance rather than courage. I think this is really important. Especially but not exclusively with respect to help medical science like all science can only give us probabilities. And the experiment says if it's reliable that if you do it again the exact same way which you can never do exactly the same thing you're likely to get these findings. Those probabilities are presented in medical journals textbooks.

And what have you as absolutes when you know something absolutely you don't pay any more attention to it. And people need to know that everything they're told is a probability is a best guess. And I can't imagine but there's still doctors who will say something like you have six months to live. There is no way they could know that. And when their prognoses become self-fulfilling then I you know I get upset.

And I think the diagnosis of cancer that you have cancer you could have something that people have called cancer but is different from it in you know in these ways and those you know we just don't know. So again if I got sick I'd certainly go to the medical world but I wouldn't just hand myself over to them. And any doom and gloom hypothesis. I don't think I would be quite as willing as many people seem to be to accepting the truth of it.

Yeah there is a sense despite the illusion of control which we're going to get into there is this kind of hopefulness around agency that emerges from the book because when you realize that you do have a little bit more control than perhaps the traditional dynamic of a doctor telling you this is the way it is and this is how it's going to go. It's empowering.

Yeah you know I mean for one thing when you're told you have a chronic illness the way people understand chronic is it's uncontrollable. Well you can't prove that anything is uncontrollable. All we know is that we don't know it's indeterminate. Now if you think you definitely can't do something you're not going to do it. If you think who knows maybe not even probably not you may try it.

And so there's always a modicum of control we can exert even the simplest thing I believe this one I don't have data for but that if something is hailing you know your arm is in bad shape if you make the rest of your body healthy. You're going to have a better chance of beating whatever the disorder is you know imagine you have an Olympic runner and you have a couch potato who's you know over indulging in bad food or whatever.

And they're both exposed to covid. I would bet on the athlete sure. But so then you can say it's uncontrollable there's two things operating here one is sort of the calcification of thoughts and ideas and possibilities on the one hand.

And then on the other hand it's it's about the power of language and how we communicate ideas and how potent the words we choose to describe certain things can be in terms of how we think about ourselves or belief about possibility and the physical kind of outcomes and manifestations that we demonstrate physiologically as a result of those that out because that's a very important part of the book.

But when I start talking about it I usually just end up with all of the you know exciting to me studies on my body unity but language you know even a simple thing so I went to visit a friend who had a very bad case of cancer she just gets back from the hospital.

And then I think I can't believe how are you she said fine I said what they say my cancers and remission and then all of a sudden I thought about it wait a second if I went for the very same test chances are they tell me I don't have cancer why has it I don't have it but she has it in remission and that seemed to me.

And I think that's a way of understanding almost everything in this culture that you know you could have the thing is bad you have an in remission is better but they never go the whole distance there's a better than better way of understanding almost everything we do and hopefully I can give examples of that but to say your cancer is in remission what does that mean is lurking someplace no it's sort of in some ways the medical world edging their beds and if it comes back but the understanding that.

If cancer comes back it's in some ways the same cancer that's why we call it cancer in some ways it's different and what we need to do is attend to the ways it's different the example I use as a cold you get a cold when the cold seems to be gone you don't say you're in remission you say you're cured now if you get a cold after that you see it is a different cold just like cancer in some ways it's the same in some ways it's different by saying it is different you're in pattern.

You're in power I can beat these look at how many I've handled in the past and then the one thing that drives me to craze is is the five year rule that a woman has breast cancer the cancer is gone makes hold on remission they would be better off calling you cured they have to wait five years without it reappearing for the medical world to say it's cured believing that it could be there is very stressful and we've made clear my views on stress you know so it's not that.

So in the choice of language, they're keeping people in a state that I think is very unhealthy. And before I did this, by the way, so I had my views of remission cure. Then I called Susan Love. Susan, when she was alive, was a breast cancer, an expert, the expert. And she agreed with me. So I felt a little more comfortable going against the many people in the medical world with that. It's not just a differentiation in language and word choice. It's really a different paradigm.

Oh, yes. But one hand, these are binary dualistic terms where there's hard lines before and after and kind of a concreteism to the whole thing. Where your whole deal is attention to variability. Everything is in flux all the time. Nothing from any moment to the next is the same in any conceivable possible way. And within that, there is this, again, hopefulness, like a sense of possibility or something being different.

And an appreciation or a mindful attention to that offers new ways of perceiving it and ultimately considering and treating it. Yeah. I mean, we have several studies that you know on what I call attention to symptom variability. That's just a fancy way of saying being mindful. Being mindful is noticing change. When you're given a diagnosis of some dread disease, the assumption most people have is that it's going to stay the same or get worse.

But nothing goes in only one direction. There are always blips. It's like the stock market. It goes up. It's down a little bit because if it's on a course to go up, you still have moments where it's falling and vice versa if it's going down. And if we paid attention to when it's better, why is it better now? We'd have a way of controlling it. So we do these studies where we call people at random times in the day and ask them, is that symptom better or worse than before?

The last time we called, for instance, and why? Now, three things happen. Four things happen when we do that. The first is you start this process where you feel in control. You're doing something to make yourself better. Second, by noticing that now it's a little better, that feels good because you thought it was only awful. And you know, there are moments of some relief.

Third, by asking yourself why you engage in a mindful search and we have so much data that that mindful search alone is good for your health. And then we've asked that if you believe or look for a cure, I think you're more likely to find one. Now we've done this with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, arthritis, chronic pain, a host of real things, things that are scary for people to have.

And in each case, we get a great improvement. And you can do this yourself, which is how it all started, which is people when they take a placebo. The doctor is wearing a white coat, gives you this nothing, you take it and you get better. Clearly you're doing it yourself. So what do we need the doctor for? And so that's how this attention to variability started. Most people have a smartphone.

So you set your smartphone for an hour. And an hour rings. And you ask yourself, is the symptom better or worse than the last time and why? Men said it for three hours and two hours and ten minutes. It doesn't matter. Just random times in the course of a day over the week and two weeks, whatever. And that even if you don't get the answer, you're going to end up better for the reasons that I said.

Because you are paying mindful attention to what they're trying to find, which is connecting you more deeply to yourself. And when the neurons are firing, that's literally and figuratively in liveening. It's energizing, which is something that I often fail to remind people of. Because I think we should be mindful all the time. You say it to people, oh my god, it sounds scary to them unless you're in academic.

It's confused with thinking. And even thinking has gotten a bad rap. It's not thinking that's hard. It's the worrying that you're not going to be able to solve whatever the problem is. That's hard. So what we find is that the more mindful you are, the more energized you are. And the way for people to understand that is if they think of doing whatever they enjoy doing.

That the only way you can enjoy it is if you're there for it. So it turns out mindfulness is energizing. It turns out that it's good for you. It turns out that it feels good. And you know, you know that I've been doing this for so long. There's been lots of opportunity to put in all sorts of dependent measures. So it's better for everything people see. It was charismatic. It actually leaves us imprint on the products you produce, your relationships improve, your memories better, so on and so on.

So for somebody who's new to this idea of mindfulness or or have traditionally associated it with a meditation practice, something formal like that. What is the process of getting somebody mindfully engaged? What we have people do is notice new things three, five really doesn't matter, but people need a number of things. Notice three new things about things you know. Go home and notice three new things about your spouse. Notice three new things about the lawn.

Three new things about something at work. And what happens is when you're noticing new things about the things you think you know, you come to see you didn't know them very well. So your attention naturally goes there. Now the other way, the top down way is to accept that everything is changing. Everything looks different from different perspectives.

So uncertainty is the rule. Most of us have been taught from day one, certainties. And those certainties are making us mindless. They make us unaware of all sorts of possibilities for every aspect or our mind. For me, life changed when I was at this horse event. You remember I'm a straight A student. I'm the U.S. too also. We're with the ones people hate.

I might have even as a kid memorized what was underneath the pictures. I mean, that was terrible. Okay. So I know. Now I'm at this horse event. This man asked me if I'll watch his horse for him because he's going to get his horse a hot dog. I roll my eyes internally so he can't see it. Important to be nice. And I think he's crazy. Horses don't eat meat. Everybody knows or at least all the A students know that. Okay, good.

Horses don't eat meat. He comes back with the hot dog and the horse ate it. And it was at that moment that everything changed from me. That everything became possible because all of the things that were preventing that possibility now just crumbled. There's so many ways that they're wrong.

You know, that how many horses were tested in these studies? How much grain was mixed with how much meat? How hungry with the horses? You know, you know, when you're doing a study, these sorts of questions really matter. And they're typically ignored when the results are being reported and reported magazines. We're brought to you today by Momentus.

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From there, it's sort of a short leap to this idea of the illusion of control that we walk around with. Like in addition to these rules and these structures and organizational systems that help us make sense of the world that we come to.

It's here to that drive a sense of mindlessness because we can just operate within that context. We have this sense that we are exerting some level of control over our lives and external events while also feeling like we're pretty good at assessing risk when it comes to decision making. I know. I'm just loving you. I don't know which one to hit. Well, the first thing is that people hold things still because they think then they'll have greater control over it.

If I can say what kind of person you are, now I know you're a whatever. Then I can make sure you don't hurt me in that way. But that's the evolutionary kind of explanation for why we're wired that way. That's what you're saying. No, no, never went there. If I think you're the kind of person who's late. So we're married. And I'm going to make dinner. We'll make a very traditional to old feel.

But that if I know that you're always late, I adjust myself accordingly. Right. And but you're not always late. And if I cared more about you and wanted to facilitate things in the relationship, I would pay more attention to when you were and when you weren't just like the symptoms that we were talking about a moment before. But I hold you still now. You're that kind of person. You're always late. You're always cheap. You're always whatever we call people. And that makes us feel in control.

As long as I know how everybody else is, I know how I should be. But because everybody is changing. And because sometimes you are this way, sometimes you're not. And even when you're this way, whatever that is, there are other ways of looking at it. So you're being careful with money or not being cheap. When we recognize that, then we actually have more control. And the relationship improves. We pigeonhole people. We make comparisons all the time that are mindless.

And as a way, I think to exercise control. But since we're so often wrong, we're actually giving up control. I mean, if I see you as a snob, all right. What am I going to do? I'm going to avoid you. Why do I want you in my life for a snob? If I take that same behavior that looks like you're a snob, he's really shy. You wouldn't expect a tall handsome man to be shy. But he's shy. Now every behavior that was true for you being a snob is also true for you being shy.

Once I call you shy, though, I want to embrace you. That kind of speaks to this other idea that you have around transcending judgments and getting to this place of understanding. This is the most important. So funny because in 45 years of research and some of them life and death, changing the meaning of aging, big, potentially big important things.

This is the one that is nearest and nearest to my heart, which is behavior makes sense from the actor's perspective. Or else he or she wouldn't do it. No one wakes up in the morning and says, you know, today I'm going to be clumsy, inconsiderate, and I'm going to procrastinate.

So when people are doing things that get on your nerves, what is it from their perspective? Now, so I was doing therapy when I was at Yale. At first it was fun, and then I didn't have the patience for it because I wanted to say, you have all of the behaviors you want, just do them.

But of course you can't say that to people, just do it. So what was it that was keeping them from doing it? And then I realized that when people are trying to change a behavior, they're not looking at it as the same way as when they're motivated to do the behavior. So for example, I am scarily gullible. Really, it's very easy to take advantage of me, so I'll have.

So I want to change you see how gullible I am. It's not good for a relationship, Ellen. You've got to change. I keep trying, trying. And I'll fail. And the reason I'll fail is that because going forward, I'm being trusting. And I don't want to stop being trusting, even if it means sometimes people will take advantage of me. So you were so damn inconsistent. It's really hard to tolerate you. I love your flexibility.

I am so impulsive that I need to change, but that's because I value my spontaneity. So we did a study ages ago. We gave people 300 behavior descriptions. And we said, circle those things that you've tried to change about yourself and you have trouble gullible for me, impulsive. Then you turn the page over and in a mixed up order are the positive versions of these. Now, circle of the things you really value about yourself, my spontaneity and my being trusting.

So in other words, with this, you can see how relationships would improve, right? Because now there's no reason to demean you because what you're doing makes sense. I was just mindlessly saying it on an aridged way. There's always a reason for the behavior and what you're referring to are the values that motivate and underlie the behavior. So trust is a value that is important to you. And the manifestation of that is gullibility. You can change gullibility and still hold on to trust.

Well, you can set healthy boundaries and do there's way, I think there's ways you can know what you're saying is you can be a little less gullible by being a little less trusting and sure. Yeah. But the two are the same. It's the same thing.

But I think getting to the values that are driving the behavior is the pathway to understanding. And to your point that every behavior is motivated by some reason that makes sense to the person who's perpetrating it, it's this idea of my wife says it's all the time like every man or every woman is right from their perspective.

And you can understand that and embrace that. I think it allows you to kind of have a little bit more grace and a sense of empathy and understanding. Yeah, I think that because we're brought up mindlessly, which means we seek single explanations for events that if you see something different from the way I see it, I see it the way I see it must be right.

Because if it weren't right, I would change it. So anything you do that's different from me means that you're wrong. And, you know, so we have to open up all of that and all of that stems from strangely, I think a belief that the things who are after a scarce.

You know, that we both can't be important happy. Full people. There's always this, you know, who's better on which to mention, whether it's, you know, with friends, relationships. And I think we're taught that in the beginning. We're taught that in schools by there being a normal distribution for grades.

You know, Harvard had this thing, this was years ago, when we got a printout that that compared the grade you gave the student with the grade that student got another another classes basically saying you shouldn't give that student a because the student is a B student.

And I don't know, I think sometimes I give all a's because they all deserve a's. Well, it's interesting how rules and institutions and structures drive that sense of a scarcity mindset from the moment we come into the world, right? And we're not even kind of consciously aware of it. And you have a whole chapter on this in the book, this difference between abundance and abundance mindset and a scarcity.

Well, this came to pass with somebody that I knew who I'm like a little kid and I would, you know, you wouldn't believe it's like, I got these sneakers on sale. Okay, big deal, right? You have a lot of energy. Hi, this is your third podcast today. Yeah, so this mindful approach like it's working for you. Yeah, no, myfulness is energy beginning. So I'm not going to be able to sleep tonight because I'm going to be too energized. Anyway, so I come back and I say, I got these sneakers on sale.

Excited. My mind what I'm doing is sharing, right? I got these. You get the sneakers. I'll tell you where to go. She thought I was bragging and took me so long to figure out. How could I be bragging? But because her mindset was one of scarcity. So if I got them, now there are fewer available for other people. Mine was sneakers can be gone at this price, which led to her resentment or jealousy. But how does mindfulness work to disabuse us of a scarcity mindset?

Well, for one thing, things are, you see how things are more abundant. You see how several things can be used in several different ways. You know, we have notions of natural resources. You want more natural resources, call more things natural. You know, it's, I mean that, you know, have serious.

Yeah, the things that we care about, but people don't know that this is what they care about are not limited. They're not scarce. As I said a moment before, despite all the normal distributions, we set up saying some people should have a lot, some a medium amount, some very little, whether it's talent, beauty, money, health.

The things we care about are not limited that we can live in a world. You can just forget the world. Have a relationship where both of you prosper. It doesn't have to be, you know, here's my domain where I'm better than you, his your domain, which is when the good relationships work tend to be that way. Scarsity isn't unrelated to control issues either, right? Like if you're driven by a scarcity mindset, you want to kind of control, you know, what you have access to, et cetera.

And that kind of gets into this idea of future casting and, you know, probabilities and how we as human beings think we have a sense of what's going to come next. And your whole thing is like, virtually nothing is predictable. This is so hard to communicate to people. People think they can predict all the time, you know, because they're making predictions. And then if, you know, if I make a prediction that you're going to smile.

You see, but I could have, I could have left it for three days, right? At some point you're going to smile. So it's very easy. Seeing that our predictions are right. We think we can predict because we're so good at post-dicting, looking back. So an example, John and Mary are at a party they're fighting. And if I said to you, you think they're going to get divorced.

You say, how do I know people fight? But if we don't have that conversation, you see them fighting a month later, two weeks later, it doesn't matter. Somebody says, hey, did you know John and Mary are getting to, I knew it. You should have seen them go at each other. And I think that people don't understand that, well, you may be able to predict for the group. Nobody who knows anything about numbers believes you can predict the individual case. So what does that mean?

If I were to say to you, here's a use parking lot, a lot of cars in the other parking lot, and here's a Mercedes dealership. Now, you go, we pick 20 cars at random. Now, look, we look 100 cars. And we just try them once. Chances are, more Mercedes are going to start than the use cars. But I don't know if anybody who take the bet for all the money, all the future money you're going to make. And I'll match it. That any Mercedes that we pick at random will start.

So we know things happen. If I am in a foul shooting context with Michael Jordan, whoever's the lead. I could win if we only shoot one ball. I sometimes get it in. He sometimes misses. If we do many, you know, the difference in our talent will reveal itself. And most of the time, what we're doing is making decisions about individual cases.

Now, when you know you can't predict, it throws everything into disarray, but it also makes life easy. Most people get themselves crazed, should I do this or should I do that? But decision is based on a prediction, right? Should I do this? Is because I'm predicting that this will be great or this, which will be great, which will be greater, I don't know, and so on.

You can't predict. It doesn't matter. And if it doesn't matter, then life actually becomes easy. So my bottom line, rather than waste your time being stressed over making the right decision, make the decision right. Randomly choose. Now, you can randomly choose if you want an I'm enjoy or a snickers. Nobody's going to care, right? But it's the exact, this is the hard part to swallow. It's the exact same thing about getting an abortion or not. Getting married or not. Taking the job or not.

Doesn't matter whether the decision is big or small, you can't know. That's a very confronting idea. Yeah. Well, I mean, you can only live one life. If there were some magical way that I could live a life as somebody who's had three kids, and live a life as somebody has one kid and somebody who hasn't had kids, maybe I can make it comparison, but you don't have that available to you.

So I say to my students, so let's say, should you go to Harvard or should you go to Yale? So they made a decision to go to Harvard. So let's say it's terrible. You know, they screw up royally. And they say, oh, I wish I had gone to Yale. And there's no way of knowing that Yale wouldn't have been worse, better, the same. And that's why regret is so mindless. Because the choice you didn't take, you're presuming, would have been better. And there's no evidence for that.

But we have this predisposition to haunt ourselves with these sorts of things, looking retrospectively over our life and wondering what could have been or what should have been had this or that gone differently. You only do that when your president is not having right. But the labels, good, bad, better, worse are all words.

My exactive thoughts that we place on top of these things, and they become real or emotional experiences, only by dint of the fact that we've made that decision and labeled them. Yeah, exactly. Exactly. And mindfulness is a way of putting distance between you and that. Well, the way you put distance between it is by seeing it in its multifaceted way. So here are five ways it's good here. Five ways it's bad. You know, I don't have what is good or bad.

Well, but if you're if you're using that language for yourself, right now we have, if it's good, I have to kill people. I can't to get it. Right. Stay up all night. I mean, I have to get that thing because it's good. And if it's bad, I have to do everything I can to stay away from it. Now when you know it's neither good nor bad, I don't have to do anything, whatever it is. If this podcast is wonderful, that's great.

If the podcast turns out the cameras aren't working, it's also great because I can enumerate all the advanced. This is funny. I was told of this very, very large prize. If you can extend life, which is what I've been doing right for the past 45 years. Okay. So somebody's the Peter DeMandus thing. Somebody tells me about this $100 million. Okay. So I'm driving by myself. I have an hour drive.

Oh, it's okay. Now first, I said the government, I don't live in that moneyed world, but I'll assume the government wants 50 million. What am I going to do with the other 50 million? It's taking me my whole ride home. You're already mad at the IRS for taking away. What do I even care about that because the 50 million was enough for me. And if I give this to you, then you're going to be upset that I didn't give as much to you.

And I was fine not having the money. You created your own like sort of accelerated suffering as a result of trying to experience what that might be like. But so the point is that with everything good, there's a way of constructing it, understanding, construing it so that it's not so good and vice versa. And people need to understand outcomes are in our heads. The value of outcomes. The outcome is nothing.

The way you understand it will determine your emotional response to it. And there, the more mindful you are, the more ways you can look at it, the more choices you actually have. How well do you practice that yourself? I'm almost embarrassed to tell you, I virtually never experience stress. Wow.

I mean, I've had some big things happen in my life, you know, major fire that destroyed 80% of what I own, my mother died when she was young, you know, these sorts of things. But when the house went up and smoked, and I called the insurance agent came the next day. And he said to me, in his 25 years on the job, this was the first time that the damage was worse than the call.

Oh my God, oh my God, is what most people say, I can't. Oh, and it's nothing. Right. Here it was a lot. But my feeling was I had already lost the stuff, throwing my sanity away wasn't going to get it back. And I also felt I'm not so attached to things. I love nice things, but I don't need them. You know, so, and those things were all part of my past. As long as you have a rich present, you don't need the momentos from the past.

What I extracted from that story is like the sort of golden lining or the benefits of this was like a new kind of understanding of the meaning or importance of material things in your life realizing like, okay, that wasn't so great, but like I'm actually fine. And then going and lecturing without your notes and having a kind of revelatory experience of finding something new and different.

And that one. So I didn't care really about anything that I lost in the fire except that in a short time from the date of the fire, I had to give a large lecture class and my notes were destroyed. And so what am I going to do? What am I going to do? What I ended up doing was calling a student who took the class the year before and I borrowed our notes like a telephone came.

Because they were somebody else's notes, even though they were basically copying down from what I had said, I involved myself. I engaged myself in the preparation for each lecture in a way that I hadn't done in a while. You know, the problem, PowerPoint slides are wonderful. But once you have it, it's sort of hard to change your thinking about all of it. So here since I didn't have any of the slides, everything was new. And I think it was the best class that I had taught.

Do you have a formality in the way that you bring mindfulness into your moments and your hours and your days or just a muscle memory where? It's none of those things. I mean, I think that it's the way I do everything is sort of up and out, you know, in some sense. A lot of people ask about, my doing a study, the study changed my life, the results of the study and said, prize me or whatever.

And I don't know if I do this backwards, different from other people. But for me, I do something and I notice the doing of it. And then I see people do other people do this. And you know, if not, why not? And then I set up the study. So I already have evidence. I don't have evidence that it's going to be broadly done, but at least evidence that at least I do it.

It feels like a natural inclination that you have as a result of this, that you can kind of see things through a unique different lens that other people don't see. And that energizes your imagination. It's not that I see it the way you see it and I see it the way I see it. And you know, that many times I'm oblivious to the fact that you're seeing me.

And it's only then talking about it. I remember, and even because that was, I had a lot of more stuff in it, that when I was an undergraduate and I had been helping this professor with something and I came up with something that she didn't come up with, which is going to happen. But she then decided it was because I was creative, which was never a label I had for myself. Those were the people, the kids who could draw or who were in band. So now creative.

Then almost at the same time, I had written a program text for a paper, a final paper in a class, and the teacher wrote back my A's, I wrote back, I have such a chutzpah. Well, is Yiddish, you know, it means you're able to go out there, break the rules and do whatever. And I'm going to, which I never saw myself that now I had double permission creative, what's the, you know, telling me that I can break out of a structure that, you know, stifling for people.

I want to get back to this idea of, of, of how much agency and power and control we unknowingly kind of yield over the well-being of our bodies and our minds, not to be dualistic about it. But I think a good way to kind of elaborate on that is some of the work you've done around aging and belief and in particular, maybe, you know, start with the counterclockwise study.

Yeah, well, the counterclockwise study was the first test of the mind body unity hypothesis again, mind and body, if it's one thing, wherever you put the mind, you're necessarily going to put the body. So you have a host of studies, we put the mind in strange places and take our measurements. In this case, what we did was to retrofit a retreat to seem to be 20 years earlier.

And we had old men live there for a week as if they were their younger selves. So they would be talking in the present tense about things that had passed. The books, all of the props, the TV shows that we showed everything said this was 20 years earlier. The comparison group stayed in the same retreat, not the same time, and talked about the same thing, except they were talking about it in the past tense.

And it was clear that now is now and then was then, with those emerge for the first group. And their results were big, I think, that in this period of one week, these are men in their late 70s, 80s. And that was, you know, 20, 1979. So lots of years ago when 80 was probably like 100. Yeah, it was different. Yeah. Anyway, so without any medical intervention, their vision improved, their hearing improved, their memory, their strength, and they look noticeably younger. One week.

And you were measuring all these biomarkers. Yeah, well, the funny thing is, where I started this and I was trying to get the measures together, I called all the geriatricians that I could think to call. And I said, okay, if I have a 50 year old man in one room and a 75 year old man in the other, what measure do you want me to give you? So you'll know who's who. They couldn't come up with anything. You know, so whatever that means. So what do you extrapolate from that finding?

Most of the deterioration we experience is a function of our minds. You know, that, you know, we see with old people, I experience it myself, I forget something. Oh, my goodness. You know, am I becoming demented? And, you know, for me, it's not, I mean, I teach undergraduates. They don't get 100 on the test. You know, they forget also. The thing is that they don't worry about forgetting. As we get older, we stop ourselves. We presume we can't do things, so we don't do them.

And by removing that, all sorts of possibilities present themselves. You know, that you can do the same things you did before. Maybe it's better to do them differently. You know, I'm thinking about when I played tennis with these young kids, and I was playing very differently from them. They were 16-year-old boys full of energy running all over them, but I knew the game. And I knew if they're standing there, the ball's going to come here.

This thing, the ball's going to go there. I don't have to be racing around quite as much as they did. And so if you assume that as you get older, you become wiser, you should change some of your behavior. But if you're not aware of changing your behavior because of these positive things, we tend to always make negative explanations for why we've changed. It's always based on you can't. And I don't think that there's any, we can never prove that we can't, which people don't seem to understand.

Right. And trying is a whole ball game, which this is the piece that I don't know how this came about, but this massive misunderstanding, where people think they want complete success. Not knowing that if they had complete success, life would be empty. So, an example I'm fond of using. You play golf. If you got a hole in one, every time you swung the club, there'd be no game, right? You know, an example I used earlier today, you're in the elevator, you're a little kid.

You try to reach that button. You can't, you can't, your father picks you up, you press the button. Wow, wow, wow. Then you get a little, you still can't. Now finally, you're tall enough, you press the button. Tell me how many times you've been in an elevator where you were excited about press. So once we can do it, it's no longer meaningful to us. Right, I got you. But what I do do is I always press the door closed. Tell me to, even if it doesn't work.

And I know it doesn't do anything, and I know you've written about this as well, but I still do it every time. Yeah, me too. In reflecting on the counterclockwise study, I can't help but wonder if part of it is the sense of hopefulness. The idea that you're younger, there's a future that's unwritten that lies ahead that kind of drives a sense of youthfulness.

As opposed to the person who is sitting in their older years and looking in their rearview mirror where life is about memory and the sense of possibility from the future seems much more curtailed. That's what people say. My own feeling is that if we're both here now, we're in the same now.

And that, you know, well, I don't, it's nice for you to decide in 10 years you want to do X. But it would be stupid, mindless, if you really had a commitment, because you don't know what you're going to want to do in 10 years. So I don't think most of us, when I was young, right, didn't spend that kind of time thinking about the future. People say that, but at least for me, it wasn't true. So people ask you what your five-year plan is or your 10-year plan? I tell you, it's worse than that.

I was in Australia and I gave a talk and there were several people giving talks. Then the person who organized this had a whole command on this stage and surprised us and asked, what is your bucket list? Which is the same sort of question right about the future. And so each person, big shots, give their bucket list. She comes to me and I don't have a bucket list. First, I feel bad I didn't have a bucket list. Everybody has a bucket list. And then I said, wait a second.

If I don't have a bucket list, it's good that I don't have a bucket list. Why? And then I realized, you know, you can't make the moment more full than when it's full. And so, you know, it'd be nice, you know, if I were unhappy here now, I might look like a person who is not happy. Now, I might long to be in Paris again, not having the pancreas, but just being in Paris. If I am filled up while I'm here, mindfully engaged, enjoying myself, I don't need to be anyplace else.

That's a beautiful way to think about that. But it's the same thing with looking in the past or looking in the future. Yeah, if you're fully present for what is happening right now, that sense of yearning for something better over the horizon isn't nagging on your soul. This episode is sponsored by Better Health because nutrition, sleep, and exercise, all good, but alone, it's not a cure all for everything.

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And then looking at photographs of people today at the same age. And it's very clear that we have a different relationship with aging. Like people do look younger now. And I have to believe that that's because we have a different sensibility around what it means to be a certain age. There's some crazy illustrations of this same thing in the work that you've done.

Like, and the studies that you talk about in your book, like, I think one of the ones that stuck out the most for me is the ones that you did with the diabetics. Around perception of time and perception of sugar intake. So we have people come in who type two diabetes. And we give them all sorts of tests. And then we sit them down at a computer. And the reason for what I'm going to say next will become clear at the end of the second. So we're going to have them play computer games.

And we tell them, change the game you're playing every 15 minutes or so. That's to ensure that they'll look at the clock that's by the computer. The clock is rigged, but they don't know it. So for a third of the people, the clock is going twice as fast as real time. For a third of the people, it's going half as fast as real time. For a third of the people, it's real time. Most people would assume that blood sugar level will follow real time. What's the difference with the clock says?

Our hypothesis, which was confirmed, was that blood sugar level will follow perceived time. Clock time. Now, it's the same thing we did with people in a sleep lab. They go to sleep, we change the clock. So they think they got more sleep than they actually got. Less sleep or the amount of sleep. Cognitive and behavior functions seem to follow perceived amount of sleep. And this is also relevant to a larger thing than if we talk about fatigue. So fatigue is largely a psychological construct.

As an athlete, this is really fascinating. Yeah, I mean, you know, but people believe that the body is such. And if you don't do your weights and build yourself, you know, you're going to pee to wrap. That's all there is to it. Now, you know, the more mindful I get over time now, the more animated. But so the first thing we do is I give people, I ask people to do jumping jacks. Simple, very simple study to start. Do 100 jump jacks tell me when you're tired? They get tired at seven.

We have another group do 200 jumping jacks. Tell me when you're tired. They get tired at 140. Now, we have many of these sorts of things. Now, I say to my class, how far is it humanly possible to run? These are smart kids. They know the marathon is 26 miles. They know I wouldn't ask the question if the answer were 26. So they start guessing it becomes like an auction. 28, 30, 35. No one ever goes beyond 50. Whoever says 50, everybody, oh, groans, right? Impossible. Then I play a video.

I don't know if you've seen it. It's a video of the Tariumora tribe that lives in Copper Canyon, Mexico. I have the author of Born to Run here. Oh, okay. There you go. These people can run 200 miles without stopping. Now, to my mind, the difference between those who can run, I can't, I haven't, nothing I can't, but I've never run five miles. The difference between, let's just say, 26 and 200.

Metaphorically, is the difference I'm saying between what we think we can control now and what we actually can control and maybe beyond. That we're nowhere near living the lives that we could live and to go back to what you're saying about language, all our language conspires against us, seeing we make a little progress, and we think that's the end. You know, I was thinking today about another thing, I don't know, it's the medical world.

I don't know who to blame for this, but that as soon as you take people, we have people who can remember lots, and we call them super memories, and super tasters, and super whatever, making it as if that's a close category, but the rest of us can't get into. Rather than that it's on a continuum, and these people do it a little better, and so maybe we can proceed in the same way. I believe that any category where you have a super is something available to all of us.

That's maybe the most inspirational blog, I've heard in a long time, I love it. I got a new video you're going to want to show your class, because we had a guy in here the other day who ran 450 miles. Oh wow, I have to see that. 200 a. Nothing anymore. Yeah, that's incredible. But to tell you these videos, the other thing,

do we talk about piano stairs? No. Okay, so one thing that people have to understand, so when I say, you want to be mindful all the time, you see from mind, the way I am now, mindfulness is energy beginning, mindfulness is the way you are when you're having fun. So these people, I think Scandinavia, I'll say Sweden, turns out I didn't know this, then Subways all over the world, they're the same, you have an escalator,

and you have stairs. And all over the world, everybody is taking the escalator. The random athlete like you will run up the stairs, young boy up the stairs. Now what they do, they lay down a piano keys on the stairs. So it actually makes noise. Now, in almost no time, everybody takes the stairs because it's fun. And what I say to my students is, why do you have to wait for someone to put the keyboard down? You can do this in your mind as I just do, do, do, do, you know, whatever.

Everything can be made to be fun. And the world has taught us quite the contrary. You're not supposed to have fun at work. So you have work versus play. Studying is hard. And all of these things. Yeah. And it all keeps people in place, and it's not a good place to be kept. Framing. This is something you did with Chambermaid study as well. Is it work or is it exercise? Yeah. First thing that was interesting, we take these Chambermaids, and we ask them how much exercise they get.

This was surprising to me. Of course, these women, all they do is exercising all day long. But they don't think they do exercise. Because to them, exercise, according to the surgeon general, is what you do after work. So for those who sit in the desk all day long, they're not really exercising. It's when they go to the gym afterwards.

Okay, so now, imagine we didn't do this, but those who exercise, if Chambermaids are exercising, should be healthier than socioeconomically equivalent people who are not exercising. But they're not. So what we do, very simple study, we take the Chambermaids, divide them into two groups in one group, we just teach them. Do you know your work is exercise, making it bad is like working on this machine at the gym, sweeping is...

Okay, so all we've done is changed their minds from not realizing their work was exercise, just seeing that their work is exercise. We took lots of measures to start. When the study is over, we want to find out, is she working any harder, expanding any more energy even this known? Are they eating any differently?

Those who see it as exercise wrote no differences, nevertheless, those who now see their work as exercise, we get they lost weight, a change in waist to hip ratio, body mass index, and their blood pressure came down. And the control group... And the control group... No change in the other group. Yeah, it's so... No, it's interesting, but let's talk about mindlessness, that when I give these findings, I could just say they lost weight, but doesn't it have more of a scientific heft?

When I say there was a change in body mass index and waist to hip ratio. And how are these results perceived by your colleagues? Oh, the people in the world love it because now they can see themselves as exercising and losing weight without exerting more energy. You know what, Mark Twain, I'll get to the question if I remember. Mark Twain said about exercise? No.

Well, sad, you'll hate it. He said, every time the urge to exercise comes over May, I know if I just sit still for a moment, it'll pass. Right. Well, what if you just sat down and imagined yourself exercising or try to visualize your experience? No, that's... ...what it feels like to be, you know, fatigued from exerting yourself. Your imagination is far, far more powerful than most people believe. There are studies by others of people who are flexing their muscles and that imagined versus real.

And the outcome is basically the same. Imagine dexter signs. That's a hard one to believe. Well, it's not mine, so I don't care if you believe it or not. But to go back to the question, you know, what are people's responses to my work? The people who hated or whatever don't come to me, so I don't know. And I think that, you know, I've been in the field for so long, that, you know, I think that people assume that it's true.

When we think of placebos, we think of, you know, the sugar pill or the capsule that we're given that we're either told or not told, you know, is a medication or not. But placebos is actually a much broader concept. It's an expectation and our expectations control our behavior in ways that we're not aware of. A simple example. Most people have used the snowy night chart to see your vision. And something is so remarkable to me that people buy this.

You look at letters that make no sense in a doctor's office, which is necessarily stressful for so many people. And the doctor gives you a number and you see that's the way you see. It wouldn't occur to me. I just did that like two weeks ago. And I see you wearing glasses. More than my whole life. Well, you know, I start to feel bad about it. I want you to feel bad about it, but we have remedies. Anyway, so, you know, I look at this chart and, you know, we've agreed implicitly that I'm bizarre.

And when I say the eye chart, I don't see it the way other people see it. I think, if they think anything, I see it as, this is a setup. But letters are getting progressively smaller. Which is leading me to expect not to be able to see. So we come up with a different eye chart. We're now, but letters get progressively larger, creating a different expectation. And now the expectation is soon I will be able to see. And what happens is that people can see what they couldn't see before.

One more expectation study. Most people assume when you get two-thirds of the way down the eye chart, you're going to have trouble seeing it. What we did was we took the original eye charts. We just took the bottom two-thirds. But you don't need those big letters anyway. Two-thirds of the way down there are much smaller letters than on the original. But they both occur in the same place, right? Two-thirds of the way down. And again, people saw what they couldn't see before.

You also did this study with pilots. Yes. Fighter pilots. Yeah. And there are different variations on the same thing that if you believe you can, then all of the things that prevent you from doing whatever it is are eliminated. Pilots are seen to have excellent vision. So what we do, we put people, we test their vision. We put them in pilot uniforms. We have them go into a flight simulator. Have you ever been in a flight? It's very real. There's an oncoming plane.

And we want them to read a very small set of letters that was taken from the eye chart on that oncoming plane. When they're pilots, they can see it. And the ones that were in the control group who were told the simulator was broken. They were on ambulance. They had a simulator, everything. They didn't score as high. You know, I mean, if you had trouble doing something and I had you put on an outfit of Superman. Okay. So you see yourself, I think you would be able to lift more weight.

If you were Einstein, you know, I have people because they think that I am less afraid than they with certain things. So if they have to go into fighting with a waiter or somebody, employer, they pretend that they're me. That's it's fine. You know, but I believe I can sing if you saw me, not saw me, but heard me in the shower. And when I'm being a threak-hallus or barbershorizing, I get a lot of notes. But it's me, right? It's not there.

So I think that we all, not all, but many of us tend to underestimate our abilities. And so some of these studies just sort of free us from whatever is holding us back. It's very encouraging and empowering to understand that, you know, belief can drive better outcomes for ourselves. And if we can get to a place of, you know, disabusing ourselves of all the assumptions that we make about how things work and don't work and what our limits are.

For somebody who's watching or listening to this, who's saying, well, that's great and that's super entertaining to hear that. But like, how do I begin to, you know, construct my version of this? We already said that if you take on the assumption by the assumption that everything is uncertain, there's a way that you naturally approach things more mindfully. But if you take any explanation, you know, if you have children and they ask you a question, don't answer it with a single answer.

Answer it with multiple answers. Answer it with answers, then take those answers and show how gee, you know, these are negatives, even though they seem positive. And vice versa, just open everything up and it will all happen naturally. The other in a more mundane way that most people are stressed most of the time, that stress means that they're making predictions about things that can't be predicted. And they're oblivious to the fact that they're in charge of their experience of that.

So think of the things you were scared of in the past and how did it turn out? It almost always turns that time. So going forward, you don't have to be so afraid. Well, anything you worry about, it either doesn't happen, which means that was a waste of energy and time. Or if it does happen, it happens and there was no reason worrying about all that time that you wasn't worrying about before.

So that's the main thing that, so there are people who I've read about this, I think it might even be in the book, about defensive pessimism. And some people, so you have people like me who are clearly optimistic, but everybody thinks that they are realistic, right? I don't think that I'm thinking positive, deep down, I know it's negative, this is the way it is. And the negative person is not being negative, this is the way they experience the world.

But defensive pessimism is basically the idea that what you should do is hope for the best, but expect the worst. Now, that would be fine if the world existed independent of human presence, where you could actually count things without influencing them. That if you are expecting the worst, you're going to see the worst. And if you're going to see the worst, it's going to have a very different effect on you. And that the alternative is to see the best.

You know that if you were worried, I wrote this for people at school about worried about COVID. And that worrying about COVID is only making you weaker. Should you have to deal with COVID? What you need to do is develop a plan at the time. So it was okay, I'm going to wear a mask, I'm going to wash my hands. Okay. And I'm going to stay away from people who are coughing in my face. Now I have a plan. Now I'm just going to live my life.

Now if it turns out, if instead of this, you worry about getting COVID, your stress, as we said many times now, is very bad for your health. And you may get it or not get it. So you start off, you're doing this thing, you can get it or you cannot get it. If you don't get it, as you've said, you've wasted all this time, if you get it all that time you've spent worrying, makes you less able to handle it. Right. Because the stress and anxiety has...

It's not six of one half a dozen of the other. People keep thinking that. Yeah. Glass half full is not the same thing as half empty. If you see it as half empty, you spend your time being thirsty, worrying about where you're going to get your next glass of water or whatever the martini, whatever is in the glass. Right. And being in the presence of somebody who is so beautifully and eloquently mindful and practicing this idea and kind of exuding this sensibility is actually contagious.

Yeah. We have studies on contagion, but let me tell you that there are times I'm mindless. My response to my being mindless is probably different from your response to your being mindless. When I'm mindless, I say, yes, I'm right. It's out there. I mean, I've been studying this, caring about this for 45 years or more.

And still, there are moments where I do something mindlessly. But the more mindful you are, I suspect the more questions arise and the more uncertainty becomes apparent because things aren't as they seem the more you're paying attention. Exactly. Exactly. Now, the way it's contagious, there are several ways. The first is that when you're mindful, you tend to be more charismatic. And so people are giving you more attention, more affluent, positive regard.

And that allows you to feel better and then to be even more mindful. But if I'm mindful, there's a way, when I'm talking to, let's say, you are usually hiding what you're feeling or whatever may be the case, you feel safe. And if you feel safe, then you're going to be more mindful. Because it's better. Okay, it just leads to all sorts of good outcomes. So that's one thing.

Another is that it actually seems, this is wild, to be in the air. So what do I mean? This is a study we did with meditators, actually. So we have meditators meditating in a room. They leave. Now the participants come and we give them tests, cognitive tests, memory and things like that. Or there's no one in the room. And the participants go into the room, taking the same tests. When people had just finished meditating, the participants perform better than in the empty room.

Somehow it's in the air. Now I make clear that these studies and others like them are at the end of the book, you know, with enough disclaimers, I'm just telling you what I found. I'm not telling you what you have to believe. That's fucking crazy. But the idea being that there's a residual like vibration. They meditate. They leave. There's some energy force in that room that is influencing the test takers.

Yeah, next time we do the study, if there ever is, we should have a fan. So whatever is there, it blows it out and then you shouldn't get it. So you have meditators. Is it waves or is it particles? We're going. We're going. Yeah, like, but the more the less crazy, not crazy, but different are things like with autism.

So now I think another thing that you can pull out of my philosophy of life, if it is a philosophy, is that every group that is diminished in some way probably has some asset that's being overlooked. And so I thought, you know, I don't know anybody autistic. So this is purely most of the things that I come up with come from experience. This is just derived.

What if kids, most people are mindless. And if mindlessness is off putting, which it is, I have other data, you know, we're interacting with a mindful or a mindless experimenter. And it's just, it's uncomfortable when the person is not there. And we have expressions like the lights on, but nobody's home to acknowledge that when someone's not there, you know, you don't like being with them.

Okay. What if the kid or adult who is autistic is hypersensitive to other people's consciousness, more aware that in that regard, that means that if you're mindless, it's going to have a bigger negative effect on me. So what we do is we take autistic kids and we have a interact with adults being mindful or mindless. And when the adults are mindful, the kids are just like, well, the other kids.

Another example of that is that the point being that that just abuses the idea that autism is about in like an Indian capacity for emotional intelligence. Yeah, exactly. It speaks to the opposite of that. But I'm not, you know, this is one study, one brief thought. I'm not suggesting that now I'm an expert on autism. I've had this explains everything, but it's it'll end up, I think, a piece of the puzzle down the road.

But the other study, so there are people who drink a lot. Now nobody, okay, well, you know, once upon a time. But so nobody drinks to hurt their liver. That's the first thing. So when you tell people you have to stop drinking because of these things, again, it's what I was saying before, behavior makes sense going forward or else people wouldn't do it.

Mix and match 20 different things here. Another way of helping people have a drinking problem is keep a diary. This is attention to symptom variability. Make a column, you know, columns where you're going to note different times of the day. Did you have a drink? Yes or no? Did you want to drink? Yes or no? And you do this even for the course of just a week. You're going to see there are times you didn't drink when you wanted to drink.

And all of a sudden, despite what people argue, shows you that you have some control over your drinking. And then the decision to stop or whatever is much easier to make than make you feel that you're just low down whatever. People who drink, if I said to you that here's John, John engage it, John gets stressed. And when he gets stressed, he does X. And then he's unstressed. There's nothing irrational about that, is it? So now we put in, he takes a drink or too many drinks.

So I think that many of the people who have serious, heavy drinkers are extra sensitive to other people's consciousness just like the autistic person. And that drink is to settle them down. So now we run a study, it's a wine tasting study and you can drink as much as you want. All we want to know, you believe, is your view of the wine. The experimenter who's blind to the whole study idea, but the experimenter is mindful or mindless.

Well, it turns out when that experimenter is mindless, you drink more. And then you do the hypersensitivity of the alcoholic or the drug addict and somebody's been in recovery for a long time. And I think that sensitivity makes the world kind of a scary or uncertain place. And a coping mechanism is drugs or alcohol or whatever, which is not irrational. Right. It's a survival mechanism to reduce anxiety and stress and kind of eradicate that uncomfortable feeling that you have.

And we all know addicts or normal people, whatever, when you go into a room and there's somebody on the other side of the room who you don't know and you know immediately whether that person is safe or unsafe, like you can feel that energy.

Like there is this idea that perhaps some people are more sensitive to that than others and that leads them towards behaviors that are not in their best interest. But energy is real. Like, you know, we all have had those experiences or we walk into, you know, a room in a house that we've never been in before and we feel something.

Well, that's what I was trying to capture, but it is still a little woo woo. When I first read the book, the chapter was called the woo woo chapter. You know, say, look, it was I had an experience that I took out several of these. You're at it or so I guess too much. Yeah. But you're going to tell it here. I'm going to tell you because I don't understand it. But it happened. So I had just gotten back from Japan.

And I'm having dinner and we're talking about let's go someplace. And so my partner says, well, you know, it's too expensive now, which is self-silly because somebody is always paying for these trips, but somehow we still manage to spend too much money. Okay, where should we go if we go and we can't remember the name of the place at that time, it felt very exotic. Then we remember Kuala Lumpur. Okay, she says.

We can't go because it's too expensive. I say maybe I could get the Harvard club to pay for it. Now, this was insane. I never had any interaction in my life with any Harvard club. I don't know what I'm talking about. The next day, I get an invitation to Kuala Lumpur from the Harvard club of Kuala Lumpur. Now, I've had conversation at the conversations this long time ago with statisticians. We'll be very nice to each other. All of a sudden they walk away from me. I just want to understand it.

How do you understand it? What do you make of that? I don't. First, I thought, I wonder, did I have a sense where I'm picking up things? Or am I putting them out there? You can't tell from that experience, right? That if I'm picking it up, so the mail is coming, you know, the Kuala Lumpur. I don't know. All I know is that we know so little about the things we think we know. If we only recognize that, these sorts of phenomena wouldn't seem outlandish, necessarily wrong from the start.

So I turn on the television and I'm watching people in New York. How could that be? I mean, and I can give some electrical, you know, electronic, I don't really understand it. And most of the science explanations that we have are just naming things. And when you go up a level of analysis in the name, it's like you understand that you go down a level. But it's really. So, you know, when I realize I don't know that, then my not knowing something else, I don't know it, but I accept it.

Makes it easier for me to accept other things like this. So when you turn on the TV and it's not in New York, but it's a congressional hearing around UFOs, what's going on in your mind? You know, I think that, you know, what do we mean by a UFO? There's somebody unidentified objects that I don't know. I know that I don't take a hard line about anything, not being true. You know, I just don't know, but I also am not going to put myself out there and, you know, argue that it is true.

I don't have a position one way or the other. But people do have strong positions about some of the things that we're talking about. And they say, it's impossible. And I think that we just lose an awful lot by that view. But to me, everything is possible. Everything is potentially interesting. Life is fun. And if we could all inhabit a level of mindfulness that you speak about in your work and in your writings, we have a chance at approaching this mindful utopia.

Yeah. Yeah. So yeah. So this is, this was a tease. At some point I'm going to write the book about mindful utopia. So my goal in life, right now, life, the world is vertical. You have people like us who are near the top. And, you know, people are ordered. You're not so good. You're okay. You know, and so on. And I find that offensive. And I want to take the vertical and make it horizontal.

That none of us are better than, you know, when, when I say to somebody that I don't think anybody is better than I am. She immodest, but I don't think I'm better than anybody else. You know, there's a different way of understanding how we might be living. And so I wrote this little song for my grandkids. And I was just talking about this earlier today. Actually, I'm a sang it. I'm not going to sing it for you. But it says it all. Everybody doesn't know something. Everybody knows something else.

Everybody can't do something. Everyone can do something else. And it's hard in two minutes to get the full feeling of that. But I'm in the car. The kids are five years old on twins. One of them starts whistling. I say, Theo, you're such a good whistler. The other one says, grandma, when Theo was learning how to whistle, I was learning something else. You know, it just seemed to me perfect. So he doesn't have to feel bad that he can't whistle. He doesn't have to feel one down.

He doesn't have to compete with his brother. There's no scarcity. There's no consequences. Exactly. There's something for everybody. And the world is infinitely abundant. Yeah. Everyone doesn't know something, but everyone knows something else. Everyone can't do something, but everyone can do something else. Yes. When I start, I have a little video where I start and I say, I can sing. But I like singing. I shouldn't I sing.

There are lots of things I can do. And then we break into the little ditty. I don't know. It could be simple-minded. I think it's rather profound. Because the world that I see that we could be living in, I don't see that there's anything that really prevents us from getting there, except that a whole lot of mindlessness. Well, along this continuum on the evolution of consciousness, like where do we currently reside? Where would you like us? I would like to see us going.

And I know that predictions are not your bag, but we're heading into kind of a... No, I think there's been an evolution. I am interested in the concept of elevating conscious awareness. Yeah. I think, as you said, I don't have to predict, because we can predict. And this one in particular, we can predict. It's a very strange time. But there'll be a lot of good things that come from it.

I think we're in the midst of an evolution in consciousness. And it can only be good. I think some of the stuff with AI, which I don't claim to be an expert on, people just keep finding things to worry about. AI is a tool. And it'll help us. I remember years and years ago, I came out of a movie in New York. There are those who are necessary to tell you for the story. And one person wanted me to sign a petition, because he felt that VR videos, what are they called? Because sex.

No, no, no, no, no, no, these are. We're going to put movies out of business. And they were threatened. There's always somebody threatened, but that's also what leads us to progress in many ways. So there'll be that. I think that if AI is able to help take over lots of jobs, that will free people to be more innovative, creative, or mindful in my terms. Once you start paying attention, you can take all that I've said and use it to reform almost everything.

So for hospitals, I don't think it's changed in important ways since they were created. And that it seems to me insane, if I may borrow a term from my field, that here's a place that you go into an stressed when you enter it, just as I said with taking the eye test, and you're going there to be healed. There's no reason that hospitals can't be more spa-like. There's no reason that we have very high burnout in medical profession.

And burnout is a function of being mindless. So if the nurses were taught to look for the smaller changes in people, it would actually help their health. People, when I'm mindfully engaged with you, you feel sane. Everybody prospers. So it's a way of making everybody in the organization more mindful. There's no reason. We have washing machines. We don't need to have so much white.

There are so many changes. People, we know that social support is really important for people's health. Yet in hospitals, everybody has kept separate. So I have a list of these that if I constructed the mindful hospital, if I constructed the mindful organization, it would also have many differences.

You're going to love this. So I was reading this part of the book, which is at the end of the book, this morning, sitting in a waiting room at a diagnostics lab down the street here because I was getting my blood drawn for a blood test. And I'm reading about the mindful hospital and all the like, everything you just described. And I looked up and took a mindful assessment of my environment. And I was in this waiting room.

And there were some people who were like staring at their feet. The walls were peeling, you know, the wall paper was peeling off the walls. There was a like bulletproof glass window with no that was sort of opaque. And there was no human being behind it. Except there was a little sign on it said, please don't bring firearms in here.

And then there was an iPad where you could check in. And I literally felt like I was in a room waiting to meet with my parole officer or something. It was the most disperiding dystopic. Like like environment where you're going to into this room to kind of be vulnerable and have like this procedure, don't et cetera. It's a clinic. It's not a doctor's office. But the point remains like there's a lot of room for improvement.

Yeah. Yeah. No, I had many years ago had to go to court. I don't think I was taking out a restraining. I don't remember what it was. There's probably a good story behind that. But the point is it was all fixed in some sense. The person who took me there had all everything was wired in some sense.

I hadn't done anything. I was on the accusing end. And being a public speaker for so long, all of this at Harvard, lofting university. I go into this courthouse to make this request for an I felt scared. I already had the answer. And I look at these other people. It's just it's criminal to borrow a term. You know that I think that the way we've constructed so many environments is a way of again instantiating the status quo.

Keep people in place. Have you had hospital administrators or any health care executives approach you as a result of? Well, I haven't had this out there in the book. He went in September. This one thing I was talking with people in China about doing a mindful hospital. I don't know if that'll happen. It's interesting to me because I have mindful schools that are vastly different from our current schools and their people from India and Canada. Nobody in the United States.

It's out there. It's out there. Whether I lead it or somebody else. It will have an effect. It can't help but it's pretty cool. I mean, if you just got one up on its feet and then you can study it. And then you have a test case. I know it's one of those things where it's a fabulous bet. You know that I just can't imagine that the mindful hospital or the mindful school wouldn't be successful. It almost can't be as bad as things are now.

Yeah. Really. It's not good. No, I mean, when you think about school, you have the kids who get D's and F's. They become our killers or whatever, right? You know, you, nobody letting you think well of yourself. You have to make a reputation in some way. The kids who get B's and C's, they are average who wants to be average.

But then you take those of us who get A's. Now, we don't know how we got the A. Everybody expects us to get A's. We don't know if we're going to continue. It's stressful. Nobody wins. Also, you're being evaluated on an irrelevant metric, which is your ability to memorize, stuff and take tests. Yes, I mean, it's totally insane. It's also the case that the tests are designed to find what you don't know. Everybody knows something. You know, when I give a test, tell me what you do know.

What does it mean that there's who decided that this thing that you don't know is so important that you can't pass the course without knowing it. It's ridiculous. So if you found yourself as a teacher, yes. If I found myself teaching, my exams would be different. Right. Well, I was going to broaden that. If you woke up and you were the secretary of education, or maybe you were the new surgeon general, and you have this agenda to roll out the mindful hospitals and reimagination of education.

Like you could you could wave your wand. What does it look like? Oh, I mean, I've written about such, you know, the hospital, you get an inclination from here. And, you know, the mindful school, everything about school now is mindless. You know, the looking for a single right answers to things, giving teaching information in an absolute way.

Horses don't eat meat. One in one is two. You know, you can change the content to make it more sophisticated, but it's the same. The same idea that doesn't lead you to look more broadly at things, but rather in a close helps you close your mind. So in the mindful school, one of the things that we were going to do. And, you know, I can't do all of these things at once. And I say yes to everything because everything is exciting.

So that's why none of us gets done. But I would find if somebody wanted to do this, I could afford to do this. This would be more interesting to me than the secretary of education, or you said, health, whatever. Surgeon general, general. Yeah. Yeah. No, I would like to just be able to do it. And so what I wanted to do was to build the school with the building itself is upside down. So everything about it says this is different.

And, you know, there should be some Silicon Valley person who's up for that. If they call me. Yeah. I'm happy to listen. So hopefully you'll get a call. Your class must be very popular at Harvard. Is it very hard to get into? Is there like a long waiting list? Like, no, no, you, you know, you have to decide early on. So, and then, then they petition and they petition and they plead.

You get letters, let under the door of your office and stuff. I am a so we say yes. So I don't know how long I'm going to be teaching this particular class and I just I already told people at Harvard that I wanted open to everyone. You know, right now, you have to have certain requirements, but you don't really have to have. So that may be my last hurrah. Well, I'd like to come and take it. Does that mean I can come and take it? Yeah. I would like it to.

You're an absolute delight and an inspiration. This is really fun. Thank you. I've enjoyed it. Your work is really important. It's revelatory. We are in an evolution of consciousness or perhaps even a war of consciousness that implies a duality. I don't know. But I think the way in which you address these topics from your lived experience and all these experiments that you've done is really it's fun.

Like, reading your book is fun and also mind-blowing in many ways. So I encourage everybody to pick it up if you haven't already the mindful body and will you come and talk to me again something? Oh, I would love to. This is great. Thank you so much. I appreciate it. Cheers. This episode was brought to you by Seed. Visit Seed.com slash Rich Roll and use the code Rich Roll 25 to redeem 25% off your first month of seeds DS01 Daily Symbiotic.

That's it for today. Thank you for listening. I truly hope you enjoyed the conversation. To learn more about today's guests, including links and resources related to everything discussed today, visit the episode page at richroll.com where you can find the entire podcast archive, as well as podcast merch, my books, finding ultra, voicing change in the plant power way, as well as the plant power meal planner at meals.ritroll.

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And finally, for podcast updates, special offers on books, the meal planner, and other subjects, please subscribe to our newsletter, which you can find on the footer of any page at richroll.com. Today's show was produced and engineered by Jason Camillo, with additional audio engineering by Kale Curtis. The video edition of the podcast was created by Blake Curtis, with assistance by our creative director, Dan Drake.

Portraits by David Greenberg, graphic and social media assets courtesy of Daniel Celice. Thank you, Georgia Whaley, for copywriting and website management. And of course, our theme music was created by Tyler Piot, Trapper Piot, and Harry Mathis. Appreciate the love, love the support, see you back here soon. Peace, plants. Namaste.