3.08 Bacillus Species Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 exam Bacillus species are aerobic, sporulating, gram + rod-shaped bacteria found in nature such as soil, water, and air Two main species to discuss: Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus is associated with foodborne infections and specifically with reheated rice, as spores can survive cooking and continue to grow in refrigerated rice, leading to enteritis symptoms Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, most commonly cont...
Jan 23, 2023•6 min•Season 3Ep. 8
3.07 Listeria Monocytogenes Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 exam Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular, aerobic, gram-positive rod that can cause foodborne illness It can live inside various types of cells, including epithelial cells, macrophages, and monocytes, and spreads from cell to cell through actin polymerization It is most commonly found in refrigerated deli meats and unpasteurized dairy products, and can cause gastroenteritis, meningitis, and premature labor/spontaneous ab...
Jan 20, 2023•4 min•Season 3Ep. 7
3.06 Staphylococcus Species Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam Staphylococcus bacteria are gram-positive cocci that form clusters in the shape of grapes on a vine Three pathogenic species of staph: staph aureus, staph epidermidis, and staph saprophyticus Differentiation between species can be done using coagulase and novobiocin sensitivity tests Staph aureus is a major pathogen that causes many severe infections including toxic shock syndrome, septic arthritis, acute endocarditis, gas...
Jan 18, 2023•10 min•Season 3Ep. 6
3.05 Streptococcus Species Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam. Streptococcus bacteria are gram positive cocci that form linear chains Hemolysis refers to the ability of bacteria to break down red blood cells and is classified as alpha (partial), beta (complete), or gamma (none) Alpha hemolytic streptococci include viridans streptococci and Streptococcus pneumoniae Viridans streptococci, particularly Streptococcus mutans, are common causes of dental cavities and endocarditis, while Str...
Jan 18, 2023•9 min•Season 3Ep. 5
3.04 Gram Negative Bacteria Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam. Gram negative bacteria are characterized by a thin cell wall surrounded by a lipid outer membrane They do not retain the violet gram stain and appear pink after staining Gram negative bacteria can be classified by shape: cocci, coccobacilli, bacilli, and spirals Gram negative cocci include Neisseria species, which can be further categorized as maltose fermenters or non maltose fermenters Gram negative coccobacilli include...
Jan 16, 2023•4 min•Season 3Ep. 4
3.03 Gram Positive Bacteria Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam. Gram positive bacteria are characterized by their ability to retain the violet stain during the gram stain procedure, due to their thick peptidoglycan cell walls Gram positive bacteria can be cocci (spherical) or bacilli (rod-shaped) Cocci can be grouped in clusters, pairs, or chains Gram positive cocci in pairs or chains include streptococcus (pairs or chains), enterococcus (pairs), and staphylococcus (clusters) Hemolysi...
Jan 13, 2023•4 min•Season 3Ep. 3
3.02 Bacterial Toxins Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam. Bacterial toxins are harmful compounds produced by bacteria that cause damage to the host Exotoxins are toxins that are actively secreted by some species of gram positive and gram negative bacteria Examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin, Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin, and cholera toxin Endotoxins are toxins that are contained within the cell wall of gram negative bacteria and are released when the bacteria are lysed ...
Jan 11, 2023•3 min•Season 3Ep. 2
3.01 Bacteria Basics Microbio review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam: Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can cause infection Structural components of bacteria include: capsule, cell wall, flagella, fimbriae, plasma membrane, ribosomes, endospores, and DNA Capsules help bacteria evade the immune system by inhibiting phagocytes Flagella are tail-like appendages that allow bacteria to move, fimbriae help bacteria adhere to surfaces Most bacteria have a cell wall, which can be either gram positive ...
Jan 04, 2023•9 min•Season 3Ep. 1
2.12 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•4 min•Season 2Ep. 12
2.11 Bronchiectasis Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•5 min•Season 2Ep. 11
2.10 Asthma Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•5 min•Season 2Ep. 10
2.09 COPD Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•7 min•Season 2Ep. 9
2.08 Obstructive vs Restrictive Lung Diseases Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•4 min•Season 2Ep. 8
2.07 Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•5 min•Season 2Ep. 7
2.06 Physical Findings for Lung Diseases Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•8 min•Season 2Ep. 6
2.05 Rales, Wheezing, Ronchi, and Stridor Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•6 min•Season 2Ep. 5
2.04 Lung Volumes and Capacities Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•4 min•Season 2Ep. 4
2.03 Lung Elastic Recoil and Compliance Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•5 min•Season 2Ep. 3
2.02 Virchows Triad Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 11, 2022•3 min•Season 2Ep. 2
2.01 VQ ratio Pulmonary system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•5 min•Season 2Ep. 1
1.36 Cardiac Tumors Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•5 min•Season 1Ep. 36
1.35 Myocarditis Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•3 min•Season 1Ep. 35
1.34 Rheumatic Fever Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•3 min•Season 1Ep. 34
1.33 Pericarditis Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•3 min•Season 1Ep. 33
1.32 Bacterial Endocarditis Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•4 min•Season 1Ep. 32
1.31 Cardiac Tamponade Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•2 min•Season 1Ep. 31
1.30 Shock Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•5 min•Season 1Ep. 30
1.29 Heart Failure Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•3 min•Season 1Ep. 29
1.28 Torsades de Pointes Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•2 min•Season 1Ep. 28
1.27 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome Cardiovascular system review for the USMLE Step 1 exam.
Dec 07, 2022•2 min•Season 1Ep. 27
