670. Beeconomics 101

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Episode about the bourbon industry. One thing we didn't get into is the fact that the consumption of alcohol generates what an economist would call negative externalities. This just means that something you do can impose a negative cost on. Like if you drink too much bourbon and then you get in your car and drive, you raise the risk for me and everybody else on the road. It's a shame because there are some good ones.

Money has for years been one of the top three most fruitful.

It's milk, olive oil, and honey.

So, what if the honey in your cupboard is not actually honey?

Do you care? You like the taste? Do you care if it's not authentic?

It turns out that honey fraud has been around for centuries.

People in Lisbon were fraudulently exporting Lisbon honey but calling it Porto honey.

And what is happening with the bee?

Adult bees actually disappeared. There weren't dead bees lying around the hive, and nobody knew what happened to them.

If only we had an economist handy to help us understand the positive externalities of bees, Today on Free Economics Radio, my Free Economics friend and co-author Steve Levitt is back in the host's chair to explain the sticky economics of the honeybee industry. And that starts next.

This is Free Economics Revolution. that explores the hidden side of everything with your guest host.

Hi, I'm Steve Levitt. A few months ago, I got an email

My name's Chris Hyatt with Hyatt Honey Company. My dad started our family business 58 years ago and I have four brothers and myself that we've taken it over and grown the business and We run about 18,000 hives between California, North Dakota, and Washington. I can remember in high school, I really did want to play baseball.

But there are challenges. As past president of the American Honey Producers Association, Chris Hayde has fought on behalf of beekeepers across the country.

We have a lobbyist and we've tried to improve our industry, improve honey prices. Try to get more research for why the bees are all dying for our national bee labs. Is there another industry where you have such low prices for a a commodity that is in such demand.

And now what made you think that I, someone who has never thought about honey, would be able to help?

Well, I I've listened to a lot of the episodes and I just thought, hey, economists, they would know, or they're so well connected. I thought they might know of another industry that's having a similar problem that we have had. Commercial beekeepers, we only produce about

At first, this really surprised me. The total amount of honey consumed in the USA has roughly doubled since the year 2000. On top of that, the retail price of honey has almost tripled even when you account for inflation.

You need to apprentice with somebody, learn the bee industry. You have to diagnose the hive. That's all by hand, manipulating the frames, pulling honeycomb out, looking for the queen, putting new queens in, medicating them, feeding them. And yes, there's forklifts and trucks, and my back is less sore than what it used to be, but a lot of it is still pretty old school.

Cool. How many beastings do you get a day?

Oh I guess.

Considered eighteen thousand hives, is that right? Correct. How many bees is that total?

In the summer, the average hive could be forty to fifty to even sixty thousand bees. But in the winter it goes down to thirty, twenty, even the smaller hives, ten thousand bees per hive.

By my math, that works out to high at caring for roughly a billion bees during a busy summer. Those bees don't just make honey. Like mini bees in large commercial hives, they have a second critical job. They pollinate crops on big commercial farms. During pollination season, Chris Hyatt has his hives loaded into semi trucks and driven all across the United States.

We pollinate almonds in California, apples in Washington and we do a little bit of other things like cherries and plums and apricots and blueberries and a little bit of kiwi.

And roughly how many pounds of honey are you able to bring to market with all those bees?

That's all weather dependent. Some years you can do fifty pounds and that's kind of a below average year. Some years eighty. On a good year, we've done hundred, hundred and fifty. My dad way back when used to make 250, 300 pound average in Alberta in the 70s before he started coming to North Dakota.

So eighty per hive and you've got eighteen thousand hives. So you're talking about almost one point five million pounds of honey? Yeah.

If we're below a million pounds, we had a bad year. If we're above it, we had a pretty good year.

You said your dad used to be able to get two hundred and something pounds of honey out of a hive in Alberta. What has changed? I would have thought the opposite would be true, right? With technology, we've learned a lot more about keeping bees healthy. You'd think that the yield per hive should have doubled or tripled, but what you just described is that it's maybe half of what it used to be. Why is that?

Well, the habitat has changed. There's a lot less blossoms, lot less bloom. There's a lot of mom and pop dairies that went out of business. So there's less alfalfa than there used to be. And there's less grassland where sometimes you can get sweet clover to grow just wild. So that's hurt. And then the whole Varroa Mite problem

What does the mite do in the hive?

So the varroa might it's very tiny, it's like half of a grain of rice, and they are feeding on the fat bodies of these honey bees and them constantly feeding is weakening these honey bees so their longevity is less. They're not living forty days, 45 days. And then as they are biting and sucking, They are passing viruses and the viruses are building up and taking out these highs. You know, my dad in the sixties and said there was no Varroamite. Now we're treating four, five, six times a year.

Interestingly, the gap between the retail price and what's paid to the farmer, that's really grown a lot over time. Why do you think that is the case?

I feel like just the cheap imports have taken the spot. of the lack of production that we can't keep up with. It's all about price point. We do know a lot of the honey market goes into the industrial grade. It's awesome that so many people want it in their cereal and their Smoothies and Robotus and cough medicine and honey hams and everything. But most of the industrial market is cheap imports.

Way back in two thousand one, the Commerce Department concluded that China was dumping honey on the U.S. market at artificially low prices. So can you explain what dumping means in this context? Because it's actually being used in a different way than we usually define it in economics textbooks.

Well, I would define it as, you know, below cost of production. They were dumping it so cheap it was thirty, forty cents a pound coming in early two thousands, and you know, the American beekeeper couldn't compete at that level.

That's like one tenth of the price that it would cost you to make a pound of honey, is that right?

Right. Well, in two thousand one, of course, labor input costs were quite a bit less than they are today.

that's still five or six times cheaper than you could have made it. Correct. What seems strange to an economist is what would be the motivation for a Chinese honey producer to make a bunch of honey and then sell it in the US way below the cost of making the honey, that seems to fly in the face of what we think businesses should try to do.

Well, because probably a lot of that had syrup mixed into it. So they were still making money and obviously it was profitable for them to ship it here, even at that low a price, just w according to their business model.

In academic economics, when we talk about dumping. It's a very strategic thing that a company will do to try to drive out their competition. But the kind of dumping that the commerce department was talking about was I think really something very different, which is

producers were calling something that was in a barrel honey, but really it was something really different than honey. So in two thousand and one, when the Commerce Department decided that China was dumping, What was their response? What kind of tariffs were levied on the Chinese producer?

I can remember and I looked back at my dad's record, the price of honey more than doubled like overnight. It went up to like a dollar forty, dollar fifty. And then the second year it went down ten, twenty cents and the third year it went down a little bit. So it was temporary, but I felt like that was more of reflective of the true price of honey. But of course China found ways to transship through Vietnam and India, Taiwan and other countries.

Can you s explain what does transshipping mean?

So they would ship Chinese honey into the United States and fake the paperwork saying this from Taiwan or India or Vietnam or Myanmar. We actually paid Georgetown Economics to do a study on it and Myanmar and Taiwan increased their honey production five hundred percent in one year.

Is a level playing field possible?

Fraud is intentional. You're dealing with an economic motive. And that's why it's so hard to eradicate.

When you want to take on fraudsters, you need a lawyer, like this guy.

My name is Michael T. Roberts. I am the founding executive director of the Resnick Center for Food Law and Policy at UCLA Law School in Los Angeles. I teach and write on various subject matters related to food law and policy, and the area of food fraud has been a specific area of focus now for a number of years for me.

How do you find your way to being an expert in food law?

I was practicing law with a very good practice and a very good law firm, but I found myself reaching my late thirties and I just felt like I needed something more creative. and ended up reading an article in the future of food that focused on Technology. It caught my attention because I grew up around food. My grandparents had a fruit and vegetable farm that I worked on all my years. My father was a produce broker. Honestly, I just decided then I was going to turn to food.

Growing up you were around farmers and y your dad was doing food products. Did you experience food fraud?

I first experienced it on the farm, we would use pesticide in the orchards. Not a lot, you know, we were a small farm and almost everybody back then did. But there was a group of folks that would buy the produce and they would label their produce no pesticides applied. I remember seeing their labeling and I thought that's not right. That was my first experience at seeing fraud up front.

Roberts has worked on many different areas of food fraud, but one special focus of his has been adulterated honey.

One of the big problems of adulterated honey is what's called immature green or high moisture honey. you're actually harvesting the honey too early and it has a lot of moisture. But you want to get it to the market quickly. And so you get this green honey, immature honey, and then they use these vacuuming processes and they remove the moisture enough to sell it on the market.

If I go to the grocery store today as an American shopper, what are the most commonly adulterated food products that I'm likely to be purchasing?

Honey, olive oil, vinegars, spices, I would also say vitamins, even though I can't quantify that. That's just my own personal opinion. Some of this is really hard to quantify because it's hard to gather data on fraud. But anything that's a specialty good that's been imported and it has a large enough quantity has some fraud issues. The New York Attorney General's office years ago identified fish as a product that's most susceptible to fraud.

To understand what's happening in honey, it helps to look at another industry that's been fighting the same battle for decades.

I consulted with the Italian government when they were trying to crack down on their olive oil fraud. Olive oil is a target because one, it's high value. Two, it's relatively easy to adulterate or mislabel. Three, it's difficult for consumers and even regulators to verify without specialized testing. Those are the three reasons. High value, easy to adulterate, difficult to verify.

Adultrate olive oil with.

You can blend cheaper refined seed oils like sunflower, soybean, palm with small amounts of real olive oil, and then you sell it as extra virgin or 100% olive oil. You can manipulate the color, the flavor.

How do you do that? What do they add for color? Yeah.

Uh I have to be careful'cause I get beyond my expertise, which is in law.

Yeah.

I want my children to think that too, so let's not spoil that misperception. A lot of it's diluting and blending, and then you have to sometimes patch up the problems you create by blending, and that's when you manipulate colors and flavors.

Never tell a connoisseur that they have bad taste.

There's a trick though for those people out there who want desperate to know the chances that olive oil may be adulterated. You look at the label. Olive oil products are required to show All of the countries of origin are And I'm telling you, do not buy olive oil that comes from more than one country.

The federal government does sometimes weigh in on the authenticity question through what's called a standard of identity.

Standard of identity in one word, it's a recipe. It helps identify what a product is. When we get into really complicated products, that becomes a complicated question. Standards of identity are really important because that's the benchmark by which we decide whether a food is authentic or not. They became very popular when we had the very first Food Act, the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, and then they became even more popular with the 1938 Federal Food and Drug and Cosmetic Act.

So say something like peanut butter. Peanut butter there is a standard of identity. I don't know what it is, but if you don't mean it, you can't call your thing peanut butter.

In fact, peanut butter killed the Makina standards.

Peace out.

Al Gore, Vice President Bill Clinton, was given the assignment to modernize government, to clean up bureaucracies, cut waste. And he encountered this long saga of the making of a peanut butter standard, which led for over a decade, years and years of arguing about what is peanut butter. You had congressional hearings on this. The FDA was tied up into knots over science.

Honey has never had a standard of identity in the United States. Why does that matter for American honey producers?

Let's say for example, you want to take to the FDA honey that you don't consider to be real honey. And the FDA has to decide that based on what? Well, you don't have a standard of identity, so who's to say what honey is? When I talked earlier about these different indirect ways of manipulating honey, do those take it out of the diet?

There are still some voluntary standards for honey. The scientific nonprofit U.S. Pharmacopia has one, and the International Codex Alimentarius has another. But none of them are legally binding in the United States.

Well, it's a great question and this is something I love to pony up in my classes. And then I do my best not to answer the question, but here you are forcing me to answer the question I always ask. I've taken a lot of fraudulent food products to the FDA. And the first question invariably is, is there a safety problem? And if you have an authenticity problem and you don't have an unsafe problem

We've heard about the beekeepers, but what about the beekeepers? I'm Steve Levitt. You're listening to Freeconomics Radio. We'll be right back.

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Before the break, we were talking about the unintended consequences of food fraud. So let's speak with an economist.

Yeah, Wally Thurman is how I go. Walter Thurman appears on my articles, but call me Wally. I'm a professor emeritus of agricultural economics at North Carolina State University.

And you were trained at the University of Chicago. It does seem appropriate that a University of Chicago trained economist would be the authority on the economics of honeybees, both because it's not the typical thing you'd expect an economist to know about. And because there are so many aspects of the honeybee economics that are hard to make sense of unless you think hard about markets and how markets work.

Uh, I'd agree totally with that. The biology of honeybees are fascinating to a lot of people and the markets are even more fascinating because they depend on the biology And I would say that there's very little economic analysis of how pollination and honey get provided.

How did you first get interested in the economics of honeybees?

I'm an agricultural economist and uh continuing theme of my research has been on the effects of farm subsidies. Uh wide variety of US government subsidies to agriculture of all sorts, and I became intrigued in the early two thousands by the Honey Price Support Program. This seemed to me sort of a garden variety example of an agricultural commodity being subsidized. There were interest groups, farmers who gained a lot from the activity and consumers didn't cost them very much.

Economists have been interested in one particular aspect of honeybees for a long time. I think it was back in the nineteen fifties. that the future Nobel Prize winner, James Mead, highlighted a very economically unusual feature of the relationship between honeybees and apple orchards. Could you describe what makes that relationship of special interest to economists?

Yeah, meat is the right one. He and Francis Bader later on they said, Imagine that there's a beekeeper and the beekeeper's bees fly out every day And they do two things. They bring back pollen from a nearby apple orchard. And they bring back nectar. And in the process of moving nectar around, they pollinate the apples, meaning they increase the productivity of the apple orchard. But then they also bring back this valuable

In economic jargon, that's what we call a positive externality. It's a kind of market failure. And that's really interesting to economists because We certainly see a lot of cases where we have negative externalities. But this idea of the positive externality, we don't have so many examples of those.

Yeah, positive externalities are a lot less common in economic thought and possibly in the actual world.

World.

So in this case, there are two interesting things going on here. One is it is a positive externality. I mean, forget about the production of honey for a minute. If the bees visited the apples Pollinate the apples increases the yield to the orchard owner, that's a positive benefit that the beekeeper, ostensibly, doesn't get paid for, and put a pin in that, ostensibly.

Okay, so let's go to negative externalities'cause we have a lot of those in the world and economists think we understand those. So examples would be the pollution from factories. the stench from pig farms, traffic jams on the roads because too many people are trying to drive to work. Second hand smoke. It it goes on and on and on, okay?

Well, going back even earlier than Meade, famous British economist A C Pagoo. said you tax those activities that generate negative externalities. If you have too much smoke coming out of a factory. The factory owner is senseless to the harm that the factory is doing, so you tax them per unit of output or per unit of smoke. That would be a pretty standard economic prescription for the problem.

And that's a way of internalizing the externality, making the producer take that into account. So it seems logical if a negative externality leads to a market failure where there's too much production and then you tax it.

Aaron Ross Powell, Jr.: The story about reciprocal positive externalities really rests on these two parties. not being able to influence each other, not being able to transact with each other, and maybe not even being aware of each other. What Chung found was that if you go to rural Washington state towns and open the yellow pages of the phone book, You would find advertisements for pollination services from beekeepers.

It's interesting because as you pointed out, there are reciprocal benefits. The bees are helping the apple orchard and the apple orchard is helping the beekeeper to have more honey and better tasting honey. So it's not actually completely obvious ex ante which way the payments should go. You could imagine that maybe the beekeepers would have to pay the owners of the apple orchards or vice versa. So why do you think it turned out that it's the apple farmers who are paying the beekeepers?

Well that's a great question and if you fast forward to the modern beekeeping industry and modern commercial practices. Bees are moved around, they're migratory, that is not by means of their flight, but beekeepers move them around in trucks, and there are times of the year when bees are placed on crops like almonds or

And from an economist perspective, what determines which way the flow of money goes?

It's seasonal to start with, and I'll use almonds as the example because almonds are a very early blooming crop. In fact, right now it's February and beekeepers from all over the country are moving their bees into almond orchards in California. Pretty soon, by the end of February, ninety percent of every bee in the lower forty eight states is going to be in California pollinating almonds.

The vast majority of the world's almonds are grown in California, and all those almonds need to be pollinated in a narrow window of about three weeks in late February and early March. This almond pollination event and the subsequent pollinations around the country are so important to beekeepers that they've changed the economics of the industry. This again is Chris Hyatt, professional beekeeper and pest president of the American Honey Producers Association.

It's tough keeping hives alive and there's not much incentive with the price. A lot of people are chasing pollination versus going to the Midwest. They'd stay in the south, just wait for another pollination event because the price of honey is so terrible.

What share of your annual revenue would come from pollinating the almonds versus selling honey?

We are still like sixty forty honey to pollination. But if it's a drought in North Dakota and there's not much rain, our honey production is down, it's happened several times that pollination is more than honey income.

Back in two thousand six, a new phenomenon in the beekeeping industry started making waves. It was referred to as colony collapse disorder. This again is economist Wally Thurman.

If you look back in the historical record, bees have been around in North America for centuries, even though they're not native to North America. So beekeepers have dealt with any bee diseases for a long time. And you can go back into the beekeeping trade publications and see discussion of viruses and diseases and chemicals used to treat them. But something did happen in the winter of two thousand six-2007 that came to be known as colony collapse disorder, C C D.

And how prevalent was this in the winters of two thousand six and two thousand seven?

Well I think if you go back and look at surveys of beekeepers, what you can say is that an overwinter mortality rate of about fifteen percent, that would have been the norm prior to two thousand six and seven. Doubled to an overwinter mortality rate of thirty percent.

As a researcher you heard about this colony collapse disorder and it caught your attention. And what did you find when you looked at the data?

Well, my colleagues, Randy Rucker and Mike Burgut and I were studying other aspects of the bee industry at the time and we heard about colony collapse disorder and thought, Oh my goodness. This is catastrophic. We should see increases in the prices of pollination services, in the prices of honey, reduction in bee colonies. And when we started to look at the data and disentangle effects from trends. There's no effect.

What do you mean by no effect?

The U.S. Department of Agriculture takes a survey every year of how many bees there are in the United States, how many bee colonies. Now this is not an easy number to estimate. Bees move around, how do you count them? When do you count them? But there are census. Well, just a few years after two thousand six.

But how do you make sense of that? That seems contrary to normal intuition.

Yeah, it does. And a couple of reasons. One is an insect colony of thirty thousand bees can be produced in pretty short order. So if a beekeeper finds that a colony has failed and he needs to replace the bees in the spring. There are ways that he can create a whole new colony of bees in as little as six weeks. And beekeepers.

You said that when colony collapse disorder came and many more bees were disappearing, that nothing happened. But one thing changed, right? The fees that were being paid by the almond growers. to the beekeepers, those went way up, right?

That's right. You didn't see evidence of colony collapse disorder in colony numbers, in the price of honey. The price of queen bees almost nowhere except in early season pollination fees paid by almond growers and a few other growers of similarly early blooming crops. And the early blooming is the key here. You have to get your bees out of their winter torpor and get them back to full strength to provide that pollination.

The almond growers need just about every bee in America to come to California and pollinate the orchards. Without the bees, the almond industry would collapse. And unlike with honey, where Chinese bees can do the same job as American bees, it's too far for these foreign bees to travel. The almond industry needs a thriving American bee population. What does that mean in terms of economics? It means that ultimately it is the almond producers who are hurt the most by cheap foreign honey.

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Продолжение следует...

We've been talking about the uncertain future of the beekeeping industry. But let's take a minute to think about the industry's past.

If you think about that absolute darkness that must have fallen. on people in the Middle Ages and then to walk into a church. and to have it glowing, ablaze with all of these candles, and the sweet smell from the beeswax, the experience of being in that kind of light, must have been really extraordinary.

Alex Deposnick is a historian at King's College London who studies the economics of beekeeping in the Middle Ages. In her research, she found that medieval beekeepers faced the same fundamental problem that Chris Hyatt faces today, a market for their product that kept getting undercut by forces outside their control.

I started my research looking at medieval peasants and especially very poor peasants. And one of the big questions that we have about very poor peasants and the population generally of medieval England before the Black Death is how did so many people live off of so little given what we know about medieval agriculture? Something that I saw being mentioned in passing was beekeeping.

It turns out that people could and did keep bees all over medieval Europe. However, even back then, the market was vulnerable to fraud.

We have a really nice example from fourteen fifty nine where the parliament in Lisbon is dealing with complaints from merchants who are trading honey. with the merchants from Porto who were saying that people in Lisbon were fraudulently exporting Lisbon honey, but calling it Porto honey.

Today, beekeepers are honey producers and professional pollinators. Back then, the biggest job was something else entirely.

In the Middle Ages and certainly in Christian Europe, the main point of keeping honey bees was for the wax that they produced. The wax has lots of different purposes, but the main purpose to which it was put was for Christian religious observance in the Latin West.

Do you have a sense of what share of a church's budget would go to wax?

After the expenses for the actual building, the biggest expense year on year was for beeswax.

This huge demand for wax supported a thriving medieval beekeeping industry. But then, like so many things in the medieval period, that changed with the Protestant Reformation.

All of this use of candles and is very much associated with the institution of the Catholic Church. One of the many things that Martin Luther and others disagreed with was all of that external ornamentation. And so as places become Protestant, they start to use wax candles much less frequently. And we can see that really nicely illustrated in England. We have an injunction in fifteen thirty eight that forbade the use of wax and wax candles.

The data bear that out.

So if we can put the cost of wax into perspective, if we express it as an agricultural laborer's wage, then we would say that the price of a pound of wax fell from just over five days work in thirteen hundred. to just two and a half days by thirteen fifty four. But then it falls even further so that by fifteen forty four, so after the Reformation, it's less than one day's labor to be able to afford that same pound of wax.

Not long after the price of wax collapsed, beekeepers got hit with another devastating shock. With the opening of sugar plantations in the Americas, Europeans suddenly had access to cheap and plentiful sugar for the first time. Honey lost its spot as a major sweetener. This is the sort of double whammy that modern beekeepers will face if the almond industry finds a way to lessen its dependence on bees for pollination, a trend that has already started.

We have to have consumer protection laws that are more stringent. We have contract remedies. In other words, We m have to make certain people in the supply chain responsible, and if they're responsible, they're gonna make sure everybody else is responsible as well. And we have to have calibrated criminal enforcement. I really think that without that we're not gonna see much change. And it is criminal, it's intentional, and it's fraud.

seems like it really like so many things it comes down to incentive. that the agencies you're talking about just in many ways don't have that strong an incentive to deal with this problem because it isn't a life and death problem. And ultimately I think the strongest argument is the argument you made about the importance of the honeybees for the entire food chain, right? The positive externalities that are associated

I've always thought that retailers have an important role to play here. Consumers don't know where food comes from. We don't know. We don't know which farm. The gatekeeper in all of this is the retailer. And actually large retailers that I've worked with are very, very keen on this topic. Years ago, I was on a panel with the FDA and other folks about this issue. And I asked this food scientist a question, why did very few people attend this open hearing the FDA was holding back in 2010?

It seems to me that another sensible policy approach, thinking in terms of incentives, would be to make it more financially rewarding for private entities to try to identify food fraud. One example of this is the government has used something called the False Claims Act to pay massive rewards to individuals and companies that uncover trade fraud.

Great idea. I like that. Can I write an article about it and not give you any credit? Please.

The policy picture is complicated, the incentives are misaligned, and the solutions are slow. Which brought me back to Chris Hyatt, who first brought my attention to the honey business. I wanted to know something simple. In spite of all the challenges his industry is facing, does he enjoy what he does? And how does he feel about his bees?

I take care of'em and I I love'em and I've done it for years and I want the best for them. I love the nuance of I'm gonna place this V yard in this location, I'm gonna decrease the amount of hives to give them a better shot of making more honey and being healthy and productive. I'm not gonna use this bee yard because that one didn't do good last year or someone sprayed something. I'm gonna forget using that. I like just taking care of them. And it's amazing being in the bee yard.

Levitt for his great work hopefully. And big thanks to Chris Hyatt, Michael Roberts, Wally Thurman, and Alex Suburb.

Coming up next time on the show.

These images apparently were manipulated in severe ways that tended to support Hypothesis of the experiment. did not support it.

For decades, researchers trying to solve Alzheimer's disease have focused on one dominant But what if that theory was built on shaky data? And what if you are an Alzheimer's researcher who has to blow the whistle on your own mentor?

It came to my graduation.

it came to my wedding.

So what is the state of Alzheimer's research today and where does it go from here? That's next time on the show. Until then, take care of yourself. And if you can, someone else. Freeconomics Radio is produced by Ren Bud Radio. You can find our entire archive on any podcast app, also at freeconomics.com, where we publish transcripts and show notes. This episode was produced by Augusta Chapman and edited by Gabriel Roth.

Well that was remarkable. I can't believe you can summarize your methods so effectively.

And then we stare at each other blankly while wondering what to do, but I didn't say that.

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Då kör vi stryktskriset. Vilket lag varn sista säsongen av den gamla först divissen?

And I said,

Vado United? West Ham? Carlin?

Tel från svenska spel: Sport och Casino för dig över 18 år. Stödlinjen.se. See you on Saturday.

Nedla, vad är det därför tråkigt meddelande? Ja men det smakar ju inte alls helg.

Uh-huh.

Och du vill ha ett riktigt bra helgmis kom till Villus, för där har de helgmat i vardagspriser. Nu tar vi helg. Vi ser på vilvis.

Alltså, ena dagen han är fett på andra dagen är han och jag blir helt galen. För jag vet inte vad jag ska säga.

Sej dig det med kyckling. Gör relationsquizet i McDonald's app och låt en deal sköta snacket.