How to Mix Push-dose Epi: One out, one in — makes ten Goal concentration: 10 mcg/mL Step-by-Step Mixing: 1. Start with a 10 mL syringe of normal saline (NS) • empty 1 mL to retain 9 mL of NS in the syringe. 2. Use the code cart 1:10,000 epi (100 mcg/mL) • This is the standard “cardiac arrest epi” amp (usually 1 mg in 10 mL)…the 1:10,000 prefilled syringe used during ACLS 3. Withdraw 1 mL of the 1:10,000 epi (this gives you 100 mcg) using 3 mL syringe. 4. Inject that 1 mL (100 mcg) into your syri...
Jun 17, 2025•23 min
E-MOTIVE Mnemonic for Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Lifesaving Strategy The E-MOTIVE mnemonic stands for a six-component bundle aimed at tackling postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), a major cause of maternal death, especially in low-resource settings. This approach, tested in a cluster-randomized trial across 80 hospitals in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Tanzania, was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2023. Here’s what E-MOTIVE stands for and why it matters: • E – Early Detection: Uses...
May 14, 2025•26 min
This is a Neonatal Resuscitation Algorithm flowchart, specifically the NRP (Neonatal Resuscitation Program), published by the AHA in 2020. It provides a step-by-step guide for healthcare providers to follow during the resuscitation of a newborn immediately after birth, focusing on stabilizing the infant’s breathing, heart rate, and oxygenation. Starting Point • Antenatal Counseling and Team Briefing: Before birth, the team prepares and checks equipment. • Birth: The process begins at the moment ...
May 14, 2025•18 min
The 3-Step Approach to Acute Hyperkalemia 1. Stabilize: the Heart (If ECG changes) → Calcium 2. Shift: K+ Into Cells → Insulin + Glucose, Albuterol, Bicarb (if acidotic) 3. Send-it: Remove K+ From Body → Diuretics (if making urine), Kayexalate (if GI motility intact), Dialysis (if severe/refractory) I – IV Fluids C – Calcium B – Beta-2 Agonists B – Bicarbonate I – Insulin & Glucose K – Kayexalate (Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate) D – Diuretics D – Dialysis 1. First Step: Assess ECG & Risk o...
Mar 11, 2025•27 min
USED CARS mnemonic for non-anion gap metabolic acidosis (NAGMA): Why “USED CARS”? • Ureterosigmoidostomy • Saline & Chloride infusion (excessive).. chloride offsets AG • Endocrine disorders (Addison’s disease aka adrenal insufficiency, hypoaldosteronism) • Diarrhea • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors • Ammonium chloride • Renal tubular acidosis • Spironolactone ⸻ U – Ureteroenteric fistula (or diversion surgery) • Why NAGMA? • Ureter attached directly to colon; bicarbonate lost into bowel, chlor...
Mar 06, 2025•49 min
The GOLD MARK causes are divided into three major pathophysiologic groups based on the source of the acid production: 1. Alcohols (Toxic Ingestions) → Emergency Toxins • Glycols → Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) and propylene glycol • Methanol → Windshield washer fluid, homemade alcohol substitutes • Why grouped together? • Common in suicide attempts, accidental ingestions, or chronic alcoholics. • Key labs: Serum osmolality, anion gap, osmolar gap. • Imaging: Calcium oxalate crystals on urine micr...
Mar 05, 2025•1 hr 3 min
Mister Ronald McDonald (MR RM) is a helpful flowchart for interpreting acid-base disorders, specifically for determining whether a patient’s condition is due to a metabolic (M) or respiratory (R) cause: 1. Check the pH (7.4 is the cutoff) • pH > 7.4 → Alkalosis • pH < 7.4 → Acidosis 2. Assess Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Levels (PaCO₂) • The key threshold is 40 mmHg: • If CO₂ > 40 mmHg, this suggests respiratory acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. • If CO₂ < 40 mmHg, this suggests respiratory a...
Feb 13, 2025•33 min
To determine if the patient requires admission or can be discharged, the Glasgow-Blatchford Score (GBS) is used. Here’s the ABCDEF mnemonic and why these factors increase the risk of an upper GI bleed: A - Active: Conditions like syncope or melena indicate ongoing or significant bleeding, increasing risk severity. B - Blood Urea Nitrogen: Levels ≥ 7 mg/dL suggest impaired kidney function, which is often associated with poor systemic clearance and bleeding risk. C - Circulation: A systolic ...
Oct 29, 2024•17 min
CENTOR criteria Fever PAIN: Strep Throat mnemonic
Oct 24, 2024•17 min
The “H’s and T’s” refer to a mnemonic used in medicine to help healthcare professionals quickly recall the most common causes of cardiac arrest during a code (a medical emergency requiring CPR). Memorizing these is crucial because identifying and addressing these causes rapidly can improve the chances of saving a patient’s life. Here’s a breakdown: The H’s: OK TV Hypoxia - Lack of oxygen to tissues can lead to a heart stopping, so ensuring proper oxygenation is key. Hypo-/Hyperkalemia - Abnormal...
Oct 07, 2024•8 min
These are the adventitious lung sounds Mneumonics. Strider: Everyone can take in stride. Crackles: A fine chap with firecrackers. Wheezing: Just ask any whale: Can you HAC the wheeze? Rhonchi: I BOPped the wrong guy Plural friction rub: PPP (3 words 3 P’s)
Oct 03, 2024•25 min
The “KEEP” mnemonic is a tool to remember the most common organisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). Here’s how the mnemonic breaks down, followed by key information relevant for emergency medicine boards: K - Klebsiella species • Relevance: Klebsiella is the second most common organism causing UTIs, especially hospital-acquired infections. • Key Points: • Gram-negative rod. • Often seen in patients with underlying conditions like diabetes, or those with urinary catheters. • Resistant to...
Oct 02, 2024•18 min
The **SPIT** mnemonic is used to help remember common causes of **altered mental status in children**. Here's what each letter stands for: - **S**eizures: Includes both febrile and non-febrile seizures that can cause confusion or unconsciousness. - **P**oisoning: Exposure to toxins or ingestion of substances like medications, household chemicals, or recreational drugs. - **I**nfections: Infections such as meningitis, encephalitis, sepsis, or any systemic infection that can lead to altered mental...
Oct 01, 2024•9 min
Procedure Timeout Mnemonic: This mnemonic covers the key elements to verify before starting, ensuring patient safety and team communication. Here's what **IMPACTS** stands for: 1. **I – Identify**: - **Verify the Patient's Identity**: Confirm the patient's full name, date of birth, and medical record number using their wristband and verbally with the patient if possible. 2. **M – Match the Procedure**: - **Verify the Procedure Being Done**: State the exact name of the procedure to be performed. ...
Oct 01, 2024•21 min
This is the CATS mnemonic to remember the signs for hypocalcemia. ### **Causes of Hypocalcemia** - **Hypoparathyroidism**: Often due to surgical removal of parathyroid glands. - **Vitamin D deficiency**: Impaired calcium absorption. - **Renal disease**: Reduced conversion of Vitamin D to its active form and poor calcium reabsorption. - **Pancreatitis**: Fat saponification binds calcium. - **Hypomagnesemia**: Leads to impaired PTH secretion. - **Medications**: Bisphosphonates, loop diuretics, phe...
Sep 26, 2024•15 min
In emergency medicine education, understanding the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K (ADEK) is important because they play crucial roles in the body, and both their deficiency and toxicity can have serious health consequences. Here's a breakdown: ### Vitamin A: - **Function**: Important for vision, immune function, and skin health. - **Deficiency**: Can lead to night blindness, dry eyes, and increased infection risk. - **Toxicity**: Excessive intake can cause symptoms like headache, dizziness,...
Sep 26, 2024•4 min
TORCH: ol’ VPs congenital infections mnemonic
Sep 24, 2024•32 min
The C-MOPS mnemonic represents conjunctivitis, meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia and sinusitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae classically causes rusty colored sputum, which can help identify the pathogen.
Sep 21, 2024•7 min
Think of a WWF player getting hit by a Coke bottle in the hip. WWef - Weight bearing issues - WBC >12 - ESR >40 - Fever >38.5 Score of 1 = 3%, 2=40%, 90+ for 3 and 4 ALSO, REMEMBER TO GET A CRP!
May 16, 2024•12 min
B blockers ACE Diuretics (K sparing) ARB NSAID Trimethoprim
May 16, 2024•6 min
Remember the IG poop toilet paper exchange prank…kids got pain way out of proportion screaming & running to the sink. Imagine wiping peanut butter on the kids neck…. Messy NEC CID Messy( risk factors atherosclerotic disease = mess) NEC -nuts -extremity -“C” food… seafood Comp Ischemic limb Dislocation 1. Mesenteric Ischemia: - Vascular occlusive emergency - Varied presentation, including severe pain and associated vomiting or hematochezia - Pain may not worsen with abdominal palpation - Only...
May 15, 2024•20 min
Wakefulness Warmth Wee Wactate If BP low these show adequate circulation
May 14, 2024•6 min
My absolute favorite podcast of all time! Classification of brain injury via GCS: <8 = severe brain injury 9-12 = moderate 13-15 = minor
May 10, 2024•38 min
LADS: Laxitives Adrenaline Diuretics Steroids
May 10, 2024•9 min
Dysdiadochokinesia / Dysmetria Ataxia Nystagmus Intention tremor Slurred speech Hypotonia Dysdiadochokinesia, also known as adiadochokinesia, is the medical term for the inability to perform rapid, alternating muscle movements. The term comes from the Greek words dys, meaning "bad", diadochos, meaning "working in turn", and kinesis, meaning "movement".
May 10, 2024•9 min
Heart failure (acute/chronic) MI Tachyarrhythmia Renal failure Aortic dissection Myocarditis PE Sepsis (think of homeless coming in claiming chest pain)
May 10, 2024•7 min
SEPSIS Mnemonic
May 04, 2024•31 min
The PERC (Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria) Rule is a "rule-out" tool – all variables must receive a "no" to be negative.
Mar 29, 2024•13 min
Headache: Deadly Differentials & Red Flags
Mar 22, 2024•54 min
Asthma & Croup Quiz: basic meds knowledge for educational purposes only!
Mar 17, 2024•13 min
