Einstein, Relativity & Modern Physics with Hans G. Schantz, Part II.

we also did a part one. This will be a part two and it's been titled on this talk which you will see the presentation and the slides if you're watching this on Rock Fann, Rumble or X. It's titled Einstein Relativity in Modern Physics and just kind of I think we covered a number of topics in the last one Relativity. We talked about this some of these slides, the theory of relativity. I can't say I'm a physics expert by any stretch of the imagination, but that's why

he's here. But we talked about kind of kind of goes into the politicization of a lot of stuff. Everything seems to be political anyway. These days. We talked about Einstein coming to America, the eclipse of nineteen nineteen, kind of the foundations of gerald general relativity, and also there's a lot to talk about and some interesting questions. I remember from our conversation that we add in May about how it's interesting that Einstein wasn't invited onto the Manhattan

I'm sorry. Hans has also two websites. Let me see. Like we have his substack which is at athers are. It's a E. T. H. E. R Czar dot substack dot com. You can see all this information on there. And then also there is athersr dot com, which is his website. You'll see his fiction books here too, The Hidden True Truth one call mentor Kenholders said the best science fiction techno thriller since whatever Neil Stevenston. Stephenston's last

book was, so you can check those out. And he also goes into ultra wide I think one of his books was The Art and Science of Ultra wide Band Antennas. Pretty technical stuff, but you can see some of his books on Amazon. But hopefully we'll get the technical stuff figured out. Welcome everybody, hoping you're having a late an okay time considering world events, pretty strange days. Indeed, Yeah, we talked about this last time of the last show

we did was April twenty second, twenty twenty five. No, that was the first one we did, The Wiser Heart, and then May twenty first. It's the first part of this. The Zionis clash was inevitable. I mean, this is present stuff like Zionism. He was one resulting from differences and standards. The Easterners, like many Russian Jews in this country, don't know what honesty is, and we simply won't entrust our money to them. Whitesman does not know what honesty is,

but weekly yields to his numerous Russian associates. That's the split. Einstein to Frankfurter, a Jewish weakness, always and eagerly to try to keep the gentiles in good humor. Establishment Jewish press motivated to focus on Einstein to distract from Zionis. So Zionist Organization of America sided with Weitzman. Hello, welcome back.

to this once. So if you're ready, we can just take it from here. If that's okay, sure, I'll take it from here and i'll edit it. I'll edit this for the listeners on the live stream, I'll edit it out and put out the full audio with that five minutes missing. I could have restopped. I could have stopped the stream, but it would have been a real difficulty to reset it back up and redo it. So I

apologize to everybody I've had problems with stream yard. If you listen to my show regularly, you'll know I'm just having a real, a real hard time. So anyway, Han's welcome back. So I apologized for that well, thank you again.

were on board with the Zionist program. That Einstein was there raising funds with heim Weitzmann, the head of the World Zionist Organization, ultimately the first President of Israel, and they were not looked upon with favor by some in the establishment American Jewish community, and that ironically led to more publicity for Einstein because the establishment Jewish press emphasized the Einstein aspect of the tour by way of distracting

from the Zionist fundraising. Got so next, let's go. And you know, that was no doubt frustrating for the American establishment Jewish community, but Einstein was also a frustration for heim Weitzman and the Zionist organization. Einstein's friend Blumenfelt warned Weisman before the trip that Einstein was not really a Zionist,

intended to say things that perhaps he shouldn't. He also argued that the Zionists should work harder to make peace with their Arab neighbors, and Weisman in turn said that Einstein was a prima donnin about to lose her voice. The tension continued when Israel had its war for independence in nineteen forty eight, Einstein signed on a letter criticizing Herout, which is a right wing political party that ended up

being absorbed into the Laikud party. But ultimately, I guess there were no hard feelings because a few years later he was offered the position of President of Israel, which he declined. Next. So, just summarizing what Einstein the facts around Einstein's publicity tour in America, it was clearly a kind of events and circumstances publicity campaign where we got to see, you know, the huge crowds that came out to see Weismann and the Zionist Party, but were interpreted

as crowds for Einstein. But you know, even though you know there was the massive crowds, Einstein really contributed to that through his charisma, his appeal. He made a favorable impression on reporters and the alignment with the Zeitgeist. You know, the notion that relativity proved that truths were no longer absolute contributed to the cultural acceptance of relativity theory. Well, this brings us to an interesting question that needs to

be tackled with some sensitivity. But it's a very important topic for understanding than narrative underlying the history of science, and of course had very significant influence on world history. And that's the conflict between Jewish physicists and the advocates of what was called Deutsche physics or German physics in the Weimar years and then after the Nazis took over.

And it's also important to look at what was going on and try to set aside our modern day sensibilities, because people at the time had views that we today, with our modern perspectives, would regard as being blatantly racist

and anti Semitic. In fact, one very prominent German physicist declared that Jews are a group of people unto themselves, that their Jewishness is visible in their physical appearance, that they noticed their Jewish heritage and their intellectual works, and they have the same way of thinking and a feeling now that physicist. The next slide was Albert Einstein himself in a pamphlet on anti Semitism that he published in

nineteen eighteen. Next, so, if we want to ask what Jewish physics is and see just analyze for a moment Einstein's argument that there is such a thing and that it's of significance. One of the first ways we could approach it is to speculate that, well, perhaps Jewish physics is just what you get when Jewish physicists do physics for relativity. It's hard to advance that because it was clearly a mix of Jews and non Jews who contributed relativity.

Now Einstein certainly had the leading voice in what became the modern theory of relativity, it was definitely a mixture. And even if we look at quantum mechanics, while Neils Borr, who was one of the pioneers, had a Jewish mother, if we go to the next slide, Berner Heisenberg really was the founder of the new theory. According to Einstein's friend Max Born Now, he was in a youth group, the White Knights, that got absorbed into the Hitler youth.

Heisenberg contributed or participated in one of the paramilitary organizations that helped overthrow the Bavarian Socialist Republic, and he was trusted enough to be head of the German atomic weapons development program, so it's hard to make a case for him as being a Jewish physicist. Next, and also, Heisenberg

wasn't alone in creating quantum mechanics. Now, some have criticized quantum mechanics as the quintessential sort of Jewish science, formalistic removed from observation, entirely concerned with symbol manipulation, but it was completed by Einstein's Jewish friend Max Born, and by Pasqual Jordan. Fact that his contribution was so significant, Einstein proposed that Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan should share a Nobel

prize for their contributions. But Pascal Jordan, at the same time he was working on quantum mechanics, was actually contributing to nationalist magazines in by Our Germany like Blutenboten, Blood and Soil under a pseudonym and writing relatively extreme nationalist or right wing essays next, So clearly it was a mix of Jewish and non Jewish contributors responsible for quantum mechanics. So to uphold the argument that anyone who supported quantum

mechanics had to be Jewish. Heisenberg's opponents coined the term a white Jew to describe someone who may not be ethnically or racially Jewish, but was upholding Jewish ideas like quantum mechanics was supposed to be. Now. Ironically, Heisenberg's mother was also friends with the mother of Heinrich Himmler, who was the head of the Gestapo, and Heisenberg's mom got together with Himmler's mom and persuaded her to talk to her son Heinrich about getting his people to lay off

her son, and was successful in that. After Himmler did his own investigation, he concluded, I believe Heisenberg is a decent person, and we cannot afford to lose or kill this man, who is relatively young and can educate a new generation next.

Perhaps what is expressed here is the conceptually abstract nature of the semit I hope you'll be able to breathe some life into this ingenious conceptual framework. Now this was

clearly not meant in a derogatory fashion. In fact, Summerfeld wrote to Vine a year earlier that he had now studied Einstein, who impresses me greatly, so Somemmrfeld also did the first class in relativity in Germany, as well as the first course on Boor's quantum mechanics, so he was on board with the physics, just objected to some of

the esthetic aspects of it. Next now, Einstein wrote privately to Borr, I'm confident that Jewish physics is not to be killed in the middle of World War two, and Born wrote back, I've always appreciated your good Jewish physics. But it's evident from what Born wrote that he had a relatively narrow view of what constituted Jewish physics, that it was trying to get hold of the laws of nature by thinking alone engaging in thought experiments.

But my esteemed colleague replied, Nernst, it is justice relationship upon which yourself quite recently insisted in a lecture. To his amazement, Einstein replied, how can I help it if the Good Lord will not ratify what I maintained in my lecture. So there is a sense in which Einstein's approach to physics involved word games, a disconnection between experiment and theory. Next, So it's important to understand that what was so revolutionary and caused such controversy about relativity was

Einstein's adaptation of Mack's positivism. This idea that we should look only at what the observer sees, and not worry about mechanisms or processes or an ether or anything else that might be going on to give rise to this. So that's why in special relativity Einstein reduced it to two principles. The speed of light appears constant to all observers, and the laws of physics are the same in all

inertial reference frames. Well, when Heisenberg came to Berlin to present one of his first lectures on quantum mechanics, Einstein invited Heisenberg home, and Heisenberg wrote about this in his book Physics and Beyond in nightteen seventy years after Einstein's death.

But the way Heisenberg described it, Einstein was very disturbed by the fact that in Heisenberg's quantum mechanics there was no such thing as an electron path or a trajectory, and Heisenberg quoted Einstein back to Einstein arguing that we should focus just on the observables, that we're not measuring the path or only measuring where it ends up. That bothered Einstein, and according to Heisenberg, he replied, perhaps I did use such a philosophy earlier, and also wrote it,

but it is all nonsense, just the same. Next, So if you look at who really influenced Einstein, it's clear. In his early career Mack was one of the primary influences that physics is all about observables and we don't imagine fundamental physical causes like the ether Mack. But Einstein was also deeply influenced by a Dutch philosopher and scientist of Portuguese Jewish extraction, Spinoza, who argued that there were deep causal connections between everything in reality, even if they

weren't obvious. So Mack, for his part, even in his old age, commented that he accepted relativity just as little as he accepted the existence of Adams. At that time, Einstein argued that his mode of thinking was much closer to positivism than it was later on, that his departure came only when he developed general relativity around nineteen fifteen or so. Next, let's go to the next slide. So the question is is there only one kind of physics?

And many people who tackle this question and look at whether there's such a thing as Jewish physics default to the answer that there is no such thing as Jewish physics. Because really there's just physics. But even one of the scholars I found making that argument acknowledged one's cultural mil You may contribute to one's approach and the way one

approaches problem seeking and answering questions. So it's worthwhile to step back and consider other approaches to physics, and three that I want to identify and highlight here are an English approach, a French or continental approach, and then the German nature philosophy approach. Now, the English approach to physics has long involved a focus on mechanisms and models. I

already mentioned. Somemrfeld said an Englishman would never have put forth a theory with non constructive and non visualizable dogmatics like special relativity. Wilhelm Wein wrote to Ernest Rutherford that relativity theory something new Anglo Saxons will never understand because it requires a genuine German feeling for abstract speculation. Now we can trace English physics all the way back to

the thirteenth century. I mean one of the first English physicists was Robert gross Test who did fundamental work in optics and the experimental method. His student, Roger Bacon, was one of the first experimental scientists and laid out the principles of induction that were taken up by Francis Bacon and others later. Of course, Isaac Newton was the quintessential English physicist, leading to the view of a clockwork universe.

Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell applied that in electrodynamics, coming up with the concept of fields pervading space, and Oliver Heaviside and Heinrich Kurtz brought that to fruition with their work in electromagnetics. And of course, ironically the physicist responsible for putting the capstone on the English physics program was Heinrich Hurtz, who was not only German but also half Jewish, so clearly being English is not necessarily a

requirement for practicing English physics. Next, at the same time, there was also a French or continental approach to physics that looked more at mathematical models and abstraction for gathering deeper knowledge. You can look at Pierre Louis Moperty, for instance, who generalized Newtonian dynamics with the principle of least action or low pital, who thought Newton's laws were a priori

deductions of pure thought and the lagrange. You declared he had no use for figures and diagrams, only exact algebraic expressions. And this is what I talked about last time, the notion of a platonic or deductive approach to physics. The French Continental School liked physics to be kind of like Euclidean geometry. We have a few well described, well defined, well accepted axioms, and we deduce from those axioms the physical laws. Of course, that was very much, very similar

to what Einstein did with special relativity. Next, but now we get to German physics, and one of the key intellectual figures of German culture is Johann GeTe. He was not only a scientist but also a philosopher and poet. Some people call him the German Shakespeare. He wrote a very famous play. Of course, the concept had been tackled by other people, but he had his own version of the play Faust, the famous play in which a scholar sells his soul to the devil in order to achieve

knowledge and worldly gain. And one thing in that play caught Heisenberg's attention, and he quoted a long passage from which i'll just give you a small snippet where Mephistopheles is counseling faust I counsel you, my dear young friend, A course of logic to attend your mind will then be so well braced in Spanish boots, so tightly laced, that henceforth, by discretion taught will creep along the path of thought, and not with all the winds that blow

go willow wisping to and fro. So that illusion of the Spanish boots. The infamous torture device that the Inquisition would clamp around the legs and feet of people to crush them and extract a confession, is described by Geta as imposing these bounds on reason. Of course, Gota's view was that you shouldn't tightly lace the Spanish boots, that you should allow your reason free realm and be willing

to entertain paradoxical and potentially contradictory ideas. And ironically, I found that exact same phrase about not lacing the spirit in Spanish boots in the writings of nerdst when he was arguing back long before quantum mechanics was argued to have made this happen, that reality had to be a causal and we shouldn't lace our thoughts in Spanish boots by demanding causality. So this was clearly a key concept that the German physics community was thinking of.

that he was half Jewish. He assisted Renken on his pioneering work developing X rays and was not happy that Renkin did not give him credit. He claimed JJ Thompson, a British physicist and plagiarized him. But nevertheless, through his diligent experimental work, he won the nineteen oh five Nobel Prize for his work on cathode rays and for identifying and measuring the photoelectric effect that was the same physical phenomenon that Einstein got his Nobel Prize for ultimately, but

for providing a theoretical explanation of it. He was outstanding lecturer. Even Einstein's girlfriend, who became his wife, wrote a letter to Einstein while attending lectures from Leonard and extolling what a wonderful lecturer he was. He's put as much time into setting up experimental demonstrations for his students as he did for his own research, and he carried on a

cordial of course respondents with Einstein. After Einstein's paper on the photo electric effect came out, they exchanged a number of letters and had a very you know, he didn't agree with Einstein's interpretation, but they had a cordial correspondence. But the events of World War One were really the turning point for Leonard. Leonard blamed England for setting France and Russia against Germany and World War One. And that's not without some justification. The British and forced a very

strict and devastating blockade on Germany. In fact, they continued that even after the war ended, until the final Treaty of Versailles was signed. Lots of Germans experienced privation and even starvation. Leonard's own son, Werner, died in nineteen twenty two from the side effects of that long malnutrition that he suffered during the war years. In fact, Max Borne commented a mutual colleague Caro Runge in Gertingen was emaciated in a letter to Einstein and very angry about the fact. Well.

In addition to his personal tragedy of losing his son, Leonard also became bankrupted by the hyperinflation. He like a good German patriot, invested all of his money and his Nobel Prize winnings in German war bonds, and those got inflated away into nothing, and he was insulted by Einstein. Next So, in nineteen twenty two, Einstein's Zionist friend Blumenfelt was good friends with a German Jewish financier, Walter Rathanow, and three of them would get together in Rathenau's apartment

and talk. At that time, blumen tried to persuade Rathenow that it was wrong for a Jew to presume to run the foreign affairs of another people, but Rathanou felt that he needed to be to show that Jews could be good Germans and could could serve the German nation, and as a result he ended up accepting the position of Foreign Minister in one of the Weimar Republic governments. In February nineteen twenty two, Rathanau supported the Versailles Treaty.

He signed the Treaty of Rapallo with the Soviet Union, which angered a lot of the nationalists in Germany, and as a result he ended up being assassinated in June nineteen twenty two. Now, that event got Leonard into trouble because Leonard held Rathanou responsible for the hyperinflation that had wiped him out and was just beginning to take off, but had already had devastating consequences, so he refused to lower the flag of his institute to half mass on

the day of mourning that had been set aside. A communist mob broke into the building, dragged him out, and almost threw him in a river. It became something of a cause celeb and we can point to this incident where clearly, from then on out he had very strong political feelings and a very strong grudge against Einstein and

the various Weimar governments in particular. Einstein, for his part, at this time, fled Berlin and went to Kiel on the Baltic where he had been working with a company called Anschutz and had developed some technology for their gyro compasses.

In fact, Einstein Einstein earned royalties on his patents up until just before World War Two, and all of the German naval vessels, including the U boats that were attacking Allied commerce, they used these gyro compasses that included some of the intellectual property that was developed by Albert Einstein. I never knew that, so Leonard in the wake of what happened to him upon that assassination, added a word of a not admonishment to German natural scientists to his

pre existing more academic criticism of relativity. He pointed out or argued that there was a well known Jewish characteristic of shifting from factual problems to the field of personal quarrel, and he called for the cultivation of a sound German spirit. He handed out these flyers at a major nineteen twenty

two physics convention, and they weren't well received. That Heisenberg was in the audience there and commented how tragic he thought it was to see Leonard engaging in these semitic attacks on Einstein in particular and Jewish physics in general. When Einstein did get his award for the Nobel Prize in Physics, Leonard not only protested in private, but publicized his objections in the newspaper, which was a great breach

of decorum. Now, the other anti relativist who was one of Einstein's great foes and a proponent of the Deutsche Physics was Johannes Stark. In nineteen oh seven, he solicited Einstein to write an article for the journal that he was editor of and he worked on the light quantum hypothesis, which is one of the key ideas in Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect. In fact, he contributed. Stark contributed so much that Lorentz referred to it as the Einstein

Stark hypothesis. About that time he offered Einstein. Stark offered Einstein an academic post, but Einstein had already made other arrangements to go work somewhere else and declined the offer. Now they got off on the wrong foot when Einstein. In Stark's view, Einstein failed to properly acknowledge his contributions and didn't quote him, which is didn't cite him as a predecessor in his physical work. Nevertheless, Stark did get

the Nobel Prize in nineteen nineteen. Now, Stark started into the controversy in physics, taking the side of experimentalists against the theoreticians who were dominating the field. He argued that equated the emphasis on theoretical physics with this abstract, degenerate

form of theoretical physics. Now, that got answered by Maxi Van Lowe, who pointed out at the time experimental physics was expensive and that's why there was so much theoretical physics going on a revolt of the experimentalists against the theorists in German physics societies, but ultimately got outmaneuvered by Wilhelm Bean, who ended up taking over and kind of

shunting him aside. In nineteen twenty seven. Leonard wanted to retire and appoint Stark as his successor, but Leonard's colleagues rebelled and blocked star disappointment, so the anti relativists really weren't able to get much significant traction in the physics community until the Nazis took power, but they declared themselves

for the Nazis. In the wake of the Beer Hall Push, Stark said kind of flamboyantly that as the National Socialist Party entered their struggle for power, he closed the doors of his physical laboratory and stepped into the ranks of the fighters behind Adolf Hitler. Now, the Beer Hall Push was an attempt in Munich to take over the government there. That was in November nineteen twenty three. Of course, it failed, and in nineteen twenty four General Ludendorf and Adolf Hitler,

who were the ringleaders, went on trial. At the time that trial started, Leonard wrote a manifesto that Stark signed onto. The manifesto argued that the spirit of restless clarity, which hates every work of compromise because it's untruthful, it's the same spirit that we see in the great researchers of the past, like Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Faraday, and we admire and revere it in the same manner as Hitler

and Ludendorf and their comrades. Maybe one of the first times someone compared Hitler to Faraday, Galileo, Newton, and Kepler, but that was really the a big turning point for Stark and for Leonard, placing themselves firmly in the Nazi camp.

a cold, dispassionate science. And I think it's a lot of that politicization we've seen in the US recently too, a lot of politics influencing what isn't.

by that time had pretty much retired. He wrote a book Great Men of Science, and he wrote a four volume science textbook, Deutsche physic Stark had some initial success when the Nazis came to power, getting academic bureaucratic positions in the government, and was very heavy handed. He met with some academicians and told them if they weren't willing to get on board with his program, he would use force.

He was not well appreciated in the community. In fact, in nineteen thirty six he was denied elevation to the Prussian Academy of Sciences because pretty much every other physicist or a vast majority of physicists did not appreciate him, and he tried to destroy Heisenberg, as we mentioned earlier, but Heisenberg's mother managed to quash that. So he did

manage to keep Heisenberg from succeeding summer Fell. But ultimately the anti relativists weren't terribly successful, except in so far as they were part of the broader movement that forced many prominent Jewish scientists to leave Germany. One of their colleagues commented, it's fortunate that Leonard and Stark are no longer young. If they still had their youthful alam, they would command what should be taught as physics. So, of course,

the broader context of what happened. In December nineteen thirty two, Einstein went for a trip to Pasadena in America, and he would never come home again because in January nineteen twenty three, Hitler became Chancellor. The next month, in February, the Reichstag burned down, giving Hitler and his Nazi government the excuse to expand their powers. In May nineteen thirty three, over fifty thousand books were burned under the direction of

the propaganda director Paul Joseph Goebbels. Jews were hired from their academic posts. Easily a quarter of all physicists who were Jewish got fired, even people who were very prominent businists like Max Bourne or Fritz Haber. Fritz Haber is a particularly tragic case. He was a thoroughly assimilated German Jew.

He had converted to Protestantism in his youth. He was the physicist responsible for developing the haber Bosch process, which synthesized nitrogen out of air, creating fertilizer and literally creating bread from air. Now that same technology that made fertilizer also made the nitrates that were needed to make explosives.

So his science was critical not only in feeding Germans during World War One, but in providing them a source of nitrates for explosives when they were under a blockade and they could not access the foreign sources of guano, bird and bat deposits that they would normally use. And yet he also was forced into an exile.

as being schizophrenic and institutionalized. And on the eve of World War Two, Einstein was busy trying to help Jews escape Europe, writing letters of recommendation, trying to get them permission and visas to get out. He said he ran a little refugee office from his cluttered lawyer desk, helping Jews escape Europe. He got a letter from his ex wife, Malava, seeking his help. Now she was a Serbian Orthodox Christian living in Switzerland. Even if the Nazis had annexed Switzerland

like they did Austria, she'd probably been okay. But their half Jewish son, Edward, who was institutionalized in a mental institution. I mean, if the Nazis had taken power, it would have been all over for him. He would have never made it to a concentration camp, because often the Nazis would just show mental patience out of hand. And yet despite that, Einstein, as far as is known, never never replied.

He wrote to paul Aarinfest something I mentioned last time, that in Einstein's view, valuable persons should not be sacrificed to helpless or to hopeless causes, and that held true even when it was his own son that was the cause. He wrote, his other son, Hans Albert, if I had been informed apparently of a potential genetic mental issue in Malava's family, Edouard would never have been born, and of course conceivable necessarily that would have meant Hans Albert wouldn't

have been born. Also, So Einstein had a very troubled relationship with his family and was not the wise and sainted figure that he was publicized to be.

Leonard was arguing by the mid nineteen thirties that natural science is of completely Aryan origin and Germans must today find their own way out into the unknown, and that polarization made it very difficult for people to look at relativity objectively. Another physicist, Ara Houston, writing in his Treatise on Light in nineteen thirty eight, commented, relativity is now accepted as a faith, and it is inadvisable to devote attention to its paradoxical aspects. Now it's kind of interesting

seeing the fates of the anti relativists after World War One. Now, Leonard by that point was in his eighties and was so frail that they didn't even bother putting him on trial. Stark was a bit younger and was sentenced to six years in prison, but he ended up having that sentence commuted to a thousand marque fine. One of the really

interesting cases was Paul Wayland. I remember he was the guy who started the working Group of German Scientists for Pure Science that somehow came up with a large amount of money to hire physicists and rent the Berlin Philharmonic. And no one really knows who was pulling his strings

or giving him his money. He led a long career of Cohn artistry and grifting across Europe and even South America, and on the eve of World War Two he came home to Germany, and when he entered the country, the Germans threw him in Dacau, so he ended up spending World War Two in concentration camps. After the war, he awarded himself a doctorate, called himself Doctor Wayland, and emigrated

to the US. And one of the final things he did was try to persuade the FBI that he had a secret information about Einstein being a communist, resulting in a rather large investigation, which is now available publicly through freedom of information. Now, World War Two was, of course part of the foundational narrative that even today the guides

how we think about America. I really like the quote by the comedian Norm MacDonald who said, you know, it says here in the history book that luckily the good guys have won every single time. What are the odds? It's that narrative of the victor's writing the history that still governs US today and justice. World War two and its events are important to our understanding of the broader politics and culture of the US and the rest of

the world. That debate between Jewish versus Deutsche physics informs modern physics, the interpretations of present day relativity and quantum mechanics.

Though that debate and all of the dramatic effects it had in the personal lives of the participants kind of overshadows the actual philosophic ideas that are at the root of relativity and quantum mechanics, and it boils down to primarily being not really Jewish ideas at all, but rather the positivism of the Austrian German physicist Ernst Mack and Gerta's nature philosophy as channeled through mephistophiles in his play Faust. So we don't need to belabor the point. But Einstein

didn't really live up to the hero caricature. He had a lot of personal weaknesses. He tended to answer dialectic with rhetoric, dismissing criticisms as being antisemitic or ignorant without actually engaging with him. He was very jealous of his own priority while being very careless recognizing the contributions and priority of others. Now, it was kind of interesting to me to see how this more realistic, if less complimentary picture of Einstein is really beginning to enter the mainstream

of physics today. Just a few years ago of the science writer Paul Helper wrote in an essay in Physics Today, which is the mainstream magazine for practicing physicists. He wrote the relationship between Einstein and the press is a case in which a scientist's fame triumphed over the substance of his work. I mean, Einstein's fame was so hyperbolic, not even einste time quite live up to the reputation that the press tried to make for him. And Einstein acknowledged that.

He commented he had been given a publicity value which he did not earn, and that was not necessarily a good thing. He also commented that the newspapers have mentioned my name too often, thus mobilizing the rabble against me, in a letter to Max Plot. Now one anecdote really drove home to me the importance of the whole Einstein narrative in physics. I've already mentioned how quarter billion dollars

has been earned licensing Einstein's legacy. But not long ago I came across this kind of obscure account by the physicist Freeman Dyson, writing the forward of the New Quotable Einstein. Dyson in December nineteen eighty one was walking around the Princeton University campus around Christmas. Most everyone was gone on it was a dark and rainy night, he said, And then a military truck pulled up to the Institute there

in Princeton. Israeli soldiers jumped out of the truck and went inside and started bringing boxes down and loading up the truck, and then you know, when they were done, they climbed on board the truck and drove away. And that was Einstein's papers and the archive being removed from the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton at being transported to their current resting place at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

And that that would be a military and Israeli military operation, apparently, if we're to take Dyson's word for it to do that kind of shows the geopolitical significance of Einstein and Einstein's legacy.

also wrote it, but it's nonsense all the same. His appreciation and adherence to Spinoza's idea of reality being connected and causal is what led him to say that God does not play dice with the universe, and he pointed away to the resolution of quantum paradoxes in what ended up being his most cited and perhaps most influential paper in the long run, not anything he did on relativity or the photo electric effect, but rather the paper he did with Podolski and Rosen, the E. P. R. Paper

that argues quantum mechanics is not a complete theory without possibly having additional hidden variables. So I think it's it's interesting to uh you just take a moment in a moment and acknowledge his his despite his flaws and defects, how he may ultimately have ended up rejecting some of the worst errors of modern physics and pointing the way to a solution.

whatever it is. It's just there's always some friction and competition too. I think in a lot of ideas, like maybe just like maybe celebrities compete against each other sometimes for the public publicity. Intellectuals and academics do the same thing, and some people may not understand that or realize it, but sometimes they're very vicious fights and personals. I think a Kissinger I will always remember this famous quote by Kissinger is like fights are always the most the worst.

I can't remember robate him, but because there's so little at stake or something like that, it kind of comes to mind. And then Also the celebrity, you think, also distorts the actual work, and it's easier for people to kind of astalt personalities and actually go into the details and sift through actual you know, the hard digging and figuring out what people's work are in context of other academicians or other physicists' ideas, and it extrapolates over everything.

So it's it's really is it? This is a current issue? Like how important is that?

he was an advocate of the two state solutions. He thought that jew should live in peace in Palestine with the Palestinians, and the views that he expressed, particularly comparing the Herout Party, which of course became the Benjamin Yahu's Likud party, he was comparing them to fascists and Nazis, and today that would be kind of a scorched earth offense, but you know, back in the day that was you know, he was forgiven and actually offered the presidency of Israel just a few years later, so it's.

creative work that he did on the photoelectric effect. In fact, I think that was the one paper he never got any accusations of plagiarism on. And we can take issue with his approach to special relativity for his emphasis on observables instead of on underlying mechanisms. But you know, I think people like Oppenheimer and Born himself, and Rutherford, who pointed out that you know, it's an esthetic appreciation of

the approach. The approach works. You might not appreciate the way it's formed or the approach he took, but you can use it to do science. But what I would advise is not to focus on it to the exclusion

of all alternate approaches. There are many ways to do physics, and you really do need to have a balance of the kind of deductive coming up with physics from Axiom's approach that Einstein pioneered in his earlier life, and the more inductive, Well, let's look at what's going on with quantum mechanics and try to figure out the hidden variables from the problems that we're seeing with it.

talked about Einstein relativity in modern physics. Thanks so much for your time. Oh, thank you. There have