Sarah, welcome back to the war against weeds podcast. This is Sarah Lancaster. I'm an Extension weed management specialist at Kansas State University. Our co host this week is Joe Ikley, howdy, Joe!
hello!
We have a couple of guests on with us today, and I will let them introduce themselves before we jump into the subject matter. So Dan, do you want to lead off? Kind of tell us a little bit about yourself and what you do for Nufarm and kind of how you got into that role.
Sarah, thanks for the invite. Joe. Appreciate the opportunity. So my name is Dan Beran, tech service director for Nufarm. Yeah, I've been in this role going on six years. It's gone quickly, and a lot of that time I've shared working closely with our other guests here today. And yeah, looking forward to the conversation.
And then our second guest is Bob Bruss, Bob, do you want to introduce yourself?
Yeah, I was, I worked with Nufarm for 13 years that retired about a year ago. But you know, guess the topic today is dichlorprop, and one of the sub topic is the history of dichlorprops. So Dan thought we'd bring in an old guy to talk about an old product. So I'll let Dan handle a lot of more recent, up to date stuff, and when we get to the history part, then I'll jump in.
Okay I think that sounds like a great plan. So as Bob said, our our key subject today is dichlorprop, which is a group 4herbicide. So Dan, I think with that introduction, I think maybe we should let you kind of take it away. How does dichlorprop compare to other group four herbicides?
Yeah, this is a really interesting one, and since joining Nufarm in in 2019 it's been a major area of of development and R&D work around this molecule that's been around for a long time, and specifically dichlorprop, or 2,4-D P is phenoxy herbicide. It's been used, maybe a bit of a minor use herbicide in specialty situations to maintain maybe
broader uses overseas and in Canada. But yeah 2,4-D P, or dichlorprop is a product we've been working on, or an active ingredient we've been working on specifically for kochia management. And there's a really interesting story on how an old
chemistry was given new life. And so Bob, maybe you can talk a little bit about, maybe how it regenerated and what, what brought it back to life, and maybe a little bit of the story of the isomer piece as well, too, because that's an interesting component to all of this.
Okay, so it's very closely related to 2,4-D so dichlorprop has just got a extra methyl group where the ring structure in the side chain structure meet and just has one more methyl group than 2,4-D so very closely related and 2,4-D was first reported in 1941 but first airing fine on the census of dichlorprop was 1950 so it actually outdates me by Two
years. So you know I was born in '52 so dichlorprop came around in 1950 and it really didn't get its first registration until around 1960 and the deal was that 2,4-D was a lot cheaper to make and actually had a broader spectrum on a lot of annual crop weeds, and there wasn't much known resistance at the time to 2,4-D and so there wasn't, you know, much reason to spend the extra money that you have to do to get something registered on food crops in the us, you know, like your rotational crop
studies and plant metabolism studies. And so they just registered it, you know, for use on special crops, not food crops, to start with, back in the 60s. And now something that was a property of dichlorprop seemed to penetrate woody tissues better than 2,4-D so it was a good brush herbicide. But back then, there was a better competit or, and 2,4,-5T, you know, which so dichlorprop just kind of muddled along there, you know, in the 60s, being kind of a specialty herbicide used at
times for turf mixtures and also for brush control. Now, one milestone that kind of helped out dichlorprop a little bit is 2,4,-5T was a component of of Agent Orange, and when they use that in Vietnam, the 2,4,-5T you know, the herbicide itself was okay, but when they were making the active ingredient got contaminated with dioxin. And so dioxin as a contaminant. The 2,4,-5T caused a lot of problems. And 2,4,-5T went away.
You know, can never recover from the political baggage, even though they learned how to make it without dioxin and so without 2,4,-5T, dichlorprop picked up its use for brush control because of its ability to penetrate woody issues. Something else that happened is that Dan was saying dichlorprop. When it first came out, was a mixture of two isomers, and R,
which is the active isomer, and S isomer. And so these optical isomers, you know, you had to pay a little bit extra when you had the mixed isomer to get the dirty one as well as the active one. So, but if the 60s went along, they learned how to make
just the R isomer or the active one. And so you get into the late 60s and 70s, and be really careful, were you saying dichlorprop or dichlorprop-p because, you know, dichlorprop, back then was still available in some product that had both isomers as well as you have the pure isomer available as
dichlorprop-p. So now you move forward, and you know 2007 and dichlorprop is having to go through registration review at that time, the upgraded registration work was just done for the active isomer dichlorprop-P, and so all products now register that have dichlorprop-P contained just the active isomer so you don't have any mixed isomer products out
there. Now, another milestone that happened along the way was, I believe it was around 1971 well, actually already on that in 1966 they found a patent for synergism between if you had a dichlorprop and 2,4-D and dicamba, you know, the you got a synergistic effect from the three of them being together. And PBI Gordon was able to license that patent, and they had an exclusive for the use of the Trimac herbicide, you know, the three way herbicides that you see common, you know, for
controlling your broadleaf weeds and your lawn. They had an exclusive on that for a long time. You know, that blocked other people from using dichlorprop, 2,4-D and dicamba. And that patent is off now. So you go into your thick box stores now you'll see a lot of your bond herbicides still contain these three way herbicides. So that gave
dichlorprop a boost. Now, the other thing is, when they went through re registration on was the work done on the active isomer, but they realized they were going to have to repeat a lot of toxicity. You know, toxicological studies to maintain the high rates that were originally registered. And so at that time, they had to cut back on the rates of dichlorprop, which made it a little bit weak for a lot of the
uses for brush control on its own. So after that, it was only used in combination products, and you didn't have any type of product by itself for a long time. So through the 70s, 80s and 90s, this kind of went along there. It's mixture products,
you know, for turf and brush control. And the thing that brought it to Nufarm's attention was we are also being contacted by folks at Texas A and M, working closely with Corteva, and they had launched enlist cotton in South Texas, and this allowed cotton to be sprayed with 2,4-D and without killing it. The problem was, in South Texas, they still have a believable eradication program in place, and it's mandatory that you control your cotton after it's been picked so it
won't re sprout. And they were using 2,4-D to control this cotton. And now within LIS cotton, they didn't have the options to control the cotton after it was picked, but cortiva realized that even though the gene they inserted allowed the
cotton to tolerate 2,4-D it did not tolerate dichlorprop-P. And so they actually contacted us, you know, Corti though through Texas A and M, and we worked to get a pure dichlorprop product register to terminate cotton in South Texas after the cotton had been picked those of us in Nufarm, though, now that we were kind of alert to this, we're thinking, Well, if you got some crops and things that are tolerant to 2,4-D but sensitive dichlorprop, maybe now we got these resistant weeds out there
and and maybe you'll see some things there too, where now dichlorprop can work on some weeds that are resistant to 4d so the first thing we did is we went to North Platte station for University of Nebraska, you know, worked with the, you know, some studies there. And the first time we looked at the water hemp that was, had they discovered they had high resistance to 2,4-D and. Now, one thing about picking pigweed species, dichlorprop itself, even on susceptible species,
isn't that great on pigweed species. So if you had a susceptible water hemp, it took a lot less 2,4-D to control it, then you would dichlorprop. But if you had the resistant population of the water hemp, you know, it took a whole lot of 2,4-D but it took the same amount of dichlorprop, so it wasn't affected by the resistance. That just took a higher amount of Doctor pop to control water in. So next thing
we said, what about kochia? That's where we got in, and we found out the same thing on coaches that coaches that was resistant to 2,4-D and also some populations that are resistant to Dicamba. And for octave here, eventually, was still susceptible, that would no longer was susceptible to 4d
that dichlorprop-P would work on. And so that's kind of where, you know, Dan and I, we started working with folks like Joe and other influencers, Sarah, you know, a lot of researchers throughout the Midwest, you know, picked up on looking this. So turn it back to Dan then, and he can pick up with, you know, how we got going with this thing.
Yeah, it's, it's, it's quite a story how an AI bounces around, you know, through companies and, you know, initial discoveries and kind of the interaction between the regulatory world and and, and where we ended up at so it's an interesting one, because it wasn't a straight line from a molecule was developed a market in mind and things like that. So, yeah, it's been interesting.
I was just thinking as Bob was kind of telling that story, though, Dan that a lot of times we hear folks talk about, you know, we're just bringing things off the shelf and dusting off old, old molecules, but sometimes it has sort of, like a little bit of a negative feel to it. But I think this is a case where it's, it's not just reusing a molecule that we could put away. It's bringing an old molecule into a
totally different use pattern. So it's, it's a really, I think, interesting story, like you said, Yeah.
And one of the the fun things about this is, as you're really reevaluating something that hasn't been considered in various use patterns, and kind of opening the door for other crop uses. And like Bob said, the way the the tolerances were at the time, when we first started working with dichlorprop, there were rate and cropping limitations, so we kind of had to discover what the potential would be to then start to build the case to almost treat this as a new AI,
and therefore bring all the necessary regulatory pieces. And Bob, I know you were a part of that, and some of those key aha moments war when you started working with, you know, so much University collaboration with this one too, like, well, I'll maybe let you, I'll hand off to you and kind of talk about the resistant kochia strains, because CSU had, kind of had some key populations that they had been working with. And I know you connected with Phil Westra early on in this project Bob.
yeah, especially Phil Westra and Vipin Kumar, who was there at K State, and Kirk Howatt up at NDSU. Worked a lot with Joe. But yeah, you know, there are populations that, you know, Phil has a lot of them, you know, but you know, Dicamba resistant populations we're still really sensitive to
dichlorprop. It doesn't mean that you might have some populations out there that as we use it more, we'll select for resistance with dichlorprop on its own, because kind of the interesting thing in the story is where herbicide tolerant crops made us learn more about some of these compounds and we
then apply to weed control. So turns out, with the herbicide tolerant crops, ones that are tolerant to 2,4-D you have some that are still sensitive to dichlorprop, like most of the fact, all the ones I'm aware of, the events that are in soybeans and cotton that make it tolerant to 2,4-D are still sensitive to dichlorprop-P and works on both. A lot of the they're slightly different events that are in the 2,4-D tolerant corn and lot of those events also convey tolerance to dichlorprop. And
Joe did a lot of work with that as well. Some of the stuff were kind of flushed out that, oh, wow, you can use real high rates of dichlorprop on some of these 2,4-D tolerant corn varieties. And so it learns, you learn that think about it's just one methyl group hanging down there where the side chain attaches to the ring structure. And that's a site. Where these detox enzymes can get in and just a little bit of twisting can with some enzymes that can't get around that extra methyl group, some
can. So it really opened up our eyes and but it made us also aware why it was very important to work with all the weed scientists in the Midwest. Is that you dichlorprop with, you know, without proper stewardship and management and rotation, is going to be susceptible to selecting for resistance as
well. So that's why we've worked to try and get combination products that have at least two herbicides in there, that work on kochia for resistance management, you know, trying to work on programs where it's alternated with other things.
It's one thing where we've trying to be pushing to get at the market quick, and we're with getting some benefit from some states, getting some special local need labels, because you don't want the registration to drag out until you just have Dicamba and perox repair and some things that don't work anymore. And then you have to rely on dichlorprop. So you want to bring all your tools in together so that you can rotate it.
That waiting piece has been part of the dichlorprop story. Sarah, as you you hear, I've heard that too. Oh, this is, this is just old chemistry. Just dust it off and bring it back in. But really it required a whole new set of tolerance, residue, rotational studies that that have been just like a new AI almost takes a lot of time to bring those to market, and so it's kind of like we're watching this Kochia resistance story.
It's like watching the house is on fire for smoke, and it's like, well, we're waiting to turn the hose, on to at least add another tool and another chemistry to the to the management of Kochia being in and there's kind of two markets that we focused on with this. Ai, one would be fallow, and the second would be in small grains. One of the unique things about dichlorprop-P is is a good degree of tolerance in wheat. So it kind of fits that MCPA tolerance range is kind of how I
describe it. And then when you mix it with bramos, with this proposed Maestro ext product for small grains, you end up having two effective AIS in fallow. That's really where you better sharpen your sharpen your tools, because it's, it's a really challenging area, because obviously you don't have crop tolerance. You tend to be in drier environments, or, I should say, crop competition. And, yeah, there's a lot of failures that are happening out there, and rescue applications with
paraquat. So that's a bit of the mess that we're jumping into with scorch EXT that follow products. So there's certainly to Bob's comment, a lot of stewardship that goes into maintaining a product's viability long term because of the investment that we're talking about.
There's a little benefit thing from the combination products. And they did this out K State Research Station Hayes, is that they kind of rediscovered that synergism that they'd seen, you know, in the 60s and 70s, on the turf products. So product like Scorch EXT has dichlorprop 2,4-D and
dicamba. So that's that same three way of a propionic acetic acid and dicamba and Dr. Kumar Vipan saw that same type of synergism in controlling some of the resistant kochia that they have out there in western Kansas.
So the other thing I think might be a good time to talk about this now is talked about some synergism, but then maybe talk a little bit about antagonism or the lack thereof. And we're, we're audio only medium, so you can't see Sarah and I just grinning, because it is just so fascinating the one extra methyl group. But we also kind of figured out some of these things with dichloroprop and the group one herbicides for
this wheat concept. And space worth going into kind of that research and story as well.
Yeah, that was kind of work that was done there. And Fargo with Kirk Howatt and NDSU and so we wanted to check because 2,4-D is, you know, can be antagonistic to the action of some of the grass herbicides. So we thought, well, we'll check it out and see how a grass herbicides will perform a
dichlorprop. And so I remember going visit his boss the first time, you know, and Kirk will still tell the story that he kind of did, like a big reveal, you know, one of these HGTV, you know, shows you know that he wouldn't get me go through the 2,4-D stuff and the grass thing by itself. And sure enough, you're seeing the antagonism and the 2,4-D grass herbicide plots. And then a big reveal, it shows dichlorprop, and saw much less
antagonism. You know, there's still some there. And you know, can say it's been on the rates, the combination products you use, but yeah, you see. A lot less antagonism with dichlorprop-P mixed with some of the herbicides they're used for grass control out there. So yeah, as you said, that one extra methyl group can make a big difference. Another thing I remember is visiting a plot Phil Wester had there near Fort
Collins, because dichlorprop-p doesn't work on sunflowers. And as Joe knows, we even thought maybe we might be able to use a for as a, you know, for domestic sunflowers in there. So dichlorprop-p really work on some flowers. But yeah, work on Kochia. And Phil had a plot there. There's just a thick mixture of kochia and sunflowers, and side by side, you had 2,4-D versus dichlorprop, where 2,4-D was braided, taking out all the sunflowers, but all the kochia
was there, and they just right next to it. You know, the dichlorprop taken out of Kochia, and it was pretty filled with sunflowers, just side by side. That one knuckle group made their stand, pure stand of sunflowers and pure stand of Kochia.
Yeah, it's, it's an interesting piece, like, when you're talking about maybe the different events on too far de tolerances, as well as crop and or as far as weed tolerance, you know, whether you're looking at Kochia or sunflower side by side, it it kind of points to something that I hadn't given much thought to, is how unique these group four herbicides are from a binding site, from the auxin receptors as well as the metabolic enzymes that are, you know, able to detoxify the group
four herbicides, whether it be in a weed or a crop. And so it's really uncovered a lot of thoughts around this combination
approach. And so, yeah, this one continues to be a mystery, done on furl, and part of it gets into this whole idea of how we continue to steward and protect and maintain the value of the of the group for herbicides, because in this world of kochia, we need to continue to be able to control kochia with Dicamba flux appear, you know, dichlorprop, all of those, and maybe even get additive effects of others that are maybe less active, but things like, there's just other ais that potentially
could be group fours, that that can help overwhelm weed resistance, or at least prevent or not have such a severe selection pressure that appears to happen when you lean on one AI in a geography too heavily.
So that was that question that had had come to my mind as we were talking here. Dan, so we're talking about stewardship, but I'm going to ask, kind of the inverse, almost in a way. Do you guys have visions, and some of this, you maybe can't say, but do you guys have visions for additional combinations going after different cropping systems, aside from this kind of wheat intensive systems that we see in the western plains,
yeah, I can, I can speak to that a little bit, and maybe I jump past it a little bit. So we kind of have the Scorch EXT dicamba, 2,4-D Duplosan or dichlorprop mixture for pre plant and fallow. And that's, that's probably where that product concept will stay. Just because of those three AIS, you're going to be pretty much limited to pre plant uses. And then in in the small grains, barley included in there as
well. It's the bromoxenol dichlorprop remix there. Now, when you start to think about compounds in wheat that would have additional activity from a broad leaf Kochia perspective, there's some targets out there that we're looking at. Some are ais that are currently being used, as well as some that potentially could come into the market, and, you know, the next three to four years, and that's because of the regulatory time
frame. It's like glacial ice, way to describe it. So, yeah, we've got to be thinking about mixtures, you know, five years down the road. And so that includes ais that are available now, and ais that may become available down the road. And you know, there's new AIS popping up out of some non traditional sources. Certainly AI discovery is happening beyond the, you know, the typical five or six companies that traditionally had been generating the the the research efforts for for new
herbicides. So that's kind of where we're at as far as other cropping systems. It's, it's unique because of the mixture approach that we'll need to take with, with dichlorprop, it it starts to limit the number of crops that will potentially go on. There's, you know, the thing that's that we have to keep an eye on too with, although we're not developing the new herbicide traits, clearly, there's going to be more group four resistance traits beyond the one that we all know of between them list
and things like that. So there's some additional. Traits. And, you know, there's a potential that some of those may have, may confer tolerance to dichlorprop. It just kind of depends, you know, whether it's an event like the endless corn wander or not. So that would also be part of it. The stewardship piece is the biggest, the biggest thing that we probably wrestle with as
well. It's like, okay, these are the first generation products, but how do you maintain the value and, you know, obviously the the viability of this long term, you know, mixtures is a big part of it, but that's, that's only step one of maybe two or three that that we need to digest here.
I was just gonna say and correct me, I'm wrong, but I think Nufarm is moving forward to add range and pasture. Am I
correct on that? Dan and even though kochia like the problem and range and pasture as it is, and crops willing to come to roadside spraying, a lot of those applicators don't like using tension that doesn't have a range and pasture label in case it drifts on the other side of the fence right and so, and of course, for a long roadside coaching, control is important, and so I think in that range and pasture label will open up some use of sign range and pasture but also it's more roadside spraying.
Yep, big no spot on that is that'll be in the next round of regulatory submissions. So yeah, we have that Scorch EXT has a roadside label, but the the dichlorprop piece does not have grazing tolerances. So last time I checked, I think they like to mow those roadsides and hay 'em up in North and South Dakota. Joe, so yeah, that's part of the deal.
Well, yeah, big ditches and we like to bail.
Can you grow can you grow corn in the right of ways?
I see folks that try. they farm to the gravel
There's at least plenty volunteer sunflowers lined those areas.
So I guess the last question that we need to maybe tackle kind of head on here is this idea you've talked about stewardship, but how does how do you see dichlorprop fitting in efforts for herbicide or resistance management Dan?
yeah, so I think because we know there's group four, the group 14 resistance that obviously, Joe's been highly tied to. We know we're getting into more populations that that are probably trending towards some metabolic resistance. And that's, that's, that's a big challenge. You know, it's, if it's site specific, the dip probably is targeting a different, you know, auxin receptor, than than the
flux appear, di Canvas. So just just having an additional AI brings a bit more diversity, particularly in small grains, you're adding a different AI that's impacting a different auxin receptor, so to speak, than than probably, flux appear. So that helps. So it's adding a bit more diversity in both of those cropping systems. So that's, that's kind of step one. What we're doing, from maybe a basic research standpoint, is working with some of the folks at CSU Todd Gaines. I know you
guys know him well. So some of those folks were, were interested in just getting to more of the basic understanding around group four herbicide resistance, and trying to understand how dichlorprop compared to some of the others.
And so once we get some of that more basic research, it kind of gives us ideas, okay, what would be the types of mixtures and other approaches that that could maybe be used to manage resistance, you know, Nufarms, you know, a relative, from a from a people in the field standpoint, we're quite a bit smaller than many of our peers in this, in this marketplace, and whether it comes to this, this development of this, AI, we've leaned heavily on, on the university weed specialists, and
so I would, I would say, we're probably better off working with you folks on developing stewardship practices, because the ability to communicate crop rotation app, you know, we can talk about application timing and, you know, herbicide rotations and all that kind of stuff, but we're just one voice.
So that's, that's part of it. So, you know, continue to work with with the wheat scientists across the Kochia geography is probably a big part of how, you know, we, we work and, you know, that's kind of how we we try to figure out how our product best fits. And you know, if we're doing something idiotic, I'm pretty sure that you guys would probably call us out on it, so hopefully we're not doing anything like that.
So one not very applied question that I had around resistance and resistance management, and I think again, this is another thing I think we've kind of tiptoed around, but it might be good just to ask the question. So dichloroprop with the initial. Social metabolic steps in most plants
be a different enzyme than 2,4-D, Dicamba. Some of the other group forests that were, you're, we're used to thinking about, because my, my context here is thinking about, you know, I know it's, it's Palmer, not kochia, but we know that, you know, 2,4-D can plants can develop metabolic resistance to 2,4-D and so, you know, it's easy to think about target side stuff, but I was just wondering how much we, you guys, have figured out that that you can tell us about the degradation
and how this might fit in with metabolic resistant populations.
Yeah that would, that would certainly go to a lot of that basic research that was just touching on at CSU, and so they actually are looking at some of the metabolic versus target size, target site resistance. What we do think is that additional methyl group is, and this would be both on weeds as well as some of the traits, is that that is less impacted by some of the metabolic enzymes that quickly chew apart 2,4-D, and clearly, there's probably more robust enzymes that would
be able to chew up dichlorprop as well. Because, again, we know there's a, you know, a trade out there that has Metabolic Enzymes that do that and and I believe that's in a metabolic resistance and endless corn and Bob call me out if I'm if I'm out of bounds there, but I think that was kind of our hypothesis.
Yeah, it's fine, because a lot of those just been kind of what we've learned from the herbicide tolerant crops. And, you know, we mentioned that the cotton soybeans that are tolerance to 2,4-D are still susceptible to dichlorprop-P, those enzymes that are produced will break down the inactive isomer of dichlorprop. So just that little methyl group is not just the methyl group, but the way it's configured and allows
the enzymes to get in there. So you have enzymes that can get in and break that in both 2,4-D and dichlorprop and some enzymes that can get in there and break down 2,4-D but are blocked by the methyl group, and so all those enzymes are out there. What we don't know, it goes to the mode of action piece. We really can't explain why 2,4-D would work on some things, and dichlorprop doesn't, because that probably goes to the target site. Because, when you think about it, you know, an enzyme
that can get in and break down, 2,4-D right? You know, dichlorprop, you know, has that methyl group. So, you know, why are there? You know, like sunflowers, and we're talking about marestail, it's not very active on that. Why, you know, is dichlorprop not able to work on things that 2,4-D can work on, because you would think that it would be, you know, not to incline the metabolism because of that extra methyl group is 2,4-D you know, outside that ether methyl group, everything's
the same. So there's something about structure there that we just don't know about that be some good talks for some graduate students.
Enzyme kinetics sounds like biochemistry. So Joe, did you have any other questions that you wanted to put in front of these guys?
I think we've covered most of the story and the questions I had along the way.
So I guess then our last question before we turn these two loose. Do you guys, I guess, Dan, this is mostly a you question. Do you have any websites or social media types of resources that you would like to point our listeners to to learn more about the product or to ask other questions.
Yeah, yeah. I guess for for folks who are listening Nufarm.com/uscrop is a good spot to keep up on labels, you know. And as we've been talking about this, we kind of haven't really laid out the fact that dichloprop is pending registration for use on small grains and in fallow, with the exception of a couple of 24 C's Kansas, here state being one of those. But yeah, that's where we'll, you know, communicate
registration, which is pending. And obviously, knock on wood, 2025 looks to be a promising year to cross that finish line. So yeah, just obviously we're out there on social media, but certainly plenty places to catch up with all things. Nufarm on the interweb, as I like to call it.
Alright, any last comments, Dan or Bob, before we we wrap this up?
Bob, I think you should catch the listeners up on maybe what you've been doing the past few months and and how you keep connected with those of us at Nufarm.
transitioning from crop weed control to weed control in St Augustine lawns so down here in Florida, trying to get my yard in shape. So that's kind of been my main focus, and so it's great to dust off some little notes on dichlorprop. Get on here with y'all today. So I really enjoyed it. Thanks for including me in on the talk.
Are you using dichlorprop on that St Augustine grass lawn?
No, not really. MCPA, MCPP, which are closely related, you know, used, but the dichlorprop in 2,4-D, on St Augustine aren't quite that great.
St Augustine, grass is a unique one. So, yeah, having lived, having lived in Florida, Bob, I feel like everything is predatory in Florida. So, so enjoy the sunshine, but, but beware, beware the critters.
Yeah, i got excited because, well even the plants. I got excited because we had this Carolina Jasmine blooming just in the back. And even though we had, I got excited because I was gonna get beehives, and then I read and find out that it's toxic to bees, you know. Are even the plants down here, as well as the Gators, the snakes and all the other things you gotta look out for.
Florida Man.
Well, Bob, thank you for taking time to share with us what you know. I think it's awesome that we get a chance to capture some of the experience that kind of walks out the door sometimes when folks move on to different seasons of life. So thank you for for taking the time to talk with us today, and thanks Dan for for being willing to spend some time with us as well. Thanks also to the listeners, and we'll see you guys again next time. (music)
Thanks for listening to the war against weeds podcast. We appreciate support from the north central Integrated Pest Management Center and the collaboration with the Crop Protection Network. At crop protection network.org you can find this podcast, other podcasts and a variety of other pest management resources.