The Making of Elon Musk | E4: The Great Trek

In the fall of 2023, Romana Didalo, a woman calling herself the Queen of Canada, drove into Richmond, Saskatchewan with a fleet of RVs and set up her kingdom in an abandoned school. So the town banded together to get the cult out by any means necessary. My name is Rachel Brown, and in this season of Uncover, I explore what happens when a conspiracy theory lands in your backyard. The Cult Queen of Canada, available now on CBC Listen and everywhere you get your podcasts. This is a CBC Podcast.

Hello? Okay. So uh first slide.

Okay. I'm Bob Zubrin, I'm an astronautical engineer. And uh what I'm gonna talk about today is uh about how I think we can get people to Mars, either uh within ten years from now or ten years from whenever anybody turns on the money. This is Robert Zubrin addressing the fifteenth annual meeting of the Doctors for Disaster Preparedness in California, june nineteen ninety seven.

Zubrin's first book, The Case for Mars, The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must, was published the year before. It would be his first of many books on why he thought humanity needed to travel beyond Earth and colonize the solar system. And it thrust the relatively unknown engineer into the spotlight. Zubrin's work on everything from spacecraft designs to the ethics of terraforming developed a following: a loose network that became known as the Mars Underground.

I and some other people who were co thinkers in terms of uh the desirability or necessity of a human Mars exploration, decided to found a Mars Society to to see if we could pull together all the people who wanted to make this happen. For Zubrin's group, getting to Mars wasn't a fanciful idea limited to science fiction. It was a workable goal that they were planning and advocating for, educating the public and lobbying policymakers.

They started preparing by building training centers designed to simulate the brutal conditions of Mars. In 2000, the group now known as the Mars Society built their first training center on Devon Island in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic. They raised a tricolor Martian flag, red, green, blue, that a NASA engineer designed. In 2001 we decided we'd build a second station in the American desert, so we needed to raise money. But where would they find a bunch of space curious people with money to burn?

We had a fundraiser in Silicon Valley. For a venue, they found a wealthy Mars Society member with a nice big house, and they began selling tickets. $500 a plate. And one person sends in$5,000. And we say, what's this? It's$5,000. Just$500 a plate. U who is it? Elon Musk. Never heard of him. So we did a little research and we discovered that he was one of the uh top people at PayPal, which we had heard of. Zubrin was intrigued. He invited Musk for coffee.

At the fundraiser, Zubrin sat musk next to director James Cameron at the dinner table, a plum position. Before the night was over, Musk had pledged$100,000 and secured a seat on the Mars Society board.

But if there's one constant with Musk, it's that he doesn't like to defer to others. After a while he said to me, Look, I'm not the kind of person that wants to be part of somebody else's deal. I gotta lead my own show. Musk was thirty one years old. It was a pivotal moment for him personally and professionally. He'd just made a nine figure fortune from the sale of PayPal, and tragically lost his first son.

At this point he's worth like a hundred and eighty million dollars. So, you know, he he already has all the money he could ever need for his own personal use to buy airplanes, yachts, anything, uh to say nothing of groceries. And so he's what am I gonna do with the rest of my life? I wanna do something really, really important. The man who once told his boss that he thought of himself as Alexander the Great was looking for something to match his ambitions.

Something that shapes the future on a global scale. He's thinking about solar energy, electric cars, batteries, climate change. But for Zubrin, the question of what was most important. What really mattered to the future of humanity had an obvious answer. This is perhaps the most important thing that will be done in this century. That is the expansion of humanity to become a multi-planet spacefaring species. Mars Whoever made it happen would become immortal, haloed in glory.

I believe that this time will be remembered by future ages as when we first set sail for other worlds. Any American and I presume any Canadian, if you ask'em what happened in the year fourteen ninety two, they will tell you that that is when Columbus sailed. And of course that is true, but that's hardly the only thing that happened in the year fourteen ninety two. Uh in fourteen ninety two England and France signed a peace treaty. Does anybody know about that today?

In fourteen ninety two the Borgias took over the papacy. A few people might know about that. Lorenzo de' Medici died in fourteen ninety two. If there had been big time newspapers in fourteen ninety two, those would have been the headlines, not Italian weaver's son goes off in some ships and discovers some, you know, island somewhere. Yet that is what we remember. And I believe that, you know, five hundred years from now, only uh history buffs will know who Donald Trump was.

I mean, really, but they will remember the people who found the first human settlements on Mars. For Musk, Mars isn't just an engineering project. It's a way to extend the light of consciousness, as he would eventually describe it, a pioneering effort of Colombian proportions. For the human species, Mars is supposed to be a life insurance policy, the place to plant our flag and start the difficult work of colonization before an inevitable cataclysm consumes Earth.

It's about the future of humanity, Musk insists, but it's also very much about Musk himself and the legacy he leaves behind. This is understood the making of Musk. Episode 4, The Great Trek.

When Musk found the Mars Society, he was considering his life's next chapter. The Internet was great, but the promise of technology, he thought, was far grander. Humanity wasn't living up to that promise. I always thought that we would make much more progress in space. This is Musk in twenty thirteen. He's speaking on stage at an event for the computer.

History Museum, hosted by journalist Allison Van Digelen. Like some of his peers, he felt impatient at the promised techno utopian future, the one his grandfather Joshua Haldeman had envisioned decades before. four, still hadn't yet arrived. One quote, often attributed to Musk's colleague Peter Teal, captured the prevailing sentiment. We were promised flying cars, we got 140 characters.

Yeah, w when we went to the moon, um we were supposed to have a base on the moon. We're supposed to send people to Mars, and that stuff just it just didn't happen. How could he activate people? How could he insert? to inspire them with the kind of cosmological faith he felt. He pictured an image, a greenhouse on the surface of the red planet. I thought that would get people excited.

Musk had taken up Robert Zubrin's ideas, donated to the Mars Society, and snagged a seat on the organization's board. They shared the same general goal, but increasingly differed about how to do it. how to get there. Musk, as always, was in a hurry and he was committed. I spent a several months on this actually and and uh went to Russia three times to try to

Uh negotiate purchase of two Russian ICBMs. Committed enough to go bargain hunting in post Soviet Russia, thinking he might buy an old missile or two. He came away empty-handed, perhaps for the best. And did they think you had evil intent? No, they just thought I was crazy. They weren't the only ones who thought so.

He felt there was an opportunity to bring down the costs of rockets and make them reusable, and beyond that, the dream of Mars. Musk's friends at the Mars Society were skeptical. Zubrin had seen it all before, but Some trekky tech founder makes some serious money. And then some visionary engineer approaches him and says, Look here, I got the plan, a silver bullet, and the billionaire would throw fifty million dollars or something of play money at the

uh visionary and they'd start work and then when he discovered that it really wasn't gonna be as easy as as they had thought, they would quit. But it isn't what happened Like any Musk venture, SpaceX moved fast, and Musk was at the center of it, not simply bankrolling someone else's idea. Musk threw himself completely into this world. In 2001, when Zubrin first met Musk, the young entrepreneur impressed him. But it was clear that Musk was no aerospace expert.

By two thousand four, when Zubrin visited Musk at SpaceX's office, things had changed. And it was apparent that by that time he had educated himself. He knew a lot about aerospace engineering. And not just the business side. He had cracked the books. He had self-educating himself created the equivalent of a uh graduate degree in astronautical engineering, which was very impressive. He still, however, hadn't gotten the hardest lesson, which was risk.

SpaceX still had a long way to go. With their Falcon 1 design, they were trying to be the first private company to put a payload into Earth orbit. Zubrin warned Musk. There will be failures, and they'll be painful. I said to him, Look, okay, you gotta be ready to do at least three launches, because the first two are definitely going to fail. And he said to me, Why? Why? Tell me what the flaw is in my design.

Musk was SpaceX's CEO and chief engineer. His money helped fund the company. The Falcon One project was his baby. And like all of Musk's many children, a projection of his ego. I don't know what the flaws in your design. Your design probably doesn't have any flaws, but these things are very complicated and very difficult to get right. Zubrin's instinct, his caution, ended up being correct. Four, three, two, one. Zero plus one plus two. In March two thousand six.

SpaceX launched the Falcon One for the first time. This is the LC on the countdown net. Falcon One is airborne at this time. A fuel leak caused an engine fire, and 41 seconds after takeoff, the rocket crashed into the ocean. A year later they went again. Coming up on stage separation? The first stage was a success. The second stage shut down early, and the rocket's satellite payload didn't make it into orbit. So then I visited him in two thousand and seven and by now he's a little bit chastened.

And he says, okay, I'm good for one more try. And if this fails, then I'm out. Musk's money was running out. T plus one minute forty seconds. Well guess what? It did fail. Okay. Uh we are hearing from the launch control center that there has been an anomaly on the vehicle. We don't have any information about what that anomaly is at this time. Uh we will On the third launch. The rocket's first stage hit the second stage, causing another explosive failure. SpaceX and Musk were at an all-time low.

In two thousand eight, the rocket company is not going well. You've had three failures. Right. The car company is hemorrhaging money. Yes. And the American economy has tanked in the worst recession since the Great Depression. Right. What was that year like for you? And I'm getting divorced by the way. To add add to that. Uh that was that was definitely uh the worst year of my life. And Musk wasn't the only one having a tough time. Inside SpaceX, the mood was bleak.

Musk biographer Ashley Vance writes about employees openly weeping. Others described a kind of exhaustion that went beyond long hours. As if six years of 70 or 80-hour weeks. fighting uphill against impossible odds, had finally taken their toll. People talked about it feeling like the company had reached the end of the road, drained, worn down, wondering if there was any point in climbing further up this mountain. Would they ever get there?

But then he said, I'm not quitting. We're gonna do it again. On the morning of the launch, Musk was in LA, planning to watch from the command van at SpaceX headquarters. Clearly jittery, feeling the pressure. His brother Kimball had an idea. Why don't we head to Disneyland with the kids? Take your mind off things. So that's what they did. Instead of huddling over dashboards and performing frantic last-minute checks.

The man gambling his fortune on one last moonshot was standing in hour-long queues with tourists in Mickey ears. They even rode Space Mountain, a mock spaceflight complete with neon stars and roller coaster plunges. The manufactured adrenaline hit seemed to do the trick. After all, it was nothing compared to what he was about to experience. Musk walked up to mission control with just moments to spare before the four p.m. launch window opened.

Second stage approaching Seiko. And that would be a nominal Seiko. Seiko taker! And the fourth time is when it succeeded. Well mine's kinda frazzled, so it's kinda hard for me to say anything. But uh man, definitely uh this is one of the greatest days of my life and I think probably for for most people here. It was a remarkable achievement. He was the first of any private If this was a billionaire's vanity project, it ended up being an uncommonly successful one.

Compared to Richard Branson's failed space tourism company, Virgin Galactic, or Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin, which is still struggling after 20 years. Musk had soared ahead in the private space race. Why? That was the difference between Musk and these other guys. He was willing to actually put hard work into it, not just some spare change. And the other thing is that he was tough, tough enough to take some hits. Musk also had great timing.

Cuts to NASA's budget and the retirement of the Space Shuttle program left an opening for private contractors to compete to launch rockets, put satellites into orbit, and ferry astronauts to and from the International Space Station. Billions of dollars were at stake. From that successful launch in 2008, it would take just a decade for Musk to turn SpaceX into one of the world's most valuable privately held companies and the chief space launch partner for the US government.

which it remains to this day. SpaceX has undoubtedly made tantalizing jumps forward in technology, and it has its sights set on refuelable rockets and a base on the moon, but these incredible leaps are just mile markers on a much longer journey.

Hi, I'm Jamie Poisson, host of the daily news podcast Frontburner. I got this really cool note from a listener the other day. They wrote I find myself torn between the desire to understand the world around me and the anxiety associated with the easily accessed barrage of terrible news.

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Next step, Mars. Mission Mars. Humanity has been dreaming of Mars for over a century. In Endless Pulpy Adventures, A Princess and Mars in nineteen twelve, Flash Gordon in the thirties, B Movies in the Midcentury, Mars became a blank space to project human ambition and fantasy. But it also became a cipher to represent our anxieties.

About what was happening here on Earth. Ray Bradbury's Martian Chronicles imagines settlers taming a new frontier, escaping the nuclear destruction of Earth. Kim Stanley Robinson's Red Mars trilogy. mapped out the politics of colonization. The film Total Recall, based on a Philip K. Dick short story, showed a Mars mining colony as an unforgiving dictatorship.

That rewrites the memories of its inhabitants. And through it all, Mars was the stage where humans could imagine new futures: utopias, dystopias, alternate histories. Science fiction has had a role in all of this in laying out a vision of the future, enable people to see with their imaginations what not yet can be seen with their eyes. And it's clearly influenced Musk a great deal.

Particularly when I was a kid I just consumed like all science fiction, fantasy, you know, m movies, books, anything at all. Uh his imagination was fueled by his childhood love of video games and sci-fi novels. His mom remembers him reading late into the night. Is it surprising that many of his business ideas sound ripped straight from their pages and screens?

SpaceX's rocket ships, Neuralink's brain computer interfaces creating new cyborgs. XAI's massive data centers and its anti-woke grok chatbot. And Tesla's practically silent. Battery powered cars that are supposed to drive themselves. Yeah, I like I mean, I certainly like Star Trek because that actually shows like more of a utopian future. Like it's not like things like aren't horrible in the future.

'Cause like there's so many bloody post apocalyptic futures, like okay, can we have one that's nice? But he doesn't seem to consume science fiction for its allegorical power or its ability to critique the world around us. For a white boy from apartheid South Africa, Sci Fi could have offered a lens through which to understand the bitterly unequal, highly engineered society in which he grew up. Instead, it fulfilled an amoral fantasy of escape.

There is one book, more than any other, that shaped Musk's plans for SpaceX, and his dream of a Martian civilization. In the late 1940s, Isaac Asimov began publishing his Foundation Stories, which became a trilogy of novels. This is Grand Galactic Empire and this scientist Harry Selden recognizes that it's gonna collapse. The series follows Harry Selden, a mathematician who created a probability based method of predicting the future. When he forecasts an impending planetary collapse.

He establishes a place where he can preserve all knowledge and start a new civilization. And so he decides to put a bunch of scientists on this planet on the edge of the galaxy. The planet's called Terminus, the edge of the galaxy, and so that they can rebuild galactic civilization after it collapsed. And in fact, Musk even calls his proposed city on Mars Terminus. He also named one of his children after Selden.

For Musk, Asimov is a model, a sort of instruction manual for saving humanity in the event of an apocalypse on Earth. It's technocracy as practiced by a would be trillionaire who thinks he can do the impossible. We may not entirely believe it, but he does.

Each launch is about learning more and more about what's needed to make life multi-sanitary. This is Musk addressing SpaceX in May 2025. Musk wants us not just to go to Mars, but to settle there. One million people by 2050. According to his own timeline, the first uncrewed mission of Starship, SpaceX's massive rocket, is supposed to launch in 2026. Ideally w we can take anyone who wants to go to Mars, uh we can take to Mars.

Musk's plan sounds democratic, almost utopian. Anyone who wants to can hitch a ride to Mars. These won't just be novelty celebrity spaceflights. His starship rockets will, he believes, be the American airlines of cosmic travel. Musk is pitching a planet B, a way to avoid the sort of collapse that played out in Asimov's book.

Mars can potentially come to the rescue of Earth if something goes wrong. Us humans could do s something crazy like World War Three, hopefully not, but it's possible. And then if we only have one planet, then that could be curtains. As important as Mars is to Musk. Space colonization doesn't need to stop there. And then we go beyond Mars and ultimately to other star systems, and we can be out there among the stars, making science fiction no longer fiction.

It's a compelling vision, one that became a rallying call to attract the most talented, ambitious engineers. So very early on, even in like the first day when they sit you down for the very limited amount of training that everyone has to go through before starting their work, the thing they emphasize is that the goal of SpaceX

is to make life multiplanetary, right? So in particular to have humans get to Mars and beyond. Tom Moline joined SpaceX in twenty fourteen as an engineer on the Dragon program. which transports people and cargo to the International Space Station. As someone who dreamed of working in space, he was drawn to the company's ambition. But from the start he saw red flags. Off color juvenile jokes in meetings, and a culture where the loudest voice wins.

That is kind of an ongoing, consistent, toxic culture that existed within the company. And that all comes like directly from Elon Musk in terms of how people behave in their work interactions. Elon Musk's private company, SpaceX, has dismissed at least five employees over the accuration and circulation of a letter denouncing the C. And requesting more inclusivity within the workplace.

In twenty twenty-two when a sexual assault allegation against Musk involving a crew member from SpaceX's corporate jet became public. Tom watched the CEO make light of it on Twitter and vehemently deny the allegation, stating it was a politically motivated attack. Musk, however, failed to comment on the two hundred fifty thousand dollars settlement allegedly paid to the accuser and reported by business insiders.

But for Tom, the final straw came when SpaceX's COO, his boss, Gwyn Shotwell, sent a message to the employees. She stated that, you know, we at SpaceX take all these sort of claims very seriously. However, I have been a personal friend of Elon for many years, and I don't think it is possible for him to have done this. Tom saw this as an affront to anyone who had suffered that kind of harassment, and he was spurred into action.

He helped organize an open letter calling on SpaceX to condemn Musk's harmful Twitter behavior, calling it an embarrassment and a distraction from their collective mission. And the message was resonating. And within that first twenty-four hours, we had over 400 people sign on. The company's response was swift and immediate. So he took me downstairs to a conference room with frosted glass.

Which is never a good sign. The next day, Tom was asked into a meeting with the head of HR and Gwen Shotwell, who joined via a video call. They sat me down and told me that they had performed an investigation. uh that they had determined that I was instrumental in the conceiving, writing, and distribution of the open letter. Chiming in remotely, Shotwell delivered the final blow.

revealing exactly what mattered most to SpaceX leadership. Basically, I'm very disappointed that you guys would broadcast such a thing to the company. This distracts from our ability to go to Mars as quickly as possible. I'm very disappointed in you. So I was the first one, but they fired four other people on that day, and then over the next month fired four additional people and interrogated dozens more.

Inside SpaceX, Musk's personal ideology define the company's mission in a Boss Cop-like culture. If Musk was the boss, not to be questioned, getting to Mars became a kind of moral shield for his unfettered authority. For Tom, it seemed like any complaint, any criticism, could be cast as standing in the way of destiny.

But what if that destiny isn't even possible? Mostly Musk's plans for Mars uh are delusional. Adam Becker is a science journalist with a background in astrophysics, and the author of More everything forever AI Overlords, Space Empires, and Silicon Valley's Crusade to control the fate of humanity. Which, he says, is about the terrible plans the tech billionaires have for the future and why they don't work. In Becker's view, Mars is one of those terrible plants.

Just to be absolutely clear, Mars is absolutely awful. Mars is a terrible, terrible place. One of the major sticking points for Adam is, well, Mars itself. There's a spot in my book where I say that Mars would make Antarctica look like Tahiti, and honestly, I was a little hesitant to write that in the book because I thought that that was actually an understatement. It's not just that Mars is an unforgiving environment.

It's completely uninhabitable. The gravity is too low, the radiation levels are too high, there is no air, and uh and the dirt is made of poison. There's not much for humans to work with there. The main challenge would be not dying immediately. The air pressure on Mars is so low that the saliva would boil off your tongue as you died.

And if you manage to make it past that point, the odds aren't much better. Ultimately, you know, if you lived on the surface of Mars for a few years, even if you somehow, you know, could keep your spacesuit running for that long, you would die of of cancer. But surely science can find a way, shields against radiation, ways to create or capture oxygen. Maybe they could build a dome like in the Martian.

So you would need to shield yourself in some way. The easiest way to do that is to dig a tunnel underground, and then you can pressurize that, but then you have to deal with the fact that Martian dust is very fine and toxic. It's filled with these compounds called perchlorate. which are, you know, highly, highly toxic to basically all plant and animal life. So if radiation doesn't get you, the toxic dirt probably will.

Then there are the problems of irregular launch windows and huge lags in communications. It could take more than twenty minutes for a message to travel between Earth and Mars. And that's just to get started. When thinking not just about surviving on Mars, but creating a whole city, a terminus, The project becomes off the charts difficult. Unlike anything humanity has ever attempted before. We do not know whether it is possible. to, you know

have a baby on Mars. We don't know if you can bring a pregnancy to term. We don't know even if you can, whether or not that child would be able to then, you know, grow and develop properly in Martian gravity. And if they did all of those things we don't know whether they'd ever be able to come to Earth. And another big question for Adam. is the why of it all. Think about for a moment

What all of that would be like? Living in tunnels underground, toxic dirt just behind the walls, never going outside except for short, dangerous missions to the surface. unsure of the long term impacts on your body and mind. No real time communication with anyone back home on Earth. No certainty you would ever be able to go back, even if you wanted to. And Musk wants to put a million people there?

Life on Mars would be nasty, brutish, and short, and probably unsustainable. So why cling on to the dream of a planet B? Is Earth such a lost cause? Musk has expressed his certainty in an impending apocalypse, but it also seems like a convenient out. I think that acknowledging that earth is precious and this is where we make our stand.

and like this is where we we have to stay for the foreseeable future. That imposes a limitation that Musk is just not willing to acknowledge and you know He thinks I think You can overcome absolutely any limitation just by being arrogant enough and ignoring enough people telling you that you can't do it. If you have enough money and power, you maybe can ignore that. and get away with it, as Musk has, you know, allegedly demonstrated many times.

But the laws of physics don't work that way. Human biology does not work that way. You cannot get around the kinds of limits that prevent a million people from living on Mars in an independent colony. Musk doesn't seem to agree. Rather than techno optimism, it could be described as hubris, and from Adam's perspective, an almost delusional faith that engineering can overcome any physical limits. And it also looks to Adam willful, a way to refuse to recognize any ethical limits on one man's power.

It's a way to accumulate an unbelievable amount of resources in the service of an oligarch's vision that when you take a close look at it, doesn't seem so democratic or humanitarian. Adam, in case you can't tell, is pretty steadfast in his position on Mars, but he isn't the only one. I think the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that the challenges with going to Mars are just tremendous.

Even the people who are the most gung-ho about going to Mars and and are dismissive of all kinds of very serious problems about Mars. Musk still seems too optimistic even for most of those scientists. We just launched the world's biggest rocket again, dropped a couple satellites off, suborbital, time to go through the data. Really crazy cool to hit all those objectives today. Yeah, huge shout out to all the team.

Despite widespread scientific skepticism and Musk's chaotic behavior, SpaceX continues to make progress. There have been some spectacular explosive failures, but Starship has also had some successful launches. And the US government remains hopelessly dependent on SpaceX for its satellite launch capabilities. It's impossible to think of NASA returning to the moon without SpaceX.

But even optimists like Zubrin, who literally wrote the book about why humans should go to Mars, are troubled by the scope of Musk's promises. I think this is um fat guano crazy. You don't just land a million people on Mars like Normandy Beach, A Mars colony has to be built up organically like the colonization of the New World, where you first had little colonies that established some farms and now you can bring in more colonists and they

create shops and sawmills and now you can build houses and now you send more people and and it develops over time. And I believe that Mars will be settled that way over time, but not this other thing. For Zubrin, Mars is still possible, just not the way Musk is pitching things. It needs to be incremental, science first, with small missions and robots leading the way. And even Adam Becker, the astrophysicist turned journalist, isn't writing off space travel completely.

What do I think our future relationship with space should be? I think we should send a lot more probes out into space. I think there's all sorts of amazing mysteries that we could solve and questions that we could, you know can't even begin to ask now that we could start to ask and maybe even answer.

And you know, yes, I would like us to make sure that everyone on Earth is safe and comfortable before we start spending enormous amounts of money exploring space. But also that's a false dichotomy. Like we can do both, and I would like to see us do both.

But the future of humanity is here on Earth. The future of humanity is here on Earth, but Musks may not be. It's a striking shift. Earlier in his career, Musk staked his fortune on saving this planet: electric cars, solar energy, giant batteries to wean us off fossil fuels. But more and more, his focus has drifted from fixing Earth to escaping it and Once you said do you wanna die on Mars, why? I I don't to be clear, I don't want to die on Mars. Um I mean we we're all gonna die someday.

And if you're gonna pick some place to die, then why not Mars? Yet the boy who dreamed of life beyond Earth, who grew up to own a rocket ship company, has never actually gone to space. Even as suborbital flights have become popular with Popstars and Crypto Bros. What would his adventure-hungry grandfather Joshua Haldeman have made of his grandson's reluctance to take to the skies? Or did Haldeman's sudden death in a flying accident stand as a warning from us?

But it's not some kind of Mars death wish. And if I do die on Mars, I just don't want it to be on impact. When the first starship sets off for the Mars colony, will Musk be on board? Across his life, Musk has thrived in bubbles, where he can enjoy extraordinary levels of privilege and deference. From gated communities in South Africa to his private compound in Texas, to his companies where he is the unquestioned boss cop, the boss man.

Mars is the final bubble, a whole planet sealed from the rest of humanity. It's the ultimate test of whether a pseudo-religious faith in the power of capital, bossism, and engineering can transform the world. But physics and biology suggest otherwise. Musk can fire employees at will. He can buy media platforms and buy his way into government. He can even engineer children, but he can't rewrite the laws of physics.

Mars is not waiting to be engineered into a habitable place for hundreds of millions of people. And no amount of money or willpower will change that. Musk's obsession has always been legacy, from his companies to his many children, to his dream of a new planet. Even as a teenage gamer, he wanted to be known as Elon the Great. But legacy depends on how you're remembered, not how you think of yourself.

A man shaped by colonial attitudes appears never to have left that worldview behind, as if he had never truly escaped Praetoria. Or maybe he never wanted to. We contacted Elon Musk through his family office. He did not respond to our request for comment. Understood the making of musk is a chalk and blade production for CBC. It is written and produced by Jason Phipps, M. Wally, Eva Chrysiac, and me, Jacob Silverman.

This episode features clips from Doctors for Disaster Preparedness, the Computer History Museum, SpaceX, 60 Minutes, Red Ram Productions, Aero Astro Centennial. And News Live South Africa. Matthew Blackman is our South African story consultant. Fabiola Melendez Carletti is our coordinating producer. Mixing and sound design by Julia Whitman. Our story editor is Derek John. Our executive producer is Nick McCabe Locos. Our podcast art was designed by Sammy Whitworth at Good Tape Studios.

Our cross promo producers are Amanda Cox and Kelsey Queva. Our video producers are Evan Agaard, Tamina Aziz, and John Lee. CBC Podcasts executive producers are Cecil Fernandez and Chris Oak. Tanya Springer is the senior manager. Is the Executive Director of CBC Podcasts. The managing editor of CBC News Podcasts is Karen Burgess.

You can follow Understood on whatever app you're using to listen to me now, and check out my previous season, The Naked Emperor, a deep dive into fallen crypto king Sam Bankman Fried. For more C B C podcasts go to C B C dot ca slash.