10 years before Garrity, Bostonians attempted to desegregate schools in city's 'true civil rights movement'

In 1964, Wendell Arthur Garrity was United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts – not yet a judge on the District Court of Massachusetts. Ruth Batson was a frustrated parent and civil rights activist – not yet director of Boston’s Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity, or Metco, the voluntary desegregation program. Louise Day Hicks was a member of Boston’s School Board – not yet the leader of ROAR: Restore Our Alienated Rights – and the face of white opposition to the integration of Boston Public Schools. Ten years later, they would all be major players in the battle to desegregate Boston Public Schools. As the city marks 50 years since Judge Garrity’s ruling on busing, we consider the importance of the period before busing – a time expert Zebulon Miletsky refers to as Boston’s ‘true civil rights movement.’