My name is Christina Kopka Decker, and for as long as I can remember, I have experienced motion sickness in cars, planes, boats, trains, and theme park rides. The first time I experienced severe motion sickness, however, was when I was sixteen years old on a flight from Los Angeles to New York. As soon as the plane took off, I was hit with intense vertigo and nausea. Within about fifteen minutes, I began vomiting,
which quickly turned into dry heaving. For the remainder of the six hour flight, the plane suddenly felt smaller, breathing felt heavier, and my head was spinning so intensely that it felt like it might explode. I felt overheated, overwhelmed, and my mouth was either extremely dry or excessively watery. I am now thirty seven, and unfortunately this has never changed. The difficult part is that I love to travel, so in many ways travel means excepting that I will likely
suffer through the journey. Over the years, I have seen many specialists, including neurologists and ear nos and throat doctors. I have tried vestibular therapy, had CT scans, MRIs, and undergone hearing tests, doctors ruled out Meneer's disease, which causes symptoms similar to what I experience. Despite all of these evaluations, no one has been able to explain why my motion
sickness is so debilitating. Even when I am the one driving, I sometimes experienced nausea and vertigo, especially on winding roads or in heavy traffic, which is nearly impossible to avoid. While living in Los Angeles. One of the worst happened during a flight with very heavy turbulence. I was vomiting into a sickness bag, only to realize too late that
the bag was broken at the bottom. I had to sit there with vomit in my lap and around me for a large portion of the flight because the turbulence was so bad the flight attendants could get up to help me. When I finally reached my destination, I usually can't eat anything. I typically need to sleep off the motion sickness before I feel well enough to explore the
city I traveled so far to see. The only treatment that has consistently helped me is a combination of zofran meclasine and a risk device that uses electrical shock therapy kind of similar to a tens machine. Even with this combination, I still experienced severe motion sickness, but it significantly reduces my vomiting and makes travel somewhat more bearable.
Christina that thank you for sharing your story. First of all, that sounds I mean, that sounds unimaginably.
I can't awful.
Sounds awful, But I'm glad that there's finally some something that you're finding.
Some relief, some of relief. Yeah.
Yeah, but thank you again for sharing your story. We really appreciate it.
We do.
Thank you.
Hi.
I'm Erin Welsh and I'm Erin on an update and this is this podcast will kill You. Welcome to Motion Sickness. Welcome, Welcome.
This is one of the most universal experiences humans.
Right, I mean yeah, I guess maybe, or.
Like the potential for universality is quite high exist just to you know, be precise about it.
I am really excited about this episode. And when you proposed it, and I think that you have many times.
Maybe like three years ago was the first time I was like.
We probably and I was like, absolutely not. And I am thrilled that I finally said yes to it, because it's really really interesting.
That I finally bullied you into it. I was like, we're doing It's on the calendar.
You can't it's super super interesting. Yeah, and I'm really excited about it.
It is I like what drove me always to be like we should do this. It's not because I knew anything about it. It's not because I personally have experienced a lot of motion sickness. I really know, not at all. Like there was John.
And I were.
Fishing off like it in the ocean, and it was a small boat and the waves were quite choppy, and John quickly because his eyes were focused on the rod and not the horizon, fish and the fish and John was within I don't know how much time scream barfing, poor guy, just like just NonStop. And I was and he was like, you are completely fine. Like I felt nothing. I mean I felt bad for him, but like physically.
I felt I felt nothing. Uh so, yeah, I am. I am.
I am one of the ones who can read in a car and a bus, on a train, whatever, same, no problem.
Same. I can remember one time I'm feeling a little bit motion sick and it was on day two of a twenty two day research cruise in the middle of the ocean. And yeah, day two, I was like a little like, ooh, I don't think I'm gonna eat today as much as usual. Yeah, And that was it. So I feel very lucky that I haven't experienced a lot of it, because otherwise I'm like, I'll eat an entire funnel cake and then go on the tilta whorl and be like this was the best day ever. Yeah, so roller coasters.
I remember as a kid, the one time I remember really feeling quite nauseous was like on a bus, on the school bus, reading a book because I had no friends, So I'll just read books on the school bus.
My little animals.
Yeah, and so I remember that. But but then ever since then, which is interesting because I feel anyway we'll get there in terms of the age distribution.
There's so much to cover. There's so much. I'm really excited about it. Maybe we should start and I'm just blathering, Maybe we should.
Maybe we we have.
Quarantine any time, it's quarantine, ay times.
Anytime.
What are we drinking this week? Ere we're drinking motion potion. Motion potion.
It's ridiculous and it is ginger based essentially. However, listen to our ginger episode. Yeah, this is not curative or prevented by any means.
There's also like very little data that ginger is helpful for nausea associated with motion sickness, like particular.
Yeah, this is also when I say ginger episode, I mean health myths are health myth. Yeah, we did not do an episode on ginger. But it's yeah, so it's it's ginger ale, it's lime juice, it's mint, it's candy ginger, it's you know, a tasty little bits, really really tasty.
You can find the recipe on all of our socials where we are This podcast will kill You, I think mostly is our socials, maybe tea titles, maybe TPWKY who knows. Also, we'll probably post it on our website, this podcast will kill You dot com. Have you checked it out? We have a whole bunch of stuff there.
Out the end the end website. We don't need to go into that. We said, you know the spiel there, Let's get to the good stuff.
Okay, yeah, right after this break, Jinks.
I actually want to start this section with a quote, Oh my god, I do the same thing I was gonna say, like, this is really your vibe, but I'm stealing it a little bit. Okay, this is a quote from a two thousand and six paper by Shoe, Pock and Gordon, and it describes the constellation of symptoms that we can see in motion sickness. And I really like it because I think it just like sets us up to really like picture what it is that we're talking about today.
You ready, I feel like I'm gonna get sympathy nausea, which that is something that I do occasionally get with, like am I is the dog gonna barf?
Is John barf in the boat? Yeah? Then you feel nauseous. If I smell vomit, then it will make me nauseous. But away, yeah, okay, Okay, anyways, here we go. Ready, yeah, quote the development of motion sickness. Sorry, it's kind of a long quote, just so you know.
Okay, Okay, I'm strapped and I'm ready.
Quote. The development of motion sickness symptoms follows an orderly sequence that varies with the intensity of the stimulus and the susceptibility of the individual. The initial symptom is usually discomfort around the upper abdomen stomach awareness this quote, okay, which is followed by nausea and increasing malaise. Concurrently, pery oral that means around your mouth and facial pallor appear
accompanied by cold sweat. With rapid worsening of symptoms, there can be salivation changes, feeling of body warmth, dizziness, wretching and recurrent vomiting. Lethargy, fatigue, and drowsiness can persist for hours after the motion stimulus ends. End quote. I feel like it really walks us through what it looks and feels like to start having motion sickness.
It does, And I have so many questions.
No, I will wait them, I will wait.
Yes.
I also want to mention that there's another kind of phenomenon that we see described alongside motion sickness that's called soapite syndrome. I think that's how you say it. And it's this kind of like drowsiness, lethargy, like decreased cognitive motor functions. A lot of times we see it marked by yawning, like an increase in yawning, and this can persist. It can start with the motion stimulus itself, and then
it can persist for like a long time after. In some cases, people can also get things like eyestrain, difficulty focusing, headaches, and things like that. So motion sickness overall is this feeling of unwellness and a lot of times nausea and vomiting specifically that we get that is associated with motion
or movement. And like we read in all of that description, while it very classically like nausea and vomiting and things are like that kind of first part of the symptoms, there's a really wide array of how people can present with motion sickness overall. But it's not just any motion that triggers motion sickness. It's specific types of motion. Because we don't tend to get motion sick when we're walking or running or riding a bike, but we do if we're on a boat or a train or sitting in
the back seed of a car. And motion sickness can also be caused by perceived motion, as in people can get motion sickness from things like virtual reality or like really immersive three D movie screens without moving at all. I m AX, So, what in the absolute heck is going on causes us to get sick from movement or the perception of movement? Perception of movement? I'm really excited to try and tell you. That's what I'm going to try and do right now, just so you know. So
first of all, we don't really know. That's just like I'm going to say that at the front, Okay, like we we think that we know. And the overall consensus hypothesis idea is that there is some kind of sensory conflict, right, That's what it's called between the actual sensations that you are receiving into your brain m hm and what your
brain expects to be receiving. Yeah, And these conflicts can happen between a number of different sensory systems or a number of different of like ways that we perceive things around us. So the main sensory systems that are involved in motion sickness, let's dig into them a little bit, are the visual system, the vestibular system. Love the stipular system, I know, it's quite exciting, and the propriaceptive system. Love around a.
Tocoo system, I love them all.
Listen, we're here for our sensory systems, okay. So our visual system is obviously our eyes, right, These are perceiving the world around us visually. They're sending the inputs that they receive into the visual centers of our brain in order to map out the world. I'm not going to
dig much deeper than that. Our eyes also have quite a lot of reflex movements and things built in that we are totally unaware of, such that if we turn on head or experience any kind of motion, our eyes are actually making teeny tiny micro adjustments in the opposite direction of whatever our movement is so that our visual field stays steady.
I learned about this recently when interviewing someone for an episode of Advances and Care on concussion detection, because we do not have a good system right now for diagnosing concussions, and so one of the thoughts is that, like we can detect it potentially with these small eye movements, because when we get a concussion sort of all of these little all of these sensory systems are disrupted a bit, and so can we detect severity, intensity, duration, whatever of
a concussion with these eye movements.
It is, there's so much there. It's just really cool. It is really cool. So this like our eyes making these little microadjustments, and it's part of what is called the vestibulo ocular reflex. So that means that our eyes are connected to our tibular system. Okay, and this is the system that detects the position and movement of mostly our head in space. It is a complex system and we don't need to get like deep into the weeds
of it. But the peripheral parts are located in our inner ears, where we have these two teeny tiny organs called odoliths that are not just little rocks, but they're actually teeny tiny little organs that detect movement, specifically in the forward, backward, and the side to side direction not rotating. And then we also have three sets of on each ear these things called semi circular canals that are these
little fluid filled tubes arranged in different planes. They look like I don't know, like you know those fancy French cookies like Palmier's or whatever, like a grape cluster. No, no, no, google it pick, thank you have it. Okay, they're like little canals. Anyways, they're in our inner ears as well. They're filled with fluid and they sit at different angles
so they detect rotational movement. Okay, so like looking around you rotational movement cool side to side, side, like looking to your left, looking to your right, yeah, right, okay, okay, okay, And all of these together are semi circular canals, are otoliths.
They are involved in sensing the position and the movement of our head, and they are obviously connected directly to multiple different parts of our brain, and they are involved in this vestibulo ocular reflex, so they're connected to our eyes to help with these little movements, and something called our vestibulo spinal reflex which helps us to maintain head and postural stability, making these little compensatory body movements that again we don't really notice or recognize when we are
moving our head in space. Okay. Some of the parts of the brain that are very involved in this vestibular system are our cerebellum, which is the bottom like back part of our brain. I have a brain, but I'm not going to reach for it because I'll knock it over. I have a brain. Oh yeah, there you go. It's the bottom of the back. We see that little back, bitch, you can't. We also then also have proper reception. Okay.
Propriate reception is our ability to know where our limbs and other body parts are in three dimensional space.
It's such a mysterious sense. I love it.
It's mostly gathered from like mechanal receptors that again we don't recognize or notice. But there are things all around our body that integrate into our brain to tell our
brain whether you can see it or not. You know where your hands and feet are, nice k. So to know and understand where we are in space and how we are moving through space, our eyes, our vestibular system, and our appropriate reception have to all work in concert, and they work based on kind of like maps that we have developed in our brain by existing on the Earth thus far, like, our brain knows that gravity is a force that is always present and whose vector points
down towards the Earth right. We don't have to think about it. We literally don't feel it, but it is always something that our brain and our body is responding to because it's a force that we're always exposed to. So when the system is working well, for example, we might be walking with our eyes open. As sighted individuals, our eyes are going to perceive that we are moving through the world where the horizon and the stuff around us is remaining relatively fixed right like it is, it
is moving past us. Our vestibular system is perceiving our head moving through space, little tiny microadjustments are being made, and our appropriate sective system perceives that our limbs are propelling us forward. It's we're standing upright, gravity is directing downwards, the horizon is there. Everything is great, and we experience no sensory conflict whatsoever. Uh huh.
Cool.
But however, if instead we are on a boat on the ocean, and we are sitting inside of our cabin, for example, then our vestibular system senses quite a lot of movement, right, There's changes in velocity, there's changes in direction as this boat is moving upon the waves. But if we're sitting inside of our enclosed cabin, our eyes are perceiving that the world the cabin inside the boat, or even worse, the book that we're sitting there reading
inside of the cabin inside of the boat. The boat around us is too fixed because it's moving the same way that our body is moving, instead of our body moving through space like if we were walking. Yeah, does that make sense? Yes, So those two senses, our vestibular system and our visual in puts are in conflict, and
they're not what our brain expects to be perceiving. This causes a cascade of hormones and neurotransmitters and things to be released, telling our brain whoa whoa, whoa, whoa, something is not right. We should panic, wow, motion sickness ensues. But like, okay, why is this a bad thing? Like why is this thing? This is where?
Like and I know that it is not. Nothing has to be good or bad. It just has to be like our bodies don't have not evolved in this space before to anticipate these changes and then get rid of the conflict, de escalate the conflict. Yeah, but why does it result in these nausea?
But why? But why? But why is a question that we absolutely do not have an answer to, Like we do not know why.
Okay, I've read some and we can talk about it if you want later on.
Like the hypothesis hypotheses, I have them, Like yeah, so we yeah, we don't know why. There are a lot of hypotheses. There's one that's like maybe we get nauseous especially and have vomiting as a byproduct of like our toxin defense system. I don't I don't like this one. But yeah, no, it doesn't really have any evidence for it. It's this idea that like our vestibular system gets activated by these movements and it triggers the same response that
we would have from exposure to toxic substances. It doesn't It doesn't really make any sense.
You all your sensory inputs, if you have some sort of like neurotoxin that you have ingested or consumed in some way, then it's possible that all these different things would be off, Your perception would be off, you would be like I'd lose exact blence.
It's just like the same accidental right, right, But no, it doesn't make sense. We're discounting that one. Most of the papers do too. It's not just us. There's also this idea that we have just this inappropriate activation of like our autonomic system, with like our vestibular system interacting with our autonomic system and causing this dysfunction. There's again
not like a really clear evidence of this. There's some thought that maybe it's just a byproduct of the proximity of our vestibular system and these like motion detectors to where our vomiting circuitry also sits like we have multiple Sometimes people say we have a vomiting center, and that's not quite true, but there are multiple brain areas that are involved in nausea and vomiting.
I have never heard anyone say we have a vomiting Oh, it's in a lot of the papers.
I believe you. I believe you. But but it's not just one. It's like multiple parts of our brain that are involved. So is it just like this kind of spillover of the inputs happening to be there. I don't know, we don't know.
I think that, like what what seems likely is that it's not an adaptive response, right, It is just something that like sing, I mean, and maybe that's really unsatisfying, and so we keep looking for hypotheses that make more sense or have more give us more of an answer or a story. But I think it could just be that it's a maladaptive response to right, this thing that we did not evolve experiencing.
Right, And it's just and it's it's this response that different people get at different levels, depending on the circumstances in which they're exposed to these potentially nauseogenic movements, which I think is a great word. Let's talk about these circumstances. Let's talk about them a little bit, because there's some other ones too. Okay, So we talked already about if you're sitting still, you're sitting and the world is moving around you, but it looks like the things around you
aren't moving the way that you expect. So that's one type of mismatch that we might see. Another that we might see would be if you're again on a boat, but you're standing out at the side and you're looking over the side of the ship. Your body is moving one way, your eye, your head is moving one way. Your vestibular system is saying there's this kind of movement happening, but your eyes are only seeing the waves going up
and down across the ship. So that's another way that you might have this mismatch.
Was poor John, I think was yeah, exactly, poor guy.
It was. It was. It was brutal, it was awful, like it sounds. It sounds really bad. And then as soon as he was.
On land he was like, I'm fine, of course, I mean after a while, but after a while.
Yeah, But then we also, like we said it at the very beginning. Can have this conflict if you are sitting completely still but watching an immersive like VR or three D movie on a large screen, because then your visual systems are telling your brain we are moving rapidly through space, and your body and your head are sitting still.
Right.
This is sometimes called pseudo motion sickness or cyber sickness, which I think.
Is it's from the net or something right.
That's completely hilarious. So this is the kind of working theory, working hypothesis really of how motion sickness happens. That we have these conflicts or what's sometimes called neural mismatch, and these three systems, visual, vestibular, and appropriate reception can all be involved, but the vestibular system in particular is probably
the most important and kind of must be involved. People who have complete lesions of their vestibular systems, like not functioning vestibular systems bilaterally, it's near impossible to get motion sickness. But people who are blind or lack visual inputs entirely, or cited people who are blindfolded can still be susceptible
to motion sickness even without seeing right. It's very interesting exactly, And so it's in part because again we have two different parts of our vestibular system in what is sensing rotational movements and what is sensing lateral and forward and backward movements. And so even if you have a conflict between these two parts of your vestibular system, that alone could be enough to cause motion sickness in some cases. And what kinds of motion is it? Why do we
get motion sick on a boat but not on a bike? Right? Part of it is active movement. Right, when we are propelling our own bodies, we are less likely to get motion and sickness. Why is it because our brains are more like ready to accept that this motion is coming from us. So even if there's a discrepancy, our brain is accepting it.
There's like the volition yes, volitional idea where it's like, oh, if you're driving the car, does that make you less likely if you're riding the bike?
Yeahpelling the bike exactly. Yeah, it's probably not that when it comes to bikes and things, because not all types of motion tend to cause motion sickness. When we think of motion sickness, most of us think of a boat. I've used that as an example a lot, and see sickness is like the most infamous. But on a boat, despite the fact that we are subject to a whole bunch of different kinds of motion, it is only the low frequency heave motions that you have on a boat.
The like. That was not a good example, but you know, what I'm saying, it's the heave motions that are the trigger for motion sickness. We don't see motion sickness walking, bike riding, horseback riding much less common to have motion sickness. Camel riding, elephant riding much more likely to have motion sickness.
Glad you mentioned camels. I mentioned it too, camels.
And the difference in these types of motions is the frequency of these movements. So lower frequency movements, so anywhere from like point one to point five, and especially point two hurts or point two cycles per second movements tend to be substantially more nauseogenic than higher frequency movements. Actually movements that are faster than one hurts or one cycle per second.
And so is this are we talking forward motion or up and down?
I don't really understand how those measurements work, honestly, there was so much physics in this that I have a hard time. Also because it can be movements in any direction. So this could be up and down movements, it could be forward backward translational movements, it could be rotational movements like choreolist type of movements. But it's all about the and like different ways, especially when it comes to like
horizontal and spinning type of movements. If you do them in a certain way, even at different frequencies, then you could trigger motion sickness. But in general, especially for up and down movements and forward backward movements, it's these lower frequency like you think of how an elephant moves versus how a horse moves, bouncing up and down a little bit.
I think I think that makes sense, where it's like it's deeper and more sort.
Of more like lower, yeah, longer, longer, frequencies longer. But I assume camels can jog trot. Yeah, maybe you're less like we did get mad.
I don't know.
But is it also that like the way that you're sitting, like it's side to side movement is also different than
what you would have on a horse. I don't. It's a really interesting and I don't fully understand thresholds might be different for different people, and they absolutely are, And like people have proposed hypotheses again as to like why is it that these low frequency movements are the ones that are more nauseogenic, And so it's thought that maybe for some reason that again, is it just this like mismatch type of thing that these frequencies just happen to
be where we have more of these errors in signaling between our vestibular systems and our other somato sensory systems. We just have more errors between what we sense and expect in terms of our verticals or in terms of our horizontal movements. Some people propose that this type of frequency, these low frequencies, are like the limit of human body motion, so we can't figure out how to maintain stability of our bodies at these frequencies because our bodies don't move
at those frequencies very often. But I don't know, I don't know. Yeah, And other people say that maybe at these low frequencies, our brain can't interpret these type of accelerations as movement through space, so it's interpreted as a tilt in the force of gravity, which is like our brain going, oh, why are we upside down when we're not really upside down at all, So then that confuses our brain. I don't know, Okay, yeah, it's all quite confusing.
And then like what happens next is also still confusing. So I said that there's like a series of signals that get sent right to our brain via a bunch of different neurotransmitters, A stetylcholine is involved, Histamine is very involved, and we we still don't really know like why, like why exactly is this happening. But in the end result
is that our autonomic system gets activated. Different regions of our brain involved in vomiting, our vomiting centers get activated, and especially areas of our brain like our lower brain in our cerebellum, as well as parts of our brain stem end up getting activated. And we see this drop
in our stomach fundus. We see relaxation of our sphincters, we see gastric stasis, so things are moving slower, and then you know vasodilation versus vasoconstriction, which is why we have the power and sometimes cold sweating.
Oh okay, okay, okay, So this is this is truly a cascade of a multiple different, multiple different signaling pathways.
Signaling pathways just not kind of working in concert.
Yeah, and then that is causing all of these these these different effects like nausea, like power, like cold sweat, what is what are cold sweats?
How? What is? Yeah? Well, like you're not like you don't have a fever, you like feel cold, but you're sweating. Yeah, that's a cold sweat. Yeah, but like what is the cause of that? What is the mechanism?
Okay, Like I've experienced cold swets.
You know, You've never had a cold set, so like tell me.
But and and so pallor makes sense because you're kind of you're just draining blood and then that where's that blood going?
What? Yeah? Well, and some of that is stuff that we just see with nausea in general, right, and so some of that is just like directly involved in the in the nausea response. Even when you get nausea and vomiting from a toxin or from an infection or from chemotherapy or whatever, it is, so okay, So okay, okay. So there are multiple different things.
I mean, so there's like nausea and then like the constellation of things that often happen with nausea yep. And then there are other effects that might or may not be direct closely tied to nausea in like that that cascading pathway medications, medication, Do they work on the same root source?
Can they control everything? Yeah? Excellent questions, Aaron. So the best treatment is prevention, and that's often not possible. Most of the non pharmacologic methods that we have are like behavioral, right, so that's things like looking at the horizon, like fresh air fresh air. There's a lot of things that they market that are focused on the idea of reducing conflicting sensory input or like providing other sensory input for you to like be distracted or things like that, you know whatever.
But like the idea of looking out at the horizon is that you're like reducing visual sensory conflict. Right, the horizon is not moving, it's fixed the way that you expect it to be, and so then that's going to help reduce some of that sensory conflict. There's a lot of like ACUU pressure bands that you can wear, and there's very mixed data on whether or not these have any actual effect, but some people find them helpful and
there's like no side effects with them. And the biggest downside of all of our pharmacologic methods, so like drugs to treat motion sickness or prevent motion sickness, do tend to have quite a lot of side effects, especially drowsiness, which is a huge problem if you're the one like
flying the plane or driving the boat. Yeah, yeah, but they do tend to fall in kind of two main classes that work on two of those receptors and neurotransmitters that I mentioned already, which is like acetylcholine and histamine, So anahistamines and specifically antihistamines that can cross the blood brain barrier because they have to be able to get into our brain and central nervous system to have an effect.
Can block histamine and then reduce a lot of the symptoms that are associated with the because histamine is involved in all of the action going on. Okay, so interesting, Okay, So that's what dramamine if you've heard of the brandname dramamine, which is di menhydroenate, that's an anahistamine, not dissimilar to benadryl or difen hydromene, and both of these can be effective for motion sickness, but they tend to cause like dry mouth, dry eyes, drowsiness, et cetera. So there that's
a downside. So the other big one that we use is scopalamine, and this acts on acetylcholine receptor, so a different type of receptor, and we think that it acts kind of on both sides. We don't exactly know, but We think that it acts both on the vestibular side and the vomiting center side of the transmission pathway, where our vestibular system is talking to vomiting parts of our brain and saying be nauseous. So scopalamine is working on
both ends of the spectrum in that way. It tends to have quite a lot of side effects, especially if you give it as an oral medicine, and so we often use it as a patch that you cook behind your ear, okay, And there's also like a nasal spray
formulation I think too. The nice thing about the patch, even though it takes a lot longer to kick in, is that if you know I'm gonna be on a cruise for the next five days, you put it on a few hours before the start of the cruise and then it lasts for seventy two hours, which is kind of nice because usually by that time you've acclimated, and habituation or acclamation uh huh, is like the best thing that you could possibly do to treat or deal with
motion sickness. And what I think is really interesting about the idea of acclamation is that it the fact that we can acclimate, that we can get used to these motions over time kind of also lends support to this idea that it's a sensory conflict to begin with.
Right because you're kind of disentangling these conflicts.
Your brain is getting used to a new normal where it's like, oh, it is okay that all of my environment is moving along with me. I don't have to worry about this. And if you've ever been on a long cruise or like people who go to outer space and come back apparently get this a lot. There's something
called mald Debauchmont or like this. Yeah, and that's when it feels really disorienting to walk on flat, unmoving ground after you've been in outer space or on a boat for a really long time, and that's like you've acclimated, you've habituated to this sense of movement, and now you're back on flat ground. Your brain's like, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. This isn't what I expect to happen right now. Isn't that so interesting?
Yes?
That usually gets better a bit quicker. Okay, that makes sense.
Yeah, I have a few questions, So habituation acclamation, how long does it take?
Is that's one of the questions. I'm saving the rest for it depends on the person, right, everyone is so differentially susceptible to motion sickness. Depends on the person. But usually, like even if you are, let's say, on a cruise, it's the first like twelve to twenty four hours that things are probably the worst, and usually within two to
three days you're pretty well acclimated. So if someone, for example, is like in the military and training for like intense flights, you know, with a lot of spinning or whatever, they might need more intensive like habituation therapy. But if you're just like on a boat or something like that, it's usually within a couple of days that you're going to habituate.
But there's like regimens that people sometimes use to like get used to something so that even if they're exposed in the future, they don't get as motion sick as they used to.
So is that is that something? That was my other kind of like question trying to get at this. Can you become less motion sick over time?
Yes? It seems like yes by doing these habituation routines, which can sometimes be quite time intensive because you have to be able to like go in a mover jiggler thingy, and.
You have to want to expose yourself to be over and horribly sick.
Yeah exactly, Yeah, Okay.
Differential susceptibility, why is are there genetic links? Is it run in families? And then age ranges all of that stuff.
Give it. I can't wait. So anyone can get motion sick given the right set of circumstances. We think like even astronauts, like you think an astronaut has to go through so much training, but some of the papers that I read said that like seventy percent of astronauts going up for the first time we'll have some degree of space sickness the first twenty four hours that they're up there. So everyone, under the right set of circumstances, you could
probably provoke motion sickness. But some people like Christina in our first hand account, get really severe motion sickness with things that other people don't feel motion sick at all. We don't really know what it is about one person that makes them more susceptible than another person, and we don't have tests or things that we can do to try and guess are you going to get motion sick
or are you not? There does seem to be a big heritability component, so twin studies have like seventy percent, so it's estimated like fifty to seventy percent concordance, especially in childhood and age ranges. Usually susceptibility to motion sickness doesn't really develop until age like six to seven. Babies are like considered union entirely. We don't know if it's just because they lay their flat like a potato.
And I was also wondering if it's well, first of all, their sense, their senses are still being developed, like.
Diaster, they can't see, like.
Yeah, it's but also they're being carried around a lot, and so I wondered if that was that, like, but then it's human.
It's the thing. And they were meaning for so long like in your uterus in it floating around in fluids, so they're just all leaping to bop, right, they're like they expect motion. So I don't know, but it tends to not develop until age six to seven, and then it actually peaks in like age nine to eleven, so like kids tend to be anamorphs on the bus. But obviously many adults still experience motion sickness, though the like rates of it does decline and the severity tends to
decline into adulthood. People who are assigned female at birth are much more susceptible, we think than people assign male at birth, but we don't know why, Like there's not
any clear reasons why. And like I said, like site is not required for motion sickness, so people who are blind can still get motion sick We do know that there's some associations with like migraines and some other especially vestibular migraines, but also some other like vestibular disorders and an increased susceptibility to motion sickness, but we don't really know why, like is it overlapping pain pathways? Is it
overlapping autonomic reactivity. We don't really understand these associations, but we just see that they exist in the population. Yeah, there's some like I think one paper found like thirty five possible single nucleotide polymorphisms that might be associated. So like, we have no idea what the genetics of motion sickness are. We just know that there's probably some kind of heritability component. So that's motion sickness. That's I know, right, It's so weird.
It's so weird to think about how like, why do some of our brains, if it's this sensory conflict, why are some of our brains so like on edge about this conflict and making us so sick? Whereas other people can tilt a world after a funnel cake and be like, no problem, I'm not even a little bit nauseous. That's so weird. It is very weird. Weird is the word for this motion sickness. It's weird. It's weird. Yeah, so can you tell me about, like how you got to
this point. I'm assuming it's just human. I can't wait to hear about other animals.
Do you go about it all very very minor lyate? Okay, tell me there is some fun stuff to cover, so okay, I'm excited about it. I can think of no better way to start the history of motion sickness than with this quote. I had to do a quote quote. Whenever we relinquish our intended status as self propelled animals and step aboard some vehicle or device that transports us passively,
we incur the risk of motion sickness. This wretched and debilitating condition has always been intimately linked with man's technological efforts to improve and extend his natural powers of locomotion.
That's at quote, You've got a great, great ut good. Yeah.
So those two lines are what kick off the prologue of this book called motion Sickness by J. T. Reason and JJ Brand, and it really gets straight to the heart of the matter. Motion sickness is a problem of transportation, specifically being transported by something other than yourself.
Yeah.
And we might use different names to refer to the sickness caused by the specific mode of transport, So like sea sickness, car sickness, air sickness, space sickness, space, cyber sickness, but they all signify an external source and almost almost uniquely human experience, unless you're a dog on a road trip, for example, or in a fish tank, or a fish in a fish tank.
Does happen? Does happen? I learned that and I was like, fish can get No. I know, it is amazing, it is ridiculous. I love it.
But given how, given how the vast majority of us are susceptible to motion sickness, and our wide array of transportation options, it's safe to say that.
But we've been dealing with this for quite some time. How long? How long? Forever? Forever? I mean yes and no.
Right, Okay, because so our written record on motion sickness extends back to ancient Greece and ancient China at the very least. But is that when the first transportation devices were used? If for humans we have to have some sort of external transportation, when was that, Yeah, it was before ancient Greece and ancient China. So I started to look for when the earliest boats were built, thinking, okay, that's a likely candidate for the oldest method of artificial transport.
Ok But then I realized that it wasn't about the boat necessarily, boat raft whatever. The real question was not about how ancient humans spent time on the water, but when they did. That likely dates back to at least fifty to sixty thousand years ago, seriously, seriously, seriously. So it was then that early modern humans migrated over water from Southeast Asia to a land mass called Sahul, which is Australia and New Guinea joined with a land bridge.
Because water levels were a lot lower than okay, kilometers of ocean had to be crossed with seaworthy vessels.
I had to have gotten seasick. Yeah.
Yeah, and prior to this, it's thought that all other haminin migration had been over land, and it's it's unclear what as far as I could tell, it's not clear exactly what types of boats were constructed. And it's probably the case that it wasn't like let's build a boat and immediately go like the people were using it for coastal exploration and.
Fishing or scattered at local Yeah.
Yeah, yeah, and so but that is at least, like I think a pretty hard line is when humans had to spend extended time on the water.
You know, they didn't talk about this in w Wana at all. Motion sickness.
Yeah, it's been a while. No points for accuracy, points for great songs, zero for accuracy. But yeah, so my guess is that there were there was at least.
A barfing human or two for su watercraft. Yeah, there must have been. There must have been.
But humans, like like we've touched on briefly, they're not the only animals to experience motion sickness. Dogs, fish, amphibians, primates, and many other animals are also susceptible, and so this points to a deep evolutionary origin of the physiology that makes us all susceptible to motion sickness, and that is primarily are not primarily but like a big chunk of it is our vestibular system yep.
And so while those early.
Humans crossing to Sahole might have been among the first of our species to get seasick, they likely weren't the first organism's overall.
As an example, did you know.
What the leading hypothesis for how New World primates got from the Old World is?
I don't know. Were they like holding onto a coconut or something, basically, yeah, floating?
I have I keep checking this because I'm like, this can't be real. It's thought that they crossed the Atlantic Ocean on some sort of big vegetation containing rafts.
M m hm.
They crossed an ocean, Aaron, How did they?
How did they do that? I don't know? And I mean enough of them to like establish new lineages, so not just like one Yeah? Was it multiple times? Yeah? Yeah?
And so that but that is our current best guess based on fossil evidence and what the oldest fossils seem to be related to what primates in Africa. Yeah, so they probably got motion. Yeah, they had to cross a distance of around fifteen hundred to two thousand kilometers. Wow, I don't know how they all didn't. Like where was the water coming from? Again, I guess giant vegetation raft if there was enough fresh water in the vegetation and they were consuming that.
I don't or like rain fall.
Yeah, maybe there was an island stopover in between.
Wow, this is fascinating erin So.
If that's how it went down, definitely motion sickness on the table for these primates, little adventurous primates. But yeah, so motion sickness was not an unfamiliar experience to well, at least those primates, at least some early humans. But
the same goes for ancient humans. So by eight hundred BCE, humans had come a long way in boat in both boat making and livestock domestication, which enabled the use of carts, and as a result, motion sickness had become a common occurrence, occasionally known as the plague at sea.
And there's so many to choose.
Fro us, right, there's typhus, there's scurvy, theresis I think was you know, at least happened. There's actual many people, there's plague, yellow fever, I mean anyway, But various explanations were proposed as to what the cause of motion sickness was in ancient Greece and Rome, and of course we've got the humors blamed.
Humors were out of.
Balance, the stomach in your yellow bile of course, playing an outsized role. I wasn't always thought to be bad because like sometimes emetics were prescribed to be like, right, got.
Too much, You've got to get rid of this. Yeah, yeah, yeah.
And in ancient China it was thought that motion sickness was due to an improper or impeded flow of chi or life force, with some liver involvement, Whereas in China the illness was broken down into the mode of transport, so it was called cart influence or ship influence.
Okay.
In ancient Greece and Rome, the focused romane primarily on sea vessels, hence the etymology of the word nausea, which comes from the word for seasick, not like nau for ship, like nautical.
Like nautical nautical nausea. Cool. I had no idea nausea comes from ships. That's just how intertwined they are.
Yeah, wow, yeah. The description of symptoms from these ancient texts spot.
On, right.
We've got dizziness nausea, vomiting, loss of hunger, exhaustion, and anxiety. And while there was no consistent pattern seen in terms of predisposition, some writers would try to make a link between disposition and susceptibility. It was generally observed that people could become acclimated to transport and over time they would be less likely.
To get sick.
Another way to avoid getting motion sick was, of course, by concocting various remedies or choosing certain diets.
Oh dear, so for.
Instance, grinding up wormwood and mint and then mixing it with oil and vinegar and rubbing it into your nostrils.
Oh okay, an odor thing. People a lot of those in modern days. There's there's no evidence for odor things, just there's clear.
It's there's a long history of this sort of thing.
Yeah.
Others claimed that quote seasickness will not be able to torment him who drinks vermouth mixed with wine before setting off.
Oh, not true. Don't give it a whirl. Doesn't sound great. You could also take.
A bit of earth from your kitchen hearth and hide a bit under your hair, or write the character for dirt on your palms, kind of as like a grounding stability.
That was an another common practice.
Oh, I kind of like that, I know, if all else fails fast, just don't nothing nothing.
I mean that is like still a recommendation today is like don't eat heavy meals, et cetera, so that you just have less food to barfucks so you feel less nauseous. Yeah.
Yeah, But the sheer variety of remedies or preventatives points to just how big a challenge motion sickness posed. More than a temporary setback or period of discomfort, it could mean life or death, particularly during war. Julius Caesar wrote that in forty eight BCE, when his troops landed on enemy shores after a stormy voyage, they were too exhausted to do anything other than surrender, and they were promptly massacred.
Oh whoa yeah. Writings describing the Battle of Redcliffe, which took place in China in two oh seven CE, mentioned that seasickness was a big problem, and so the ships were tied together to increased stability. That meant that when one ship was set on.
Fire, they all went up in flames.
Oh that's at least with some texts suggest who the plague at sea moved to be a predictable and unwelcome companion to any war since ancient times that involved ships or camels.
Apparently, camel sickness became an issue for some of Napoleon's soldiers in the late seventeen hundreds, really camel sims who knew, but its predictability did nothing to help with prevention or treatment or understanding why it happened. And as transport grew more common beyond wartime, many people had an opportunity to experience at firsthand, such as famous Charles Charles Darwin.
Yeah, he was super, super susceptible to motion sickness apparently.
Yeah, so he spent nearly five years on board the Beagle, actually more like three years on shore. Two years, like three fifths of his time was spent on land.
Okay, I need recovery time. Yeah, I'm just looking birds here.
Oh that's a really interesting specimen. Let me just spend two months. But yeah, so this is the time. Then he collected all those observations to develop the theory of evolution by natural selection, and during much of his time he horribly, horribly suffered from motion sickness. So I have a couple quotes from his letters. In one he wrote, quote, I hate every wave of the ocean with a fervor which you, who have only seen the green waters of the shore can never understand.
You have no no idea what I've been through.
Yeah, I hate every wave. And then quote this is a little more measured, not really quote if a person suffer much from sea sickness, let him weigh at heavily in the balance. I speak from experience. It is no trifling evil which may be cured in a week. And he probably had something else going. Oh, there have been so many different hypotheses about what afflicted Darwin.
But you had terrible motion sickness. Sickness.
Yeah, yeah, But this didn't mean that people didn't try to cure motion sickness.
There was always there was always the will to.
Explore new options and to understand what was actually happening, And so by the late nineteenth century, scientists and sailors had accumulated heaps of explanations and remedies for motion sickness, things like, in terms of hypotheses, cerebral anemia or cerebral hyperemia basically irregular blood flow to the brain of some sort. Others believed that disturbed vision or respiration played an outsized role. Maybe it was maybe it was the digestive system that
experienced too much mobility to little mobility, all things everything. Yeah, one guy was certain that it was an infection, just like yellow fever or bubonic plague, and so he wrote this paper, and in response, a reviewer from The Lancet wrote, this is like an eighteen fifty. By the way, it is a pity that people should so cruelly waste their time and trouble.
Oh that brings you right back to grad school.
Reviewer three, right there, exactly, completely devastating.
Wow.
A tentative breakthrough arrived in eighteen eighty one when a couple of researchers noticed that motion sickness produced very similar symptoms as a condition called many years disease. So it turns out our stomach wasn't to blame, Our blood wasn't necessarily to blame. It was our vestibular system that helps us balance and sense our body's position in space.
And so as the.
Vestibular hypothesis grew in support overtaking the blood and guts ideas, others still emerged, such as the psychological explanations believing that motion sickness was all in your head and like a, well, you just have a nervous disposition sense, not inl like this is disrupting your vestibular system sense.
Yeah, that by the way. There Actually I found that there have been papers that have very clearly shown there is no like personality, no opponent to motions I mean.
And to show you how how clearly there is no link, there was a paper I read from I think nineteen forty nine that was like so disparaging of this idea. They were like, this is utter garbage.
It was given even in the bodies, yeah, when that was still in vogue.
But yeah, so supporters of this idea would point to stories of sailors who were completely wrecked by seasickness and then suddenly recovering after hearing that the ship was under fire, or the fear of motion sickness becoming a self fulfilling prophecy, or the claim that some people's sickness was effectively treated with placebo, and so under this hypothesis it was like mind over matter.
It was the only way to go. But these stories were.
Primarily anecdotes, possibly invented, and in general, this neur quote unquote, neurotic theory of motion sickness did not gain a lot of traction, in large part because, yeah, it did not hold up to any scrutiny even then. Even then, so research had shown that almost everyone was susceptible to motion sickness, but not everyone had a nervous constitution.
So checkmate, whatever that means. Whatever that means.
Yeah, motion sickness again became a pressing issue when war was on the horizon, specifically World War Two. You've got tens of thousands of soldiers about to be transported over water and spend extensive periods on ships or in the air and airplanes, and so motion sickness posed a substantial threat to wartime efforts. We got to have our soldiers and you know, fighting fighting shape. That's can't my brain.
But so despite the attention paid to the condition in the century before, little progress had been made in understanding or treating it. To quote this nineteen forty eight paper, the same one that was like disparaging of the psychological links by Taylor and Bard. Quote, the literature on motion sickness which appeared before World War Two contains amazingly little
factual information concerning this common disorder. Like the extensive folklore devoted to the subject, most of the publications were replete with uncritical considerations of a number of possible ideological factors and with accounts of uncontrolled and statistically deficient excursions into the field of prevention and cure and quote cutting just brutal.
Like no one has done anything. Use this is a waste.
You alted your entire career studying this. But they weren't wrong, really, like there still was not any way to effectively manage motion sickness, although people still had their pet remedies, ranging from the sensible fasting dry toast, you know, choices that are often still recommend or to the to the confusing even barf inducing, nausea inducing certainly quote soup made of horse radish and rice seasoned with red herrings and sardines and quote I actually kind of want to try that.
It sounds I love horse radish and sartines, but like I do not, I know that that is not something that I would want to gorge myself on.
Prime to getting hired to a ship voyage. Yeah, thanks, uh.
That though I don't even think that was Maybe it's in contention for as bad as the suggestion to feast on pickled onions, which I also loved, don't get me wrong. But the idea was to eat so much of them that you had a tremendous amount of gas so that your stomach maintained a steady pressure, thinking it was like a atmospheric pressure thing.
I don't know. That sounds so uncomfortable, I don't know.
And then all of these were to be washed down with your beverage of choice, you know. Top recommendations included coffee, brandy, but the top fave was champagne.
Champagne. Yeah, the idea of champagne to prevent motion sickness is hilarious. I know, I know, it's it's great.
There's there's a so fancy not sparkling wine, champagne, Champagne, champagne. That motion Sickness book that where I started the quote
from in the beginning of this has a table. They put together a table of motion sickness preventatives and the number of citations for each one in like historical times, so ranging from warm salt water to opium chloroform to nitrous oxide, kaya bepper to atropine, which is actually kind of funny because that was used a little bit later on, but none of these had enough support to actually do
anything in a major world war. So, in the words of one writer from the peer quote, I am convinced that the only real and complete cure is to sit under a big tree and quote, get off that boat.
Get off.
The more statistically organized trials on compounds like belladonna, derivatives and barbituates were conducted during the war, and it's hard to know.
If the cure was worse than the disease.
So on the one hand, you've got soldiers reporting that D Day quote had resulted in the greatest mass vomiting ever known in the history of mankind and quote which makes sense?
Think of that? Think about that. Yeah.
And on the other hand, you've got a war correspondent describing that the sea sickness pills prescribed by the army quote not only put us to sleep, but they constricted our throats, made our mouths bone dry, and dilated our pupils until we could hardly see quote.
YEA.
Turns out those guys had taken the twice a recommended dose, so that could have been partially too.
Maybe a little bit of user error there.
Might be, but also complicating drug development for sea sickness was that during this time it was common for the placebo pill to be a lactose pill, which I would imagine could cause symptoms mimicking motion sickness and those of lactosey. Yeah, it was like, well, we tested this against the lactose placebo and I was like.
Excuse me, what why? Why?
So Yeah, Unfortunately, true relief for many would not arrive until the war was over.
We love a serendipitous discovery in science.
Maybe you're a great storytelling So in the case of motion sickness, that story involves a pregnant woman who had severe allergies and hives to probably tell where this is going. So in nineteen forty seven, she had been prescribed in anahistamine, which was effective in relieving her symptoms, but she was also surprised to find it had an other consequence her
entire life. She had gotten carsick really easily, but while she was taking this drug, she found that she could ride in cars with no problem at all.
Wow, even while pregnant. Even while pregnant. Yeah.
So she told her medical advisors about this, who had her try it out against a placebo.
No dice still got.
Carsick, and they began to plan a larger study testing whether this drug could prevent seasickness in a group of sailors. And it worked, I mean remarkably, remarkably well. It was like such a clear relationship. It wasn't like, oh yeah, some people found really if it was like no, the vast vast majority were completely either prevented or alleviation of symptoms.
Wow. Trade name drama mean drama, mean drama. Mean.
As the nineteen fifties closed into the nineteen sixties, space travel provided new motivation to understand the sight the physiological impact of unnatural motion on the human body, and finally, some plausible mechanisms began to crystallize, explaining both what is happening and why. And you already went through both the what and the why. But I think that, yeah, it seems to come down to our brains get overwhelmed by all these confusing and contradictory sensory inputs, and.
Then we get nausea, pallor cold, sweats, vomiting, et cetera. Basically so so interesting. Yeah, I mean, like.
I said a couple times, now, we humans did not evolve under non self propelled transport I feel.
Like that is such an interesting part of the story. Erin it's like that, but especially in the context of all animals, not all, but so many animals being susceptible under the right conditions, that it really is just like we're just doing this to ourselves. But like now we can't not write, like you can't not go in a car or a train or a plane or a boat, like you have to get around somehow.
Yeah, it's so interesting, right, and so it is, Yeah, like I think it it is shows that we don't know, like we if all the underconditions of how to interpret the world around us, and we don't know what to do when that world moves out of our control.
Right in a way that just doesn't make sense for our brains yep, and what our body can do.
And so we we have, you know, recent advancements in our understanding of the physiology and underpinnings of motion sickness, and we have some different drug formulations like like you said, this is an unavoidable consequence of our technological prowess as a species, at least for now, like we we have to this is what we are dealing with. And so for anyone who has experienced motion sickness or who has
witnessed it firsthand. It is clearly both wretched and debilitating, which is what the first quote those those words I was. I read that quote to John and he was like, that is exactly it is exactly debilitating the word.
That I would choose.
And in some respects we have come a long way in the past few decades, but in others we're still completely at the mercy of the waves or the camel that we're writing. So tell me, Aaron, I guess how many of us can expect to be motion sick? Do we have promising research on the horizon, What's what's going on today?
I'd love to tell you, Aaron, No, we I mean, like I said, already, all of us could get motion sick. It really just depends on if we're exposed to the right sort of stimulus. And we know this from looking at different scenarios. On large planes, like the commercial airlines that most of us fly on, it's usually less than one percent of people that tend to get motion sick, whereas in little planes like a Cessna or a little plane, up to twenty five percent of passengers might get sick.
And even on commercial planes. While it's usually less than one percent that are getting sick overall, on a particular flight where people are getting sick, it can sometimes be up to eight percent of people. So it really depends on the amount of turbulence and like what you're experiencing on that particular flight. Up to one third of people
can get sick on long distance car rides. On cruises, motion sickness is the most common reason for physician consultations, more than infections, more than injuries.
What about neurovirus exactly, including neurovirus, some more people go to the doctor, and that's just the people who didn't already come with dramamine and scopalamine and have the medicines that they need so that they don't need to see the doctor, right, And that's on huge cruise liners.
On life rafts, it's like fifty to sixty percent of people who are going to get motion sickness on something like a life raft, especially in more uh, what's the word bad seas toppy water sea toppy water adverse conditions work, So any of us could where do we go from here? I have no idea. I did not see anything about
like new medications, new treatments. There is a lot of and maybe maybe a lot is even a stretch, but there will be changes in who is experiencing and how people are experiencing motion sickness with an increase in the use of things like virtual reality. There's some papers out
there that are like what about self driving cars? Oh? Interesting, right, because in a self driving car, you're obviously not the driver, and we do see that people tend to get less motion sick if they are not just the one like driving the thing, but even if they're engaged in certain types of tasks. So like having to use your brain for certain types of tasks but not others can help to reduce your susceptibility to motion sickness, which is super interesting.
Like like being the car DJ or the math reader or.
Yeah, or like maybe not reader because then you're looking at papers. But like people who had to do I think mental arithmetic were less likely to get motion sick than people who were just supposed to think about not getting motion sick or something like whoa, that's weird, okay, okay, so anyways there, but again we don't really know like why why is that? Is it just because your brain is having to focus on other things, so it's not
bothering to interpret these sensory discrepancies or something like. We really have no we don't know, We do not know, but there probably are going to be more of us that are getting sick in different situations, right because of the changing ways that we do technology today versus how we used to in the past. And that's all I got for you. Aarin about motion sickness.
It's so interesting that there's not more about like research for either pharmaceuticals or because like.
And maybe I just missed it, So if someone's working on it, please tell me and I'll apologize. But I didn't see anything. It was hard to find recent papers in general. Most of my papers were old. I think it's it is.
It is really striking to me that, like, it seems that placebo effect which we were talking about before we started recording and how interesting it is and we should do an episode on it, shit.
Doesn't seem to be there for motion sickness. It can be. There's some there's some there's some papers. I mean, especially when you think about like some of the there are some papers that show that things like these sad sea bands or that might be a brand name, so sorry about that. But like the motion sickness bands or other, and like is that a placebo or is that actually doing something? Who knows? But some papers seem to show
that there's an effect and others don't. And similarly with placebos, like there's some that show that there might be in a placebo effect and others that don't really show much of a placibo effect. So it's all just it is really, I mean, motion sickness is a really interesting, weird and debilitating condition that any of us could experience. Yeah, oh, it's interesting that I didn't know about that.
About the current research, it seems like historically there was not a lot of placebo effect observed. Maybe it's because they're using lactose pills.
I don't know how much lactose was in the lactose pill. That's the story for another time, another day. But if you want to read more.
We've got some sources. We did got a bunch, so let's see. I'm gonna I have a bunch, but I'm shouting out two in particular. One is that book by Reason and Brand Motion Sickness, published in nineteen seventy five. And then there was a great overview of the history like historical writings on motion sickness called by Hupbert at All from twenty seventeen called a Historical View of Motion Sickness a plague at sea and on land, also with military impact.
It's very descriptive. I really enjoyed actually a textbook chapter from the Handbook of Clinical Neurology, I think it was chapter twenty seven called motion Sickness by Golding from twenty sixteen. Also, all of the papers, even the more recent papers looking at the mechanisms and this idea of like a sensory conflict a neural mismatch, cite this paper from nineteen seventy eight by Reason that was called motion sickness adaptation a neural mismatch model. They all still cite that paper like
there's not been more data to show it. That's the author of the book. Yeah, oh yeah. So anyway, so that's a great paper. It's actually a really great paper. And then there's a bunch of other ones as well too, all about you know, the treatment, the path of physiology, et cetera. You can check them out on our website this podcast will Kill You dot com. I also have some extra reading if you want about like our vestibular system and our appropriateceptive system and little little little fun
bits like checking down there. Yeah, this podcast will kill you dot com under the episodes tab.
Thank you again to Christina for sharing your story with us.
Thank you so much. It really does make you. Yeah. Thank you also to Bloodmobile for providing the music for this episode and all of our episodes.
Thank you to Leanna and Tom and Mark and Jessica and Sabrina and everyone else who works.
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