Utilitarianism vs. Deontological Ethics: How Should We Live?

How should we make decisions, especially in moral dilemmas? Utilitarianism asks us to maximize happiness for the greatest number, while deontological ethics insists on doing what’s right, no matter the cost. To unpack this debate, we’ll lean on the ideas of John Stuart Mill, a utilitarian, and Immanuel Kant, the champion of deontology.

We’ll explore these ideas through one of philosophy’s most famous thought experiments: the Trolley Problem. It’s simple to explain but endlessly complex once you dig into the details.

Imagine this: You’re standing by a railway track. A runaway trolley is heading toward five people tied to the track. You can pull a lever to divert the trolley onto another track, but there’s one person tied there. What do you do?

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