Approach to workup of cholangitis, chronic cholecystitis, Gallstone Ileus, Cholangiocarcinoma including Klatskin tumor, Carcinoma of GB and Pancreas At the end some house-cleaning on iatrogenic complications of gallstone disease after ERCP and other procedures are discussed (including bile duct injury and bile leak); For SOD refer to previous episode on cholecystitis management and complications of cholecystectomy.
Aug 06, 2023•23 min
Question-based Review of Cholecystitis workup and management followed by addressing the complications of cholecystectomy.
Aug 05, 2023•13 min
Both Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects of gallstone disorders are discussed followed by important hints on differential diagnosis of gallstone disease from one another and from their complications, most specifically from cholecystitis and cholangitis.
Aug 04, 2023•18 min
Question-based review of workup for hepatic neoplasms.
Aug 03, 2023•15 min
Questions & cases regarding diagnostic workup and management for PBC, PSC, Alcoholic & Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (steatosis, steatohepatitis), and Vascular Hepatopathy
Aug 02, 2023•16 min
High-Yield Question-based review & cases of conditions associated with abnormal iron & copper metabolism
Jul 30, 2023•23 min
Question-based review of differential diagnosis in chronic HBV vs HCV infection.
Jul 29, 2023•9 min
High-Yield question-based review of cases in hepatitis B pathophysiology.
Jul 28, 2023•26 min
Questions-based review of risk factors, differential diagnosis and management of acute viral hepatitis A, D , E . Included co-infection, Superinfection, diagnostic workup (screening and confirmatory) and management options with discussion of post-exposure prophylaxis for HAV infection.
Jul 27, 2023•9 min
High-Yield cases & Question-based Review of 2 important complications of Cirrhosis (SOAP format). (For other complications look at hepatic encephalopathy in Acute liver failure and for Peritonitis to the previous episode)
Jul 26, 2023•13 min
Following the SOAP approach, we review Subjective, Objective, Assessment & Plan for Ascites & Peritonitis. Exudative versus Transudative classification compared to new SAAG-based classification are discussed for differential diagnosis. Values of SAAG in relation to Protein content, Cell count, LDH and Glucose and pH values as well as major risk factors are discussed to differentiate primary (spontaneous) versus 2ndary bacterial peritonitis. and management guidelines provided. Needs some ...
Jul 25, 2023•17 min
Following our SOAP format we have a question-based discussion of Subjective (epidemiology, risk factors, patients complaints), Objective (PhEx findings, lab assessment results), Assessment (of possible etiologic differential diagnosis) and Plan for management of cirrhosis.
Jul 23, 2023•8 min
Question-based review of Acute liver failure, staging of hepatic encephalopathy (per clinical & EEG criteria), management of ALF with understanding of the severity criteria, Stage-based management of hepatic encephalopathy, Indications & Eligibility requirement for Liver transplantation, and a brief discussion on acetaminophen toxicity at the end.
Jul 21, 2023•17 min
After an important question-based assessment of structural versus functional components of hepatocyte markers, we discuss high-yield cases of Hepatitic, cholestatic and mixed-pattern LFT abnormalities. This is prerequisite to entire liver & hepatobiliary system discussions.
Jul 19, 2023•16 min
Case-Based Review of Respiratory Failure Management. Please make sure you understand the indications & contraindications for supplemental versus active (invasive & non-invasive) modes of ventilatory support before going through cases.
Jul 16, 2023•12 min
Indications and contra-indications for common methods of non-invasive ventilation are discussed in quick question-based format with cases as a preparation to the next major episode (i.e. discussion of management options in different types & severities of respiratory failure)
Jul 16, 2023•6 min
Question-based and quick review of important subject of patients in need of invasive active airway intervention (as opposed to those who benefit from non-invasive intervention or those who just need supplemental oxygenation without a need for active airway). We discuss endotracheal intubation (including crash intubation, RSI, Elective ETI) and we discuss alternatives including crycothyrotomy versus long-term surgical airway indication (i.e. Tracheostomy).
Jul 14, 2023•11 min
Basics of approach to patient in need of respiratory support and airway management. Question-Based Discussion of "Hierarchical Ladder of Respiratory Support", patient stratification based on indications & contraindications to different modalities of respiratory support. This provides initial management considerations and framework for proper algorithmic approach when addressing the airway management in trauma or respiratory failure patients.
Jul 13, 2023•10 min
Brief but high-yield question-based approach to differential diagnosis in hypercapnic failure. Analyzing the differentials and management options based on the formula of Alveolar Minute Ventilation: Alveolar Minute Ventilation = Respiratory Rate x (Tidal Volume - Dead Space Volume) VA = RR x (Vt-Vd) DDxing of hypercapnia includes low RR (e.g. opiate use), Low Vt (e.g restrictive lung disease) or high Vd (COPD).
Jul 10, 2023•6 min
Discussion of initial workup, classification and differential diagnosis of hypoxia & Hypoxemic respiratory failure. 1- Please make sure you have the formulas ready in front of you (including PA-O2 formula, O2 delivery, O2 content and Fick's Formulas among others). 2- If you need to pause and repeat do so before moving on (it can save lives ....!)
Jul 08, 2023•33 min
Differential Diagnosis of metabolic Alkalosis and the overall approach to metabolic alkalosis with cases and step-up scenarios including Saline-Responsive and Unresponsive Types based on Urine Chloride; Brief yet high-yield review of compensation and how to make sense of compensation formulas in acid-base disorders. Also discussed: Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME, Including Liddle Syndrome), Gitelman & Bartter;
Jul 07, 2023•38 min
RTAs
Jul 05, 2023•14 min
Question-based discussion of the proper framework approach metabolic acidosis, serum versus urinary anion gap, categories of high-anion-gap versus normal anion-gap acidosis and are discussed.
Jul 03, 2023•18 min
Question-based Discussion of risk factors, workup and management of rhabdomyolysis.
Jul 02, 2023•14 min
Question-based Review on Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia (Pseudohypercalcemia, PTH-dependent vs PTH-independent Hypercalcemia) and Hypocalcemia; Vitamin D abnormalities, Abnormalities of Phosphate. Also discussed: Workup & Management of Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy, Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, True Hypoparathyroidism, Primary, 2ndary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, Medications Side-Effects causing abnormalities of Ca & P.
Jul 01, 2023•31 min
Question-based review on differential diagnosis and algorithmic approach to workup & management of hypokalemia followed by a discussion of magnesium abnormalities.
Jun 30, 2023•16 min
Question-based Approach to differential diagnosis and hierarchical management in hyperkalemia.
Jun 28, 2023•14 min
Differential Diagnosis of pseudohypernatremia, Hypovolemic, Euvolemic and Hypervolemic Hypernatremia as well as Differential Diagnosis of pseudohyponatremia vs true hyponatremia is discussed.
Jun 27, 2023•14 min
A High-yield fully question-based review of childhood vasculitides
Jun 25, 2023•34 min
The important question is when to suspect vasculitis based on clinical presentation? We discuss differentials and workup (with emphasis on ANCA positivity or negativity or markers of Glomerular involvement) as well as management options and complications (including Mono-neuritis multiplex) for most common classes of vasculitides including Medium-size & Small - vessel Vasculitides including Polyarteritis Nodosa (including updated 3/10 Diagnostic criteria of American College of Rheumatology), ...
Jun 24, 2023•29 min
