Who screwed up the keyboard?

senior writer Jonathan Strickland. I still have swine flu. I should add that I've recorded this episode directly after another episode, so please don't think that I've had swine flu for like a month, just in case they don't play them sequentially. Yeah, you better hope they don't play this one first. Yeah, that would also be very confusing for you guys. But if they do play this one first, trust me, it'll all be worthwhile in the end. All right. So let's

start off with a little listener mail. Now, by a little listener mail, I mean a lot of listener mail, because I've got two different ones to read, alright. The first one comes from Terrell and he says, hey, Jonathan and Chris, I love listening to your podcast on my drive to and from work. It makes being up at five thirty bearable. Gosh, if only I had something like that, I had a quick question for you. I have no idea if this is a quick little subject or something longer,

but something I've always wondered. Why are the keys on a computer keyboard laid out the way they are? I understand that it came from typewriters, but when you look at it and think about it, they just seemed to be random letters and arbitrary places. I've been using a keyboard my whole life, so I can type fast without having to look at them without really a problem, but

the fact of the matter remains the same. I also remember a couple of years ago hearing about a new keyboard layout that was possibly going to happen, which supposedly would make typing much faster. It's really glad it didn't after using a keyboard for about two decades, but it's interesting nonetheless. Anyways, thanks for a great podcast and hope to hear from you. And then here's the second listener mail. This one comes from Chad A k A. Chainsaw. Chainsaw

has this to say. Hey, there, as I was typing up an email to your rival podcast, stuff, you should know, I came up with an idea for your podcast. You see, I don't use a normal quirty keyboard. I use a divorate keyboard instead, So I thought a podcast on alternative keyboard layouts could be fun. I also seem to remember a keyboard made for gaming that you could buy custom key layouts for that you would swap in and out

for each game. From what I remember, the main advantage of it is that you would only have the keys needed to play the game, So the buttons were bigger and had the action printed right on it run, jump, reload, etcetera. But I can't remember what it was called. The only problem I see with this idea is explaining how the keyboard looks with audio only. Anyways, let me know what you think of the idea. So we're gonna do an episode all about We're gonna talk about keyboards. That was

a long set up for a terrible job. You know what Emily is gonna write to me about that? Probably Emily, I've got swine flu. Go easy on me. So let's start with the good old fashioned quirty keyboard. All no and loath love. I don't load the quarty keyboard. Actually, I'm quite proficient at the quarty keyboard, so I don't loathe it either. Now, this comes from a design that was patented way back in eighteen seven, in the eighteen seventies. I thought I had the date, but I just have

the I have eighteen seventy three. Okay, so hum by Christopher Shoals. Yes, and this was for something called a typewriter. Yes. Now, the typewriter back in the day was a completely mechanical machine, no electricity. Alright. I start to believe that some people listening may not know that, but it is possible. So if you may not have actually ever seen a real, for honest goodness typewriter, I've used them before and they

are a challenge. An old one is really kind of rough to use because if the action isn't great on the keys, you have to push really hard to get a good impression. I've got an Underwood at home. Actually, the ways about seven hundred thousand pounds. It is very very heavy. Yeah, I've I've I can't remember what the brand was it was, what was the other big ones sides Underwood, Remington, Yes, it was Remington's Remington. That was the one that I used. Well, that's because you know,

Christopher Latham Shoals pitched it to Remington Arms Company. So let's talk a little bit about why the keyboard, why he decided to lay the keyboard out in this way. First of all, well we'll talk about the whole way a typewriter works is that the key is connected to a mechanical arm that um, when you pressed out on the key, little levers pushed the arm up and press it against a ribbon and against a piece of paper, and then you get the letter printed on the page.

Have you ever seen a piece of carbon paper? Again, many of you may not have, But basically what it does is as you press, if you put a piece of paper down on the table and put a piece of carbon paper down on top of it and then rub something on it, you'll get a mark. When you lift the carbon paper off the paper, it leaves a mark on the paper. Well, that's essentially what the typewriter ribbon is doing. The ribbon moves so that you're not

wearing a hole through the ribbon. Yeah, you would quickly either wear a hole to the ribbon or you would wear off the the inc essentially. Yeah, and it's pretty fragile stuff too, so you don't want to, uh, you know, type too many letters in one place on the ribbon. But um, the typewriter keys on the older style typewriters, and they were in use for I'm guessing probably around a hundred years, you know, based on eighteen seventy three to the IBM S Electric, one of which I also

have at home. Um, these little arms would come up and they each have uh an individual letter on him. They smack the ribbon and make the mark on the paper. It's actually pretty simple stuff until you get to the you know, mechanics of what happens when you start touch

typing and not hunting and pecking. Yeah. So one of the issues here is that if you were a proficient typist and you had the keys laid out in such a way that the most the most common letters are all under the strongest fingers, and you were to type very quickly, you would suddenly start to experience problems with this key, this this typewriter, and the problem was that

the arms would kind of get entangled. Um. I've actually had this happen with old typewriters, where you know, you're trying to type and then they a couple of them stick together and you you have to you know, loosen the two up and then you have to start over again. Um. With the typewriter design that Schulz was working with, it was particularly difficult because where the the the the little arm was hitting the ribbon against the paper, it wasn't in view of the type is. It was actually under

a carriage. You had to open the typewriter up to get to that point. So if things jammed up, you would not only have to stop, but you would actually have to essentially remove part of the typewriter in order to fix it. It was actually in your benefit to two hunt and pack at that time, because the key needed a chance to return to its play ace after after you know, type a letter onto the paper. So shoals is uh. His solution to this problem was a

pretty you know, ingenious one. What's the best way to prevent keys from jamming up? Well, we could redesign the typewriter so that it wasn't using that exact same method, or you know, we could uh try and find some way of of clearing each of the arms. But that's

a lot of work. Why don't we just put all the keys in different places so that it naturally slows down the type ist and and puts the most common keys away from our common letters away from each other, so that you're not likely to have two arms close together strike at about the same time and then get tangled up. Yep. So, in other words, bungling it up for the rest of us on purpose, so that his

machine would work better. The thing is, though, it doesn't always because as far as touched pin goes, once you learned the layout of the keyboard, you know, it's a matter of speed and proficiency. When you become proficient at your speed increases anyway. Well, but the idea here was that if you did keep the most common letters away from each other, then even if you were a faster typist, that you weren't likely to have them jam each other because they wouldn't be right next to one another. Um,

sidebar number one, I have to sidebar number one. Uh. My mother used to be a secretary back before they were called admins. And um, she could type a hundred thirty five words per minute. That's fast, that is very fast. And um she you know, before this electric came out,

that'll be sidebart number two. Um, the before this electric came out, the you know, and she would type on one of these you know, quarty keyboards on a typewriter with the all little arms, and eventually they had to replace her typewriter because the little arms would wear on one another so much that basically they were unusable, and that the you know, they started wearing into the letters, and that's sort of problematic. Um Sideboart number two, I guess I'll go ahead and get it out of the way.

Is just you know, the other solution to the problem is not the keyboard. Um. The later typewriters used a ball. UM and it's it's pretty ingenious actually because all the letters are you know, made into the single ball and you can actually change fonts. It's actually pretty cool because you can change fonts by changing the ball on the typewriter. But what the the typewriter does when you press a key, it rotates the ball and smacks the ribbon against the

paper for the position of that letter. So if the t is on the side facing you, the typewriter actually has to turn the ball all the way you know, eight degrees, hit the paper, and then it returns to its uh, you know place. But it also is very uh it speeds up um for people who are typing because uh, it is much much faster and the key there's no there are no keys to jam on, you know, on the other side, and it's you know, a lie

yea more efficient. However, you know, the keyboard is uh now attached to a computer, and the whole point is sort of mood yea. So here's the problem. Was that the Rimington typewriter got really popular. It became the the model that all other typewriters were essentially based off of for in the at least in the English speaking world for quite some time. And because of that, it meant that we were kind of stuck with the quirty keyboard.

So even as technology advanced, because people have become so used to the quirty keyboard, that became the standard, even even when it became completely a non factor where your technology advanced to the point where you didn't have to worry about keys smashing into each other or or you know, arms smashing into each other, or even then the electronic age where you're not even having any moving parts didn't matter because the quirty keyboard had been around so long.

For one thing, people had learned to type on the quarty keyboard, and to change that would require retraining people to type. They have to learn a new way to type on a new keyboard, and that that's a you know, a big turn off for a lot of organizations. They don't want to spend the time and money that it would take to retrain people to learn how to type

on a different kind of keyboard. Um, even if you could technically type faster on the new keyboard once you got proficient, because it just it means taking a step back. You're like, well, yeah, I mean there are more efficient ways to lay out the keyboard, but why would we go through that trouble if this is good enough? Right, and it's we've been using it for more than a hundred years now, I mean, there's that's a lot of momentum. Hasn't stopped people from trying. Nope, And I'm sure you're

probably going to start with Dr Augusta. Oh, I thought it was John C. Dvorak. I was wondering why you didn't have a key that just said. Anyone who knows who John cvok is will find that funny, and everyone else will have to go and google John C. Divora I can find out why I made a grumpy noise um nor nor is it the composer vor Jacques No no so Nights Symphony is awesome. This this Divorac came

up with an alternative keyboard in the thirties, I believe, right. Yeah, well apparently, um he sort of gained prominence thanks to World War Two because they needed more efficient typists. And um, from the information I've read, um, his his research indicated that it took three years to reach forty seven words per minute. Three years of touch typing on corty keyboards. Now, granted, these are these are the old typewriters. Yeah, yeah, these

are this is pres electric days. You's got to remember that that pressure that you use to press these keys are in part what determines whether or not your letter makes it onto the page. Because typing on these old

typewriters was a workout. Let me tell you, it's not quite the same as like if you were to if you were to take someone transport someone from the say the eighteen eighties, who had been used to an old eighteen eighties Remington typewriter and put them on, say a MacBook Pro, you'd probably WinCE as they tried to type, because you'd be worried that they were going to punch holes through the machine. Um yeah, I'm sorry, I totally derailed you. No no, no um. But according according to Dvorak.

Dr Dvorak, he uh, he said his on his keyboard, you could reach that same level of proficiency after just fifty two hours, and a Navy study seemed to back him up because it said people using the Dvorak keyboards were sent faster and they were sixty percent more accurate. Well, I have to say, whenever I have a Navy official viewing me, I do tend to type faster. Okay, I'm just saying those guys are seals are scary guys. I'm just saying I want to ask you when the last

time you had a seal watching you type was. But I don't think I want to know. Well, the last time was at Sea World, but was a totally different kind of seal. I've been shammoon. Yeah, alright, So let's talk a little bit about what DeVore I did to design his keyboard, Like what what was he thinking about? And he was thinking about a couple of thinking. Well, he was thinking more than more than let's try and

space these letters apart so we slow people down. He was he was concerned with making things easier for type is not more difficult that that. Actually, uh yeah, a lot of people think that it was directly for that, but yeah, well, he was looking mainly at things like how frequently certain letters are used in the English language, so you know, the length. The letters that are used more frequently should be located in ways that are easiest

to reach. The letters that are least frequently used should be put someplace kind of out of the way because you know, you're not gonna have to reach for him that often. And then he also was looking at the physiology of people's fingers. He wanted to see like, okay, well, the strongest fingers should be the ones that are connected to the that are you know, would be typing the most common letters because you don't tire out as quickly, you can go much faster. Um, So that also played

a part in it. So if you look at the Divorak keyboard, I mean, it looks pretty much the same as a Quarty keyboard is just the letters are all in different places than what you're used to, except for like the A the A button is pretty much in the same place, and there are more than one Divorac layout scheme. So when you say Divora keyboard, they're not all the same, but the the Divora typists all have atrophied pinkies because there are no they don't have to

use them for anything really well, the left pinky. That's another thing I should point out is that the Corty keyboard, um it favors left handers, which probably another reason why I like, Yeah, there are more words that you can type with just your left hand then you can type with um your right hand. For instance, I think the longest word that you can type with your left hand is stewardess is really yeah, it's a flight attendants. You can't type with one. I know. I I type that

word now and I get slapped. It happens. But anyway, the the Divora keyboard kind of shifts that a little bit over to the right hand. Uh so the right hand gets a little more weight because I mean, more people are right handed than left handed. So we sinister people are kind of shoved aside yet again, made the social pariah's forced to learn how to write with our other hand when we're naturally gifted with the left hand.

I'm going to smack you in the hand with the ruler if you type only only with the right hand. If you smack me in the right hand, I'm okay because I'm left handed. So but the other, you know, the couple of other issues, like like all the all the vowels in dr X keyboard are on a little row on the home row on the left hand, so instead of them being spread across the keyboard, they're all located in one little so it's like a great vowel shift. Yes, it is a great vowel shift. The three linguists and

listening are laughing. Everyone else is confused. Everyone else is like, huh, I think I might have heard of that this in my Shakespeare class. Um. I was just going to, well, I want to make sure before we get to you know, closing out the divorat keyboard, and I get to make a point. All right, go ahead and make your point. I was just gonna say that, apparently, based on an article I saw in Reason magazine, the Navy study was biased.

In general, the divorat keyboard is not necessarily more efficient, but it may be more ergonomic because a lot of people have said that, or you know, people I've read said that it can it can be a more casual uh typing style. It can you know, it's not. You don't have to twist and turn your your fingers quite as much. I don't have quite as many finger gymnastics going on as with the quarty keyboard, but I but I kind of enjoy it. You know. My my pinky

finger is getting pretty good at the rings. Yeah. My my typing speed on a quirty keyboard is about ninety words per minuted. Um. It would take me a long time, I think to get up to that speed with the door at keyboard, just from just having to learn the new layout. And like Chainsaw I uh and and some of our other listeners, I'm perfectly comfortable typing without looking at the keys. Uh. So you know, it's the idea of having to learn a new keyboard is kind of

intimidating to me. But we wanted to talk about a couple of other keyboards as well. Now you were looking at some keyboards for different languages and regions, right, yeah, about that a little bit. A lot of a lot of the keyboards that you find around the world are you know, if you went to another country, obviously, if you went to someplace like China or um, you know, Thailand or someplace, you're going to see quite different characters, like a Kanji keyboard would be much different from an

English keyboard. And as you were you were saying before we started recordings, a lot of these require multi key presses, but because they're basically using very very similar layouts, I would assume probably because the manufacturer of keyboards. You know, if you're going to make keyboards for people all around the world, you know you're gonna try to fit the

same rough number of keys. It's about keys, and if you've got a language that has hundreds and hundreds of characters, by whole characters, then you're going to need some sort of of probably a software solution rather than a hardware solution to try and and and equivalent make the equivalent of that in your keyboard. So yeah, you would have to maybe push five or six different keys in succession

to create one single character. But um, actually it's probably less than that because that would be when I sit there and think about that exponentially, that would be a huge number of characters. It's probably more like two or three. But it's funny because I was talking to our producer Tyler right for we started recording about you know, the operating system supports other layouts. You know we were talking about.

I've never seen a Warak keyboard in the in the flesh or the plastic and um but you can easily go and get into your computers OS settings and change it over, but the letters will still be right. Most of the most current operating systems do support alternate keyboard layouts, and some of them you can even customize it exactly the way you want. You don't even have to necessarily use a a um uh you know, a standardized layout at all if you really wanted to and the keys.

What will happen is operating system will map the the keys to their new designations. So you might say, you know what, UM, I don't want the Q key to be the Q key anymore. I want that to be uh, you know Z, because I hardly ever use Z and I'll be from my little pinky and I'm gonna put

that right there. Not that I think you use Q that off in either, but the point being that you could relocate it and then when you press it, like the operating system maps that pressed mean Z. Granted, the physical key itself is still going to say Q. Well, you could depending on the kind of keyboard you have you may be able to pry the keys off and replace them right or or you could always just put stickers on top with new letters on them. But uh yeah, I mean you could you could go you know, sort

of depends on the language. Like you might see the ASSERTI keyboard in France or the Courts keyboard in in Germany, and they've got specific keys for AO and you with the umlaut because they're so frequently used, right, whereas we have to like insert a symbol or something like that or do uh some sort of macro or and you know, you can find keyboards with a strict alphabetical uh layout, you know, a B C D keyboards, that's what they

call us. And then there's the Expert keyboard, which is a different layout that was designed in two thousand three. We actually it's in our our article on keyboards on the on the website you know, stuffworks dot com. Yeah, what's what's the expert keyboard? I haven't read this article? Um actually when I went to the website to learn more about it. Uh, it's it's designed as an alternative to the dvorate keyboard. It actually has it again as you know, based on the keys that you want to strike,

and the frequency with which the letters occur. It has to ease one for each hand because he appears so frequently. Interesting, but it's supposed to, you know, make the key combinations from hand to hand more efficient. I would definitely make typing I E E E easier. True, not that we write about them all that frequently, No, we just go I.

But those are just different keyboard layouts. And when we were going to talk about different kinds of keyboards, like the gaming keyboards, right, so there are gaming keyboards out there. I really don't have a whole lot to say about them. I mean, they're mainly they're just really a special kind of control. Really, when you get down to it, well, it's another way for it's another way for the keyboard manufacturers to make money. Yeah, I mean here by another

eight dollar keyboard. Some of them are. Some of them are designed in such a way so that it's easier for you to reach certain keys, like the W A S keys, which are often used in first person shooters and other other games for moving your character around. Now, on a standard keyboard, it might be a little cramp

to put your fingers there. You know, it's slowwle weird because you're if you especially if you want to be holding down all or have contact with all four keys at the same time, you're gonna end up with a cramped hand after about half an hour. UM. So a lot of these keyboards just have a different spacing, um, and they may be a little more reinforced. Some of them have backlighting, um, you know, stuff that makes it

look a little fancier. In general, they're still very functional keyboards. Uh. Some of them may have uh pre set macros where you can, um, have things set up so that pushing one button actually executes a series of commands, which you know, a lot of games support that, and you can do it on your own with a normal keyboard, but you

kind of have to know what you're doing. Some of these kind of take that out of your you know, out of your hands and do it automatically so you don't have to actually, you know, sit there and follow a set of instructions to pro graham your your macro's so that you can be leaked. Um. I've never had much use for or the gaming keyboards that much, but

then that's because I'm not a I'm not a big gamer. Um. If I were, I probably would love one of those there in general, I've heard good things about them from gamers, but since I don't game often enough to be in there, uh esteemed company, it's not something that I've ever invested in. Now, if we want to talk about a real investment, well, first let's talk about the first let's talk about the major investment. Let's talk about the major league crazy investment.

Major investment would be Optimist Maximus. Yes, the O L E ED or O lead keyboard from art limav. Yes, it has keys that are each an individual display. And you want to talk about for a keyboards or mapping keys and pulling them off, you don't have to do it because your keys can be anything you want them to be, right, because each key is essentially a little Yeah,

it's a little display. So if you want to too, if you somethingly wanted to type in the cyrillic alphabet, you can tell your keyboard that that's what you want and suddenly all of your English letters will change to cyrillic letters. And hey, you know, at the bargain price of fifteen on think geek dot com at the moment they're out of stock. Yeah, I've seen they can. I think the lowest I've seen is like fourteen fifty seven. So we're talking around a thousand, five hundred bucks for

most places. For this keyboard. That's really really expensive. Now that you might sit there and think like, wow, that's got to be one of the most expensive keyboards out there, why don't you take a little one of the most expensive. But if you want to talk about a really expensive keyboard, let's talk about fairlights z Energy keyboard. This thing costs

twenty eight grand. Now, when it came out, I saw a lot of reports about twenty thousand dollar keyboard, and you know, I actually wrote an article about how this energy keyboard works, and uh, the headlines are a little miss eating because you would think, like, who the heck would pay twenty dollars for a keyboard? Well, it's not. It's not just a keyboard. It's actually part of a

comprehensive audio and video engineering center. Okay, so it's it's more like a it's more like a really complex audio and video editing device as opposed to just a keyboard. It actually has its own memory, it's got its own screen, Like there's a screen built into the keyboard each key just like optimist Maximus is its own screen. Um, you can even if you wanted to display video through your keys. I don't know why you would want to do that,

but you could. But you can create animated uh images on your keys, so like, uh, maybe a flashing red light when you're recording something, So one of your keys is flashing red you know, Oh, that means that the record button has been hit. We're actually recording this, Like I have to ask Tyler all the time or Matt or whoever is in here are we currently recording because I kind of need to know if I have to

behave myself or not. Like that stops you. Yeah, well, let's just say that we've had people ask us about out takes. I'm just gonna tell you guys right now, we don't really have any outtakes because when we make mistakes, we kind of keep them in the show pretty much. I mean some of you have pointed those out, but um uh we do talk before and after the shows and it's juicy and I'm sure you guys would all

love to hear that, but we don't record those. I specifically request that we turned the recorder off for that, um at any rate. So this twenty keyboard is really for audio engineers and video engineers. It's not meant for the average consumer. It's not meant for someone playing Doom or Quake or Half Life two or anything like that. It's meant for someone who's producing music videos or albums or whatever and they need to have. Essentially a portable studio is what it turns out to be. Yeah, Um,

are you done with this energy? Yeah? Well, I was gonna say one other thing. It it can record up to ninety It can do handle it to ninety six channels for the base model. The top of the line level two thirty channels. Okay, so when you think about the Beatles recording their albums on four channels, yep, imagine what they'd sound like with two and thirty channels. That's a lot of ringo. So what were you going to say? I was going to mention, um, another kind of keyboard

that's considerably less expensive than that. It's uh that John Fuller wrote about the the laser virtual keyboard, right. Um, Basically this isn't a keyboard at all, except it kind of is. Um. It's a device that you can hook up to uh while a computer or uh, you know, certain types of other electronic devices that require keyboards and UM basically uses a laser and it shines through what's

called a diffractive optical element UH. And with with that and lenses, certain kinds of lenses, it projects an image of a keyboard on say the desktop in front of you. So in front of you where there was a blank table, now you see the keys from a keyboard. UM, and an infrared laser diode at the base UH shines a beam of light parallel to the table surface, so that when you when you type on you know, basically you're drumming your fingers on the table in front of you

on the pictures of the select keys. UH. The complementary metal oxide semiconductor that's CMOS looks at where your finger is and determines the position relative to where it's supposed to be and says, okay, well he's typing an S, he's typing a G, he's typing an L. And then exactly, hey, you know, maybe they're just transferring from a Dvorat keyboard lamp anyway, UM, and it sends that information back to the computer, and you know, the computer is using this

virtual keyboard to to do that. So but it's considerably less expensive than this energy, Like you know, it's a hundred and fifty dollars um. I don't no, I would love to try. I've I've heard people say that it's a neat idea, but that um that you know, it's

kind of weird to use it. I don't know if that means that it's weird in the sense that since you don't have the touch feedback, it just throws you off, or you know, like because when you press the button, there's something about that sense like it tells you that you successfully press the button before you see that show up on the screen. Thank you for the segue. What's that one of the oddest things. I don't think it's really that odd, but I think it's sort of odd

that one of the keyboards that's really really popular. Remember those IBM keyboards that they used to make, the old beige things and when you would hear somebody and they would be really really loud, they had these really heavy duty switches in them which made that loud noise. There are people who absolutely love those things, are buying them refurbished, And there's another company that's coming out with the same thing called the DOSK keyboard, so it's it's specifically loud

and clackee on purpose. It is specifically loud and claque on purpose. So you know you press that key well, I mean, I cannot you know, a thin, rubbery membrane keyboard. It is a big, thick, plastic, chunky thing with a huge switch inside that clacks when you hit it. Well, again, for for those of us who can type while looking away from the screen, like often, I'll have someone come up and talk to me, and I'll be in the

middle of typing a sense and I'll turn around. I'll look at them while I'm still typing, which tends to throw them off for some reason. Apparently that's creepy in some way. I never really thought of it that way, but yeah, you that could come in hand because you could realize that, hey, I didn't actually hit that E

when I thought I hit the e. UM. Now, granted, with a lot of autocorrect software, sometimes that's not really necessary unless you're auto correct software is awful and keeps on putting in words that you totally didn't mean to have in there. Um, which does happen, and it's hilarious. I am finished with keyboards. I think we are okay. Well, then let's do a little quick listener mail. This listener mail comes from Adrian and Adrian has hey, guys, love

your podcast. I'm planning to buy a computer, but I want to know when Windows might be releasing their latest operating system. Would you guys know when it might be out? Thank you so much? Next week? Actually it's October twenty two, um is the official release date, which, by the time you hear this, may have been last week. We don't know when when our podcast will be released, but people are a lot of people have asked us this, so there's chance that's already in stores now by the time

you hear this. But October twenty swod was the official release date. UM. Thanks Adrian and if any of you have any questions, concerns, criticisms, podcast suggestions, you can write us. Our email address is tech stuff at how stuffworks dot com. I do want to say that we talked about We talked about the inventor of the Corty keyboard. We have a special podcast, the Stuff of Genius, that has an episode all about him. Indeed, so you should watch that.

Stuff of Genius is absolutely brilliant, very funny animation, to great text. Yeah, you guys got to check that out. And remember also at one pm Eastern one neusdays, Chris and I host a live hooting Nanny. I mean a live technology news podcast show. It's text stuff Live, vaguely like a hooting nanny. Yeah. You can find all about this hooting Nanny at our blogs. So go to house stuff Works dot com and check it out. Crispy and I will talk to you again really soon for more

on this and thousands of other topics. Does it how stuff works dot com and be sure to check out the new tech stuff blog now on the house stuff Works homepage, brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready, are you