SYSK Selects: How much money is there in the world?​

favorite episodes. I hope you enjoy it as well. Welcome to Stuff You Should Know from House Stuff Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark and I'm with Charles W. Chuck Bryan. He's right here with me. So it's stuff you should know. It's also really stuff you should know because Jerry's here too. Oh the chairs now here. It's fake stuff you should know. It's less than vintage stuff you should know, got you. I mean, it's not bad, it's not great. I'm sure Matt and

everyone appreciate that. Dud. I listen to this cramp Yeah, uh, Chuck, Yes, how much money do you have on you right now? Cash, zero dollars and zero cents. Well, that's stupid, because you should have thirty eight in cash on you. I never have cash. Well, you should almost never have cash. You should have thirty eight hundred dollars in cash on you right now. So should I, so should Jerry. Um, but we don't. We don't. It's sad. I'd love in my pocket. Okay, Well,

let's let's explain why I just said that. Huh was I supposed to? That's all right, I'll do it. Um, I can do it. That's how much if you divide up all the money between all the Americans, that's how much we should all have. Bam, bam. So we're trying to answer a question here, how much money is there in the world? Um, And we'll get to that. There's a there's actually a rough estimate out there that may be right. But instead, first let's talk about how much

American money there is in the world. And not just because we're American, but because it is the standard currency worldwide. It's the closest thing to the universal currency that we have, um, the dollar, the green back. Yeah. But um, that's not, as I guess, um widespread as it once was. A lot of people have abandoned the dollar UM and now use a basket of currencies to value their currency against very rebellious um. But still the dollar is generally what's

used to say, for oil speculation. And imagine the dollars in that basket too though, right, maybe maybe not, It depend on how much they hate America, gotcha? So um. What you were talking about, though, was all the money divided up by all the Americans coming up to thirty dollars. That's called the M zero money supply. Of course, you know how I read that m O the more money Supply. I was like, what, and then I read I read

it again. I said, it can't be called the MO money supply, and then I realized that was a zero and not an Oh it it looks very much like the MO money Supply. I wrote this article. I realized it, and I never saw it like that until you just said that. Really, Yeah, I like the MO money supply better than the m OH. It's good, but it is m O for a reason. There's also the M one, M two, and there wasn't M three, which we'll get

to right. And the people who came up with this was the federal Reserve Bank, the United States Central Bank, the FED, right, and they like to track money. That's one of the things they do to amuse themselves. Count yeah, count money, um, and go to sleep on pile of gold ingots. But the FED came up with this M I'm sorry, this more Money Supply, also known as the M zero supply, and that is all of the bills and coins, all of the actual hard currency that exists

in the world anywhere in US dollars. And as of July two thirteen. Hey, that's recent. Yeah, that came to always should say Catherine Whitbourne from The Coolest Stuff on the Planet. She updated this. So the fact that this is as up today as it is is thanks to her. UM. But the the M so, the more Money Supply as of July two thirteen is one point to trillion dollars.

That's all the cash and all the coins all over the world of American dollars, the real dollars that you can collect and put together you can light your cigars with, yeah, or you can throw into a fountain. Yeah. At one point to trillion US dollars. So that's how much money was in the world. But and and we said also that's thirty eight hundred for every American man, woman, and child.

All three hundred and sixteen million, six hundred and sixty eight thousand, five hundred and sixty seven Americans that were alive in July of two thousand thirteen, each one should have had thirty eight hundred bucks in their pocket. Because we're not talking checking accounts, we're talking the actual currency that people are walking around with. Since I don't have thirty eight hundred dollars in my pocket, and I didn't in July, you don't, Jerry, Nope, Jerry's got more. Where

is this stuff? That's a good question. I wonder how that clock ticks, by the way, the population clock. I'd like to see a real time like three people died, four people born, people died, eight people born, said its wins. I wonder if it ever does go backwards for a second. It's got too because people are dying, but more people are being born than people are dying. Yeah, it depends on the country you're talking about. Yeah, that's true. Um, I always drive by the one in Atlanta, you know,

on the population clock that's been there forever. When I was a kid, I remember when the top two million it was like whoa wow, and now it's whatever three points something is it? Yeah? I mean that's metro Atlanta, right, it's not city of Atlanta. Um, alright, so back to it. Uh, where were we hard to track the more money? No, we were talking about where the thirty eight hundred bucks that should be in our pockets is? Oh well, um, about a half to two thirds of that is overseas.

It's an overseas pockets, that's right, or overseas bank accounts or no, no, we're not talking bank accountants. Wait, that's just the money, that's right. Yeah. So that means that there are people walking around overseas with cash on them American dollar American dollars, which makes a lot of sense. And so when you start to divide the amount of money, at one point two trillion buy a lot more than

three hundred and sixteen million people. That explains why I have a single dollar bill on my person right now, why I have nothing? All right? And Jerry nothing nothing man, we're sad sex Okay, So that's just the MO money supply. Yeah, the M zero, the M one is all of the MO money plus checking account money and other kinds of just accounts that you can you know, track and travelers checks. Yeah,

very very liquid types of accounts. Yes, that's the M one, Yeah supply that And it's funny that you were having trouble wrapping your head around the fact that we were talking about cash outside of banks for the M zero supply. I had the same problem too, like it's hard to think of money outside of banks in this day and age, you could rarely have cash on hand use like debit cards and credit cards and all that kind of stuff.

Yeah's American Express for everything. That's funny that on this audio podcast you just held it up to your face when you said that. Um, so that's the M one. In June of of this year, the M one supply was about two point five trillion, So the momentey supply was one point two. The M one was two point five.

That's all the accounts and checking accounts, travelers checks. Then there's the M two, which is the M one supply plus uh money market fund, money savings accounts, and CDs under a hundred grand, which they call small c ds right from that's a pretty good CD. Well, c D over a hundred grands called a jumbo. Yeah. I was looking up jumbo right there used to be something like four and a quarter. Some of them would be like

for like a ten year. Yeah, so you get like twenty two grand back over now I'm sorry, five years. So you go give a bank a hundred grand, say keep this for five years paying me back, and they would give you twenty two interests. So you get a hundred and twenty two cran This not very long ago, a couple of years ago before the crash. You want to know what it's at right now, for a hundred thousand dollar three year I believe c D a jumbo

c D, you get like one point four percent. It's only worth your time to give a bank a hundred thousand dollars to keep for three years. They'll give you fourteen hundred dollars. Asinine go to the dog track with a hundred thousand dollars and you leave a heroin addict crying. Um. Alright, So the M to supply, which like I said, was it was the M one supply plus money market fund saving counts and those smaller CDs ten point five trillion. That's virtually all of the American money in the world

pretty much. Because they got rid of M three basically in two thousand six, because they said it really doesn't tell us much to know what the larger jumbo CDs are adding to this pile. It doesn't change things that much, I guess. I imagine there's just not that many exactly. So about ten point five trillion US dollars in accounts and in cash um in holdings in the world in about July June July of two. That's a lot of dough.

That's a lot of mula, all right, And if you want to, yeah, it even says in't here that's it did. And that's when I looked up. It's like who wrote this? It was like, oops, I thought this was well done. Well and I learned how to spell mulah. I didn't know. Don't don't Patre, Now I'm serious. I literally thought, oh, that's how you spell mula. How do you think you spelled it? I don't know. M u l a no. I just never thought of I've never seen it spelled out m O O l a. H Uh. That's a

p standard exactly. So, um this I think we've kind of pointed out it's tough to track money like this. Well, yeah, it's not the easiest thing. They do a pretty good job of it that the FED does specifically because it's just what they do and they love doing that. Yeah, but it's you know, it's an estimate still, like no one knows how much cash I have in my house, no one asked me, no, But they know how much was printed. They keep track of that kind of stuff,

how much is destroyed, how much in circulation um. And you know there's bank reportings. They know how much a bank has at the FED UM, so they have a It's it's pretty close estimate from what I understand. The thing is, not every country has a FED like the FED in the US, and that makes it way harder to say how much money is in the entire world, not just US dollars, but all the money in the

entire world, and more difficult to control your economy. It is, if you if you don't know how much money you have, it's very difficult to sway your economy one way or the right exactly. So UM Zimbabwe is a really good example, man of why it's so hard to track a lot of money, and also what happens when you don't track your money, yeah, or what happens when you decide in order to fix economic woes, let's just start printing more money,

because that's um. If you know nothing about finance and economics, a common thing you might think is, well, they could probably just infuse some some cash flow by printing money occasionally, and they do occasionally. But in Zimbabwe they did it to such an extent with a zim dollar, which I didn't even believe that was right. It's actually called a zim dollar. Sounds like something from a movie. Um, not

a good one exactly. Uh. They printed so much money that they encountered hyper inflation like the world has never seen before. Yeah, so it's ridiculous numbers. Yes, this hyper inflation in two thousand and six, it was. It was really bad and two thousand Zimbabwe started to or an inflationary spiral. Um. In two thousand and six, it was so bad that a sheet, not a roll, a sheet of toilet paper cost four hundred and seventeen zim dollars. Okay, yeah, a roll of toilet paper cost a hundred and forty

five thousand, seven hundred and fifty dollars. Well that's the thing. Everybody would have gone broke. But it wasn't that the toilet paper was very expensive. It was that the Zim dollars had very little purchasing power, and that was because dollars, just like any other commodity, are subject to the influences of supply and demand, and when there's a lot of them on the market, their value decreases. That's how the US government has managed to stay afloat so many times

they release a bunch of money. They cause inflation so that the debts that they owe are worth less, so when they pay them off, it hurts the government less. It's a really horrible thing to do to your investors, but it's it's done. But that's the point. When you have a lot of dollars out there, you have less purchasing power per dollar. And that's what was going on in Zimbabwe, and things got really out of hand because they decided to fight this by printing more dollars. Yeah,

they really got out of hand. That Some of these stats in here are just staggering. Um, you said that every what you didn't say you report that. Um, it was estimated that it was equivalent to prices doubling in stores every one point three days. Yeah, the most I saw was every twenty four point seven hours prices. Essentially,

we're being doubled by the way of the dollar losing value. Right, Like the kind of inflation that we're looking at right here in America right now is like in the single digit percentiles, and it's being kept low by the Fed on purpose. But we're talking like doubling increase. Like the toilet papers this much the next day is twice as much. The next day it's three times that. And that's just not gonna affect economy. That's gonna like, I mean, think

about it. Its toilet paper costs that much money. People are gonna stop using toilet paper. That leads to poor sanitation, that leads to you know, it's just a domino effect. Well, there was a joke that the toilet paper was so expensive of the dollar, the zim zim dollar bought such a little toilet paper that it was actually more useful as toilet paper than to buy toilet paper with. Ye that's not funny, but well yeah, if you're in Zimbabwe, is not. But the annual inflation was um estimated. Like

this was watching Zimbabwe. If you were a currency or monetary policy economists, it was like a dream come true. Last time something happened this bad. It was Hungary in n I think we talked about that once. Yeah, um, I think it was in the super Stuff Guide to Economics or Spoken Word album. Um. But the the inflation in Zimbabwe was estimated at five hundred and sixteen quintillion percent. That's by the end of two thousand and eight. Okay,

that's not even the highest that I've seen. Now, the highest I saw is eighty nine point seven sex tillion percent, which is a eighty nine point seven billion trillion percent or eighty nine point seven ten to the twenty one power percent. That was their annual rate of inflation, and

that was probably early two thousand nine. Yeah, yeah, because in January two thousand nine they basically said you can start using foreign currency again, which helps stabilizings a tiny the tiniest bit, but it it didn't obviously work well. It ended inflation abruptly because they abandoned these dollars. The currency lost value so much that everybody stopped using it and they went to the South African rand and the

US dollar. That took four months from January to April for basically to completely abandon their money, right, So four months in the country's money is literally useless, right, and when they did, when they did abandon it was actually a pretty good move. Like you couldn't carry the economy with this money any longer because it was so value that they're in bad shape no matter what. But at

least they that was a good move, right. And Um, the reason it was a good move because it stopped inflation because there weren't that many dollars and there weren't that many rands around, which means that they were scarce, which means again according to supply and demand, Um, they were valuable and that hence they had purchasing power. Yeah, and um, it's really unbelievable. But it got so bad they were printing money in larger and larger denominations because

they had to, because people couldn't carry around. You'd have to have a suitcase full of money to buy your toilet paper. So they ended up producing a one hundred trillion Zimbabwean dollar note that you can now buy on eBay for about five bucks. Yeah, that's sad. While when it was released it was worth about thirty Yeah, and that's actual conversion rate, Like now it's only worth something on eBay. Yeah, there is no conversion rate, right, Um, I think I'm gonna get one, not just to have

it do it? Yeah, okay, so what is it? Three d trillion dollar notes? Um? But that's the fact that the Zimbabwean government wasn't tracking their money in the first place, and they didn't track it after they kept releasing it again and again, and there was no buyback program. They just said, you guys keep that. Um. They have no idea how many Zimbabwean dollars were released just in the century, let alone how money are out there on the market.

So that's why it's virtually impossible to track how much money is out there in the world. But that hasn't stopped at least one guy. Well, actually that's not true. I talked to Katherine Whitbourne today and she was saying that the guy gave up the most recent figures she could find with two dozens him because he's like, forget this, Yeah,

miquet of dollar days with the z dot com. Um, yeah, I guess he gave up on a huh that was his blog, his econ blog, and he was tracking a hundred thirty five currencies uh in a hundred and sixty seven countries, and I guess December two, thou ten is probably one of the last stats he has then if that's when he quit UM in his MO money equal to five point trillion in US dollars in circulation M

two was fifty five trillion, So fifty five trillion bucks. Yeah, that's the value of all the money in the world occurring to Mike in US dollars, the US dollar value. Yeah, but not just US dollars. That's everything, right, So there you have it. Okay, So this would be a lot easier to track and things like what happened in Zimbabwe wouldn't happen. You would never have hyper inflation if we all used a universal worldwide currency. Yeah, let's talk about that.

No less than John Maynard Keynes has suggested that, and it's been bandied about for a long time since World War two, well even before then. Yeah, I don't think it's I think it was maybe closest to happening maybe after World War two, well, which wasn't very close. You know, there were instances of what were to the people who were using the currency was effectively a universal currency like UM.

A lot the early imperial powers of China and Rome used a single currency in all the lands they conquered, which is why hordes of Roman silver coins are found in fields in the UK still today. Um, but it's still not technically a worldwide currency. But world War two we came very close, right. Yeah. Let's talk about some of the pros. I guess, um, because it's I mean, if you look it up on the internet, there's a lot of debate still going on. Um. Some of the pros.

Speculators can't short a currency. That scenario you were talking about, like the value and currency to pay back debts, right, that'd be gone because it wouldn't be a commodity. There wouldn't any other currency to exchange it against. So therefore it's just a dollar just can be used to buy something you can't buy and sell it itself. It would be valueless like that. Exporters wouldn't have to worry about

price gaps. There would be no conversion fees, which would free up money for like healthcare or whatever, I mean, something good to spend it on. Um. Of course, I'm just this is utopian outlook like, oh yeah, then they could spend it on healthcare ideally, but it would free up money. Um, it would end disputes about a currency manipulation um like China. Um. So they're like there are some pros. For sure, you wouldn't have to stand in line at the combie centers and exchange your money when

you traveled, No, and um convenience you. Me and I went to Europe this summer and it was nice to not We just exchanged once. Yeah, that hasn't been since the euro it's like everywhere, um, and even in places in Croatia they still use their currency, but everybody accepts euros. Yeah. I bet they accept American dollars there too. Um. I kind of enjoyed the different currencies. Oh yeah, it's pretty and it's just neat. I kind of enjoyed the I mean, I guess it was. I didn't see it as a hassle.

Maybe I was young, but I always thought it was kind of neat, Like let me go turn in my francs for uh for my German dollars. Well, it just sucks to lose money buying another currency, yeah, or to come out ahead though, that's when you're rocking right sometimes.

But it's been a while since that happened. Well, this was in the mid ninety nineties, so the American dollar was we were doing pretty well in Eastern Europe the dollar was sound as the pound, but we we got killed in England of course, as always, yeah, because your pound is so awesome. Well, that was the big discrepancy after World War Two, like when we came close to adopting universal currency, the Americans and the Brits couldn't decide on what to value it against the pound or the dollar,

and so it just fell apart. Well, the Pew Research Center did a poll and apparently of Americans believe that we will have a universal currency by um But the article I got that from, the guy speculates that could be because we're sort of programmed to think that the future will be like that, because every entirely, yeah, like every sci fi movie ever, it's like, you know, universal credits. It's not even like cash. So people just kind of

have that in the back of their minds. So there's a lot of like drawbacks to a universal currency as well. There's some clever things you can do if you are in charge of your own currency and it's valued against other currencies. One of them is, if your economy is sluggish, you can release a lot of your currency create inflation, drive prices down in your country compared to the um the buying power of a foreign currency, and attract that

foreign currency and get your economy kick started again. If you're using the same currency as all these other countries that you're trading with. Sure there's not that that gap, right, the currency gap, But you also can't do that nice little trick that's probably would have bailed out Spain and Greece on their own had they not been trading the Euro or using the Euro the last couple of years. Yeah,

that's a good point. Um. Some pundits think that the gold standard, if they were going to go to a universal currency, it would should be based on something like the gold Standard again or the gold Standard period. But a lot of other people say, no, that's antiquated and just a bad idea. Yeah, potentially dangerous. I wonder how I would be dangerous. I don't know. We we should

do one on the gold standard. I mean, they got rid of it for a reason, so I don't know something about going back to something that but it was Nixon and get rid of it. So it's makes you think it's inherently evil getting rid of the gold standard, you know, The other thing, too, is who's going to run the show? Is really the big I think that's

probably the biggest stumbling block. It's a huge one. Is it's there's got to be a universal body, an international reserve bank, central bank, that has the authority on issuing these things buying them back. And yeah, I mean, like ever since the Clinton there, everybody has been nervous about that kind of thing. But even if you're not a paranoid type, you may just think that this body by definition would be incompetent just from looking at like the

U n UN has successes. Piece keeping missions are frequently very helpful and can add stability to a region. And then you have things like the International Panel on Climate Change, which releases it's um it's opinions on climate change based on politics and diplomacy rather than science. Yeah, and you can't if you if it's a world bank. There's too much at stake to make mistakes. And we already have a World bank. It's just not in charge of every currency.

And if it were, I mean there, it could be problematic. It could be helpful, it could be problematic. I don't really fall down on either side of this. Yeah, I mean I don't know. You know how I feel about economics. It's just as long as I can go buy my stuff and pay my mortgage. Yeah, I don't care if it's at the end or the dollar or the or the the community financier deaf freak frank do you care if it's that? No, I had never heard of that. I didn't know. I thought the euro was sort of

the only consolidator. But um, apparently in Africa, eight West African nations do share that West African CFA franc African Financial Community. Another six Central African nations share a Central African CFA franc which is weird because they're interchangeable. Yeah, two currencies that they can either one's fine. Yeah, I guess it's like when you go to Costa Rica, right, or Mexico you can use your dollars, you can use

your pass. Yeah, I guess so. But apparently from interchangeable, I read that to me like they're valued the exact same, which is like, why I have two different currencies that are so similar that are the same value. Just make one c f A franc um. And then there was a lot of talk about hemispheric and regional unified currencies in Central America and South America, and they came very close, but the recent troubles from the Eurozone have made a

lot of people back off about it. And uh, in North America, there was going to be the North American Union, which is Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Supposedly we're going to be fused together into one and it was like yes, and Canada was like right in America was like, well, we were going to come up with the amaro A M E r oh was the name of the unified currency. That would have been interesting. Well, it's a conspiracy theory at least. Okay, there you go. That's how much money

is in the world. Any kind of weird. That not weird, but that America's sandwich between such two different countries. It is, I can in Mexico. That's like, you can't get any more opposite. Yeah, I guess simon people, food, economy, and then America's right in the middle. It's kind of fitting where the melting pot of Canada in Mexico. Yes, we are where it all comes together. America's had in America's pants. I can't remember what you've called Mexico before. Shoes m

I don't think, so let's just call it Mexico. Uh. Okay, So that's how much money there is in the world. If you want to read this article, you can type that into the search bart how Stuff works dot com. And since I said search part, it's time for message break. Uh and Chuck, what time is it? Now? It's time for it is again, folks. This is when we thank people for sweet gifts that they send us in the mail. And I have a list of books starting with how Why,

How We Do Anything Means Everything? How Colon Why How We Do Anything Means Everything? By Dove Seedman or dov d o v Yeah, Dove Dove Yeah. I appreciate that they were very nice a dovester. Do you want to say one more time? No? Okay, let's see. We got a postcard from Madagascar from Kara Levitt, Thank you very much for that. Nice Another book by Alan Gerstel swing at Colin, The Search for My Father Louis Prima. Nobody

read this one, but it deserves a double um. We got a letter with further insight into the hip hop episode from b Boy Anti Virus. Nice yea. How's he doing these days? It's doing great? Uh. Science Nearly Explained by Dick Maxwell, and that is available on Amazon or Kindle nice. Um. We have a postcard with a picture of the pair, which you'll remember from the Torture episode from the Museo de Torture from Anna Oh Nice, thank

you very much. Our buddy Roger Ma sent us to the Vampire Combat Manual and he's previously sinis the Zombie Combat Manual and Roger's good. Do we actually finally met him? Didn't we? I don't know did we meet him? I think we met Roger at one of the comic consay taken. Yeah, okay, I think you're right, hey rod. Uh. We got a postcard from China from Carry Nice. We got another book called Trunkless. It's a children's book and I don't have the author here, but it's called Trunkless. I think we

did that one before, did we? Alright? Double plug? Uh. We got another postcard from Bogram Airfield from Amy Lynn, Thanks for that. We got a book called Verbifor's Feast Verbie Horse Feast by Christie the Word Smith and that was sent in by Hillary Nice. Uh. We got a postcard of a bear pooping in the woods from Van Nostrin. Thanks. Yeah, and we should mention too. Van Nostron also sent us his CD from his awesome band, The Bangalore's Sasquatch with

a mullet. Yes, thank you, buddy. Um. We got a comic zine called Happy Trails Cowboy Poetry by Horace T. Rushy Beard stash Um. We got a really cool cityscape watercolor card that was designed and sent by Alex. Thanks Alex. John Lennemeyer wrote a book called How An Average Man Lived an Adventurous Life. And I haven't read that yet, but I'm going to good going chuck. Yeah. Um. We got some CDs from Rich Boswick that may or may not have been all of them, but thank you very

much for those. Yeah, and I believe he also sent us a DVD called Forgotten Detroit and a nice handwritten or I'm sorry, inc Rendering of Ourselves? Right? Did you see that? Yeah? Is it the same guy? I think it's the same guy. Well, thank you very much big time. A book called Roman Disasters by Jerry Turner, and a book called the Life and Times of Swirly Van Coco. Stuff you should know edition. It's a comic actually from

Aaron Dunbar yes, I remember what else we have, chuck. Uh. And then we have a bunch of music you want to go through these? Uh? Colum blow Double in Disguise, that's right, Ben from self evidence in his c D s and vinyl of the record. We built a fortress on short notice, so we've definitely plugged that one before. The La La band sent us their c D Moonshine Still yep. The group called Forging Reverie sent us a

CD called Motion Canvas, and that was from Derek. Eric Davis and Sam Gray sent us a c D table People and some authentic Korean junk food. Burke Uh in Graphia or in Graphia sent us download codes for his c D Jazz Animals. Right. Katie Center sent us a nice handwritten letter. She's doing something called the Letter Project, where she sends a letter to somebody who inspires her to ask what are you pursuing in your life? And do you know? How do you know when you've gotten there? Yeah? Yeah,

and we answered, did we? Yeah? I did? Oh? And nice for both of us. Oh nice, thanks man, I know what you I know what you're pursuing. I don't even have to do me thinking. Uh. And then we have one more vinyl and c D the shape of beats to come from bendick box us band. Yes that is b E N D I K B A K S A A S and should take these vinyls. There's a couple over there on my desk. And thanks man. You got a record player if I do and mine

is busted. What happened to your record player? Oh it's up in the attic endword pree year or so until I get to go in and should just take the vinyl will Yeah? And we appreciate the vinyl by the way, it's very cool. I believe Benedict backs us. Um do we read his name for volunteering no donating to co ed Oh maybe I believe so. Yeah. Well if that's the same person, then thanks for that doubly. So that is administrative details for now. Thanks for the stuff. Yeah,

we're all caught up. Very nice. I know it feels good. It didn't take like eight episodes to cover it, right. Uh. If you want to send us something, you can get in touch with us by tweeting to us at s y SK podcast. You can join us on Facebook dot com slash stuff you should know. You can send us an email to Stuff Podcast at Discovery dot com, and you can join us at our home on the web, the awesome website Stuff you Should Know dot com. For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit how

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