SYSK Selects: How Icebergs Work

Maybe treat yourself and get the colored marshmallows that are like in the shapes of stars and moons and stuff that might actually just be lucky charms I'm thinking of at any rate, and enjoy this episode. Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of Five Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W Chuck Bryant and that makes this stuff you should know. How's it killing everybody? It's a joy stage? Josh,

Oh yeah, how so? Oh? I don't know. It's just it's been a joys day. Don't you think I'm very glad? Do you think it's been a joyous day? What do you think? You haven't had a computer so you don't care. I know my laptop has been apparently too full of data to operate whatever that means. Yeah, he's stuffed it up with two gigs of shady stuff. It's right. Yeah, it's called research, I guess. So every single bit of that it was hard facts, buddy. Yeah. And songs. Yeah

those videos is there? Well, there you go. Videos tend to stop stuff up by especially high res ones. Yeah, that's probably what it was. I would imagine. So on your work computer? No less, Well what am I going to do? Carry on two computers? Why where are we talking about this? No? I don't know you started it. Let's hear the intro. Chuck. Yes, I'm quite sure that. Um, you'll think I'm kind of stupid for mentioning probably the most famous ship ever to be sunk by an iceberg,

but humor me. Of course. We all know the wreck of the William Carson, which in seven went down off the coast of Labrador. Uh. It had a number of cars on board, but more importantly a hundred and nine souls, right, which is what they call you when you're ap to see. Yeah, like a hundred nine souls lost. I never really have heard that or paid attention. Really, I thought they would say lives lost. They say souls they say souls a lot. Are they used to old time? You wise, before Kennedy

in the separation of church and state. I guess right, yeah, I guess now they call them lives before they were souls. All souls lost. That's sad. Yeah, it makes it even sadder. It's like the Saints crying right under certain circumstances. Um. But the luckily a hundred and nine souls were not lost. Zero souls were lost on the William Carson. As everybody knows. The cars went down though, which is a tragedy for

the insurance companies covering those cars. But as I said, like every school child knows the story of the William Carson. Did you know that there were other ships that have hit icebergs? I was not aware of any. It's true. The Lady of the Lake Okay, yeah, I didn't know about that. One went down in the Grand Banks. Didn't make a movie about that. Uh no, no, you're thinking of ex caliber um. The Lady of the Lake went down on the Grand Banks on its way to Quebec

with seventy people on board. Seventy souls. Seventy souls, um. The s s hush should toft hushed. Toft ok yeah, um off the coast of Greenland in ninety nine on her maiden voyage. Can you believe this? That makes it so much worse than it's a maiden voyage? People dead all because of icebergs. I mean there's been other ships that have hit icebergs, but um, all because a chunk of floating ice took out an entire ship. Souls and

souls and souls were lost. Yeah. You know, we have a young fan named Shelley Stein right now that it is about to throw her iPod through and there is that the person who always wants to hear about that, um that other ships thinking, Yeah, she's been begging for like two years leading out of the anniversary, that's right. Um. Anyway, what's crazy is that all of these ships were lost. As a matter of fact, between eighteen eighty two and eighteen nine, fourteen passenger liners went down in a place

called Iceberg Galley. But it was only the last twenty five years that we started tracking icebergs. What's even more amazing, though, is that we have learned a tremendous amount in those twenty five years, and we're still learning and we will dispense with the learning forth with. That's right, this was interesting. Was this a grapstor? Yeah? Boy, he puts together a nice article, didn't he. He He does. He knows what he's doing.

He's a professional. I never feel uh, I never feel bad about about his You feel bad about some of them, Yeah, like the ones I write, Like the ones you right, they're very adventurous. They were for the Adventure Channel right at one point, So chuck um. I think people they're sitting there sitting at home thinking right now, like they're talking about icebergs and it's just a chunk of floating ice. And you're absolutely right, it is just a chunk of

floating ice, not just a chunk. There's so much more to us um for example, iceberg saltwater? Nope, fresh water yep? Why well, uh, I learned virtually everything I've ever known about icebergs within the past. By the way, uh, it is ice um, but it is not sea ice or pack ice. Like when you see dead least catch in their motoring through that that sea ice. Those those aren't little chunks of iceberg. That's saltwater, right, that's frozen seawater.

Frozen seawater and iceberg was um is a piece of a glacier that has busted off or calved, calved, calved like having a calf, like giving birth to a cat. It's calfing, calving, calving, having Yeah, man, I had it until you threw me off. Well saying cal I thought it would be calving, calving, caving away from a glacier. How many times we just said calving and a glacier. Uh. Let's talk about glaciers for a second. Glaciers are packed snow basically, well yeah, but I mean they're a little

more interesting than that. Well, yeah, that's the that's the base route though right in certain latitudes, Um, it never gets warm enough for snow to fully melt all the way in the summertime. So what you have is an accumulation of that snow that builds up over and over and over again over the centuries, over the eons, as old as ten thousand years old. Sometimes yeah, uh, and

that's a glacier. But glaciers are also additionally interesting in that, um, they become so heavy that they over this freezing thaw cycle and um, the accumulation of layers that they all of the air bubbles are pressed out of them. So glaciers are blue, the color of frozen water with no air in um. And they also move under the force of their own weight. They moved downward, downhill towards sea level, because sea levels as downhill as it gets right until

you hit the sea, that's right. And um. So because of this, they are this ultra dense form of ice. Yeah. So it slips down, floats out into the sea. Tidal motions eventually will cause little cracks and fissures and then a piece of the glacier will break off and boom, there's ice. That's an iceberg. It's a freshwater piece of a glacier. Freshwater glacier chunks, right, and it's freshwater because it's made of snow, not seawater. Um. And when you said that it floats out into the sea. That's called

an ice shelf. Um. And up north and northern latitudes, um. The biggest ice shelves are found on the western coast of Greenland Lizard arc or northern icebergs that are formed up there off of those glaciers down south in Antarctica where there are penguins. But it's not the only place there's penguins. I want to make sure everybody knows, I know,

and no polar bears. No, only a fool would say that. Yes, Um, the the pretty much the continent of Antarctica is ringed with ice shelves and there's a lot of open sea, so the icebergs can get really big. Yeah, they can keep extending extending, extending, But then like you said, yeah, they break off and then you have an iceberg. Do you wanna talk about ice? Yeah? This is fascinating. Like I went over this again and again and again until I finally got it, and I feel like I got it.

Oh it's so easy though I was making a lot oft of it. Yeah. Uh, ice, as we all know, is the solid phase of water. You have you know, liquid solid gas, iis the solid phase thirty two degrees fahrenheit for fresh water or zero celsius. Salt water is gonna need to be a little bit colder because, um, there are basically salt molecules getting in the way of the ice forming. Well, they they they move faster I believe than water molecules. It takes a lower temperature to

slow them down. And also it's a greater density if you're talking saltwater, right, which is important, very important. But ice also is the is peculiar, meaning unique, and that it's the only solid phase of any substance. I believe that is less dense than the liquid phase. So ice is less dense the water, and then seawater is denser than fresh water. So well, And it's easy to remember that ice is less dense because when you put a little ice cube in your little chardonnay this summer, if

you're a redneck, it'll float. Yeah, because there's little uh, ice forms in a crystalline shape, So those that leaves area for gaps, I guess, And so what is the air in there? Uh? Yeah, I'm sure there's just less dense. It's just the it's just it's less dense. Basically, if you take water and freeze it, you can think of it as spreading out, so it gets bigger, has it has a larger volume, but it'll weigh the same as

that lesser amount of water. Right, And when you put something, say ice, in water, it's buoyant, and that the amount of water displaces has to equal the weight of the ice that's displacing it. But since there's more ice than an equal weight of water, there's some leftover that floats and that is what we call the tip of the iceberg. And when do you get confused, Yes, the tip of the iceberg, that is the part that sticks out, and it's about, depending on the iceberg, about one six to

one ninth. And I'm sure everyone's seen those awesome pictures on the interwebs of you know, the top of the water and under the water of the iceberg. It's pretty cool, right, you've seen those. I have. It's very nice. And the reason there's vary variation between how much iceberg is showing it is because of the variation in the concentration of salt in seawater, any particular part of seawater. And and um. Also, uh, some icebergs are denser than others, as Morrissey said, just

like people. Yeah, exactly. Uh. That you mentioned earlier that glacial ice is blue. Um. That is true. Um during different melting and freezing cycles, though, they will turn white

because the air gets trapped in there. Um. And then sometimes these really old icebergs that have formed at the bottom of these thick Antarctic ice shelves like that have been around for thousands of years might actually have a greenish hue because it's just you know, soaked up organic matter under there over the years, right and then so

which is kind of a dirty yellow brown. But icebergs have the tendency to roll over without warning, which is one reason why you wouldn't want to camp on an iceberg. You know, they're dangerous to be around. They are. And actually there was one that floated down to New Zealand and some helicopter charters were like selling flights to go check them out. One of them landed on the iceberg and they realized pretty quickly they shouldn't do that anymore. Um.

But did they like getting short? Did it? No? They made it out okay. But when they got back and told people, I'm sure some scientists like, wait, what did you just do? Right? Don't ever do that again? Tc um. But the iceberg will roll over. And so you've got the green part up that's with the light reflecting up through the blue part. Then you get this brilliant emerald green and that's some old ice right there, Bubby, Bobby, Yes, Bobby, I've never said that before. The life cycle of an

iceberg is pretty interesting too. We mentioned they can be as old as ten thousand years before they ever reached the ocean, and um, this is like centuries of compression. So that's why it's so so dense, that's why it's blue. And then once it calves off though and and from the glacier, you've got about three to six years on average if it's like say, it's up in the Iceberg galley and never strays below Parallel, which is apparently where

the water starts to get a lot warmer. Four Parallel goes for Americans through like the tip of Minnesota and the upper Peninsula of Michigan. People below that are like, it's still pretty cold, yeah, I imagine. Um. So ones that stay up there and never come back down can float around for like fifty years and just kind of melt away slowly and quietly. Right. Ones that make it further south, like one made it to Bermuda once, which I'm sure was quite a surprise. Um, those go away

fairly quickly. Uh yeah, And I enjoyed this. Um. One account of this expedition, Um, what's the guy's name? Dr Gregory Stone witnessed and wrote about in his book Ice Island, um, which I believe the largest ones are called ice Island sometimes. Yeah right, Um. His quote is in this iceberg basically became destabilized, and it sounds like it exploded, yes, like right in front of his face. Yeah. Well he said that there was an ice debris field across two miles. Yeah,

and he said it was like shards of crystal shattering. Right. But if you think about it, that's what happens when you put in ice cuban water. Yeah. You hear that noise, right, It's called thermal shock. Yeah, it's pretty cool. And it's also because ice is less dense than water. As it's liquefying, it shrinks because think about it's contracting and it's pulling apart the outer warmer layer from the inner colder layer, and this cracks form in the ice cube essentially explodes.

It sounds like that's the same thing that happened. Yes, So when you pour that that twelve year old Scotch on top of your single cube of ice, if you're into that, I don't know if you should be doing that. But okay, I'm not a neat guy. I like my I like it a little cold, and and I'm not so hardcore with the single malt, so two remove that bite just a bit is good for me. You don't, so you don't like take it neat through your nose and as that the way to do it. Yeah, the

way you drink it with ice through your mouth. Yeah, I know, Scotch pure scoff at me, but scoff away or whatever. Just do what you like exactly. Um No, it's very supportive. I meant you as like people in general. Okay, so that wasn't supportive. Um let's talk about some factoids,

and this this is to me. The fact of the show is that there are actually six official classifications for their size, and the first two it sounds like they were having a lot to drink when they were had the naming party and sobered up, sobered up a bit, because the smallest one's about the size of a car, maybe a little smaller called growlers. And then the next one, maybe about the size of your house, is called a burgie bit. I put the emphasoe on a bit like

a burgie bit, a burgie bit. Either way, it's pretty cute. It is very cute. And then they got I guess sobered up or got bored or ran out of whiskey, and then they said, all right, then the next ones are small, medium, large, and very large, which just really boring compared to Burgie bit it is, but the very large ones are kind of interesting in that they just keep going and going. The largest one ever record is the B fifteen iceberg. Yeah, broke off of the Ross

ice shelf down in Antarctica. Apparently it was about the size of Jamaica. Yeah. I think it's it's broken apart into smaller piece of scents, but I think the original um area was about sixty square miles. That's that's a big chunk of ice. Yeah. And in order to be I mean that's the per limit, Like it can just be as big as they're gonna get. There's no like

cap or anything like that. To call it super extra large. Um. But very large you have to be about twenty four stories tall and a little longer than two football field six seventy if to be classified is very large. Yeah, that's that's big man. If you think about that, Yeah, it's huge. Um. I'm sorry, it's very large or it's huge huge. Um. The other two classifications that icebergs can fall in are equally boring as the last four size names. They really could have done better than this if you

ask me. But they're the two shape classifications are tabular and non tabular. And tabular is basically just like a well, it looks like a table, like a or a tab tablet, writing tablet that's back, and it's like tall with steep sides and the flat tops like a floating plateau. UM and those tend to come off of the ice sheets down in the act Antarctic, I believe. Yeah, those are UM. I think they have to have a width five times greater than their height to be tabular, and then non

tabular have I think five different classifications. You got blocky, flat top steep signs. They sound like Dick Tracy characters. They do wedged um flat with a steep surface on one side and a gradual slope on another. So it's like the high right haircut. Yeah, the gumby the gumby the dome which is round and smooth pinnacle, which means it has at least one big tall spiral sticking up, and then the ones that um deteriorate to where they form a big canyon and it looks like two different icebergs,

but it's really connected. Underneath those are dry docks, so that means they have two tips sticking out, but they're connected underwater. It's like mind blowing. It's pretty it was.

It's pretty neat at the very least. So, Um, we've got northern icebergs, southern icebergs, um, and there's plenty of icebergs like elsewhere, but for the most part, in northern icebergs, like we said, form off the western coast of Greenland because Greenland apparently I read this that Greenland and Antarctica are the only place where, um, there's ice sheets, glacial glacial true glacial sheets, glacial sheets. Boy, that's a tough one,

that was. It surprised me too. I wasn't expecting that. Um. And in Greenland there's about twenty glaciers that cav the majority of the icebergs. Yeah, that was I thought pretty cool. I thought it was cool too. Um, roughly forty thousand medium too large uh calv from Greenland glaciers each year, is that right? And they are about ten percent as strong as concrete, which I thought sounded not super strong, but apparently that's like way harder than like your freezer ice.

Oh yeah, like this ice is different than the ice you put in your Scotch, right, which is why when icebergs run into one another, it tends to break it up into smaller icebergs. They're very much subject to um wave motion, uh storms, other icebergs land when they run into things, like they break up, and it's one of the things that has a big deletrious effect on their lifespan. But it's part of the it's part of the iceberg life cycle. We're still going with deletrius. Okay, good, um.

They are pretty slow, but um, to give you an idea, like a fast moving iceberg goes about two point two miles per hour and that's holland, Oh, I'm glad you bring this up because that raises a very important point. Because we see the tip of the iceberg, and because we're so um anthropocentric um, we assume that when drives icebergs, you would be dead wrong. And assuming that since most of the iceberg is underwater, it's currents that drive icebergs

makes sense. Yeah, um. And so that's how icebergs can be trapped, like in the Antarctic, because they're trapped in that current or up north in the Labrador current, they kind of stay trapped up there. Um. But it also makes them subject to wave motion currents from other far, far off storms, and I guess getting hung up on things underwater. Yes as well. It's another good point is um, they apparently strike the bottom of land a lot. Yeah, and they can like wreck the sea floor, can't they.

But if you think about it, like there's plenty of parts of North America where glacial movement carved geological features out of the land, the icebergs do the same thing. When they're dragged along by the current. And say, once a thousand feet tall underwater and it hits a patch of sea that's less than a thousand feet it's gonna strike New York City and fast. Go to Central Park and look at the rocks there. Oh yeah, yeah, they got all those little grooves cut out. That's ice. That's

ice ice baby. Um No, that was not nice. Uh. The ecology this was sort of surprising to me because I just figured they're just floating along. Maybe they melt a little bit, what's the big whoop? But I didn't really consider the fact that it's melting this glacial fresh water, a lot of it at times, depending on the size of the iceberg, all around in the sea water. And

that's got to have some sort of ecological effect. Yeah, and I couldn't find anything anywhere that said, like, there's a lot of life that's adapted to living in fresh water even though it's home is sea water, and they live around icebergs. I couldn't find anything like that. But apparently it has little effect on these animals because icebergs are basically like floating time released nutrient capsules. Yeah, it's like teeming with life around it, so they must love it,

these little krill and plankton. It's like a lot of small stuff generally. Well, what there's there's a there's a definite um. What's that chain called food chain? Yeah, that iceberg support um. They bring a lot of iron rich nutrients from the land as a gift to the sea, and as they melt, they slowly release this stuff. This supports um algae. Right, there's a lot of algae that

that grows on their krill. These little tiny shrimp like things eat the algae um, and then all these other animals eat the krill, and then the birds prey on the other fish that are eating the krill. So this whole food chain develops around this iceberg. Yeah, it's pretty cool. But even even something that I think they've only recently begun to figure out is that icebergs are there is

a sign of climate change. Like everybody's worried about all the icebergs melting in the sea levels rising, and for good reason. But they're also figuring out that they also aid in carbon sequestration in the ocean. That makes sense. So this algae and all this stuff is they're eating this iron. There's a transfer of carbon from the land to these Uh that this life that eventually will die fall down into the bottom of the sea and keep

the carbon trapped with it. So algae that wouldn't be there, um, is soaking up carbon and then being eaten and passed along in this undersea food chain. And they found that, um, the carbon absorption around in iceberg is twice what it is elsewhere because this algae wouldn't be there if it weren't for the iceberg. So there it's soaking up the CEO too. That's crazy. They also take it away what icebergs giveth uh and not just boats and chips like

the Titanic. There I said it okay, Um, they can actually, like I said, they can clog up shipping lanes. They can in the case of B fifteen, I think it actually um had a pretty uh deleterious effect on Emperor Penguins. Yeah, in March of the March of the Penguins and they so you know what happens in that sad movie. I guess what. They have to walk around it. Yeah, and there's a they really have a tight schedule. When they hit an iceberg that's you know, taller than the penguins

don't fly, remember, and it is really wide. They have to go around it. But they should learn to fly. Yeah, I would just solve a lot of problems. Um. So yeah, it can have negative effects on the little penguins a cute little penguins, and um it can rake the c floor and just destroy it basically over the course of many years. No good, no another cool thing. And this

I don't know. I couldn't find if they're actually moving on this, but the United States Military um called up the Rand Corporation said, hey, yeah, boy, these things are huge chunks of awesome drinking water, totally safe to drink because it's from the water. Boy. Yeah, really I never saw that all the way through um it uh. They they called the Rain Corporation said Hey, can we study

these things? And how viable is it too? I know it sounds crazy, but how viable is it to get one of these icebergs over here and provide fresh drinking water for people who need it? And it sounds like it's not the most ridiculous idea in the world. Um. Their study said that a system allowing a ten percent yield could provide water for five hundred million people at a cost of eight dollars per one tho cubic meters,

which is not too bad. I mean, it's way more expensive than it should be, I think, than than we pay for water now. But our water is artificially cheap. Yeah, so as water becomes more expensive, if there's any icebergs left, we may want to go do that. And they say, I guess they just nudge it through the water closer and closer. Um. And this is where it gets a little hinky. It says in the article using massive insulating

sheets to slow the melting. I don't know what that looks like, but oh it looks like, um my lar, like you used to reflect the sun on your car. That's what they would use. It's all it'll take, you know, like those um, sun blankets or whatever, just something to reflect the sun sunlight radiation. Well, it's also moving into warmer water that's not gonna melt it from below, or it'll melt it from below for sure, you know. But

I mean you protect what you can. I guess, I guess if you're harvesting icebergs, you're right, they're not the They're not the only ones looking at this. Um. I ran across an M I T proposal of building a pipeline from Alaska, where there's plenty of glaciers that in the western US makes sense, but the author concluded it's like four and eighty seven billion dollars to build the pipeline keep it going, and that just wouldn't be worth it.

Uh in canals to another Other groups study that and suggested a canal well and in the United States have exactly hurting for water. It would be nice that they did some of these studies and like pushed it to where they don't have fresh water right now at all. You know. Yeah, it's been a little money for them, like life straws O great, Um well, I guess we already went over. Well, Iceberg Galley is actually a little more interesting. They started studying it. They formed the International

Ice Patrol. Uh way later than they should have, I guess, but they probably didn't have the equipment they needed back in the day to do what they do now. Um, the Coastguard US Coastguard administers it and they worn ships. They kind of run it through their little program and say, we think this is where it's headed. This is how big it is. Uh, if you're in this area, you might want to watch out for this, for this guy floating your way. Well, they basically say, like there's ice

up here, don't go above this these coordinates. It's called the Limit of All Known ice. Wow. And they the Coast Guard also does some other stuff for the I should say the Ice Patrol. Um. They do other things like, um, bomb icebergs. Did you find out more about that? No? I looked it up on YouTube because I was like, surely somebody's video everybody dropping obamba an iceberg. I couldn't

find anything. Plenty of calving stuff. Um. And they also spray paint them with very bright paint, which it seems wrong to me, just so you can see him. Yeah. Yeah, that's like tagging, uh, like a new car or something. Yeah. Um, a beautiful new car made by nature. That wasn't good analogy or putting like um radio transmitters on them. It just makes sense. But then when they start to break up, it's like, well, there's a little chunk that has the radio transmitter three ft big. Yeah, uh so I got

nothing else. I don't either, I've got something else, all right? What you got? So it became um, I became interested in the idea of this article mentions a nautical mile. Sure, we like, why why is there a nautical mile in a mile? And I found out why. So a nautical mile is um one point one five o eight miles, and the reason why is because a nautical mile, when going around the equator, takes into account the curvature of

the Earth. A regular mile UM or called a statute mile is what it's called, goes from one point on the map to another through a straight line, which means that it's not taking into account the curvature of the earth, which means that the nautical mile more accurate, is more accurate and thus a little longer than the regular mile interesting from minute to minute along a degree, So a mile is really not a mile. So if you're saying

on land. No, it's not because it's a it's it's it's like if you take the earth cut in half of the equator and turn it over. You've got the two halves and you're looking in the molten center, UM, and you divide it into three in sixty degrees, divide those degrees in two minutes, and the measure a minute to a minute. If you do a straight line, it's not as accurate. If you do the curve line, it will be accurate. And a kilometer is just way out there.

In seventeen, the French Academy of Sciences said, okay, we're going to designate a kilometers the amount the length the distance from the North Pole to the equator through Paris, divided by ten thousand. Pretty clever. So there you have it, UM, nautical miles. I love it, Thanks man, I really uh went all out on this one, you asked me. I think so too. Kudos, sir um. If you want to learn more about icebergs, you can type in that word I ce E b r g s in the search

bars how stuff works dot com. I'll bring up this fine fine article by A Grabanowski. Um, And I said, search bar, how stuff works which means it's time for listener mail. Josh, I'm gonna call this one, um. Good email from a Chicago, Chicago guy. That's a terrible Just yesterday, guys, I was finished reading a book Robin Dunbar wrote called Grooming,

Gossip and the Evolution of Language. Her argument is that language evolved out of a need to keep up social relationships with group members put in its most basic form. Over time, our brains evolved to be larger, which made our average group size increase. At the same time, Once our group size became large enough, today our average group

size is about one. We didn't have enough time in the day to groom one on one with that many group members to keep up our social bonds with them, So we evolved language so we could use language as a way to verbally groom with more members at a

time to keep the group strong. That's interesting. It was my understanding that our brains have actually decreased in size, so we last like twenty years really because of group group size, because it's increased and we have to rely less on our like instincts and run from thunder and stuff like that. I smell a cage match. Um. Another interesting experiment I read about is this to Scientists were

studying vervet monkeys in their natural habitat. They started recording the sounds of the vervets um and make notes about what they were doing when they made the noise. After examining a large sample of noises, they found a correlation between the sound they made and what was happening when they made it. I believe the noises were difficult to distinguish by the naked human ear, but the pattern was

obvious when they compared large numbers of them together. The vervets made a different noise for when an air predator was spotted, when a ground predator was spotted, when approaching a dominant male, etcetera. It's not quite language where it like syntax, but it's still more advanced than I thought they were. Um, and that's pretty much it. Hope it wasn't too dense, but if it was, that has revenge for the Sun podcast as a listener right there. That's right,

And that is from Matt Schunk from Chicago. Thanks Matt SHUNKA go bearts, Yeah, seriously, go beart. Um. I guess I always like to hear about new books that I should be reading. O, sure like we have any time for that anymore? Did you hear that that was a limit? It was, um send us your book recommendation, suckers. You can turn it. You can turn it into U S Y s K podcast on Twitter. Uh, you could send it to Facebook dot com slash Stuff you Should Know. Don't send it I guess you posted on that um.

Or you can send us an email, good old fashioned electronic mail, Wrap it up spanking on the bottom, and send it off to stuff podcast How Stuff Works dot com. Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeart Radios. How Stuff Works from more podcasts for my Heart Radio because at the iHeart radi Apple podcasts are wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Mhm