Selects: How Magnets Work

Hey there, it's Josh, and for this week's select, I've chosen an ancient episode from April of twenty thirteen, more than ten years ago. Can you believe it? And if you don't understand how magnets work after listening to this one, well then we didn't do a very good job of explaining it. Check it out and see what you think.

Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.

Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with guess who tell him? Tell him how? I'm with Chuck. Oh, Chuck, I'm with Chuck, and Jerry's in the room as well, And since the three of us are together in this room, we have tell the Stuff should Know Chuck, Stuff you should Know. That's right the podcast. I am so excited

And that's the way I feel. We usually balance each other out nicely like that.

But you don't think that there is some a certain cachet to walking around understanding how a magnet works. Do you realize what percentage of the population you're a member of for knowing that maybe, maybe, and this is a guess, like point zero zero two nine percent of the human population.

Knows how magnets work.

I don't know anybody else until we selected this and started reading it besides Tracy Wilson, who knew how magnets work.

I think you are underestimating the curiosity of the general public for people to look up this stuff.

On their own, all right, I would like to hear from people if you already knew how magnets is.

Act like, if we don't tell people this and they're just dumb dummies walking around.

I don't think that that's not at all what I think. But I get.

This, and I think that will prove that people know this and more.

Okay, if you're if you're a physicist whose specialty is the.

Electromagnetic cracking their knuckles right now and listening to.

It right then. Yes, we're gonna mess things up, it's true. But we have a general, good, well, i'd say, fairly detailed idea of why magnets exist. That's right, and we're gonna explain that to everybody. It's all because but nice, not in any way, shape or form in a condescending manner. No, no, no, no, because all we do is research thems. Right, It's not like we're making magnets here. No, we're just talking about them.

You know, they discovered these in Magnesia in Greece. Did you know that what magnets like? Natural magnets? Yeah, like loadstone, Yeah, in Magnesia increase.

Is that really a place, yeah, Magnesia. Absolutely, you're not pulling my leg, nope, okay, but it was loadstone, a type of magnetite. Yeah, it was magnetite, because that's the strongest naturally occurring magnet, right, Like you can attract a paper clip just with this rock.

That's pretty cool.

Yeah. It is even cooler though, are the ones that humans have conquered and mastered and own. That's right, because all the magnets you come in contact with on a daily basis, maybe a weekly basis have been manipulated by humanity.

See, I never come into contact with magnets.

You know something, it's hard to find a decent magnet these days in an average store, Like you have to like mail off for them.

Oh yeah, yeah. And I don't have refrigerator magnets because you know, the stainless steel fridges, you can't put a magnet on them.

This is so weird.

You can put it on the side. So we have a few, you know, you get magnets over the court of your life, whether it's like the pizza delivery guy has a like we have one in the shape of a pizza slice with their number on it, you do, and that's on the side, and like our vet, like we have a vet magnet.

In this shape of a pizza slice.

And then like in a random random people have given me magnets here and there, which I'll throw up there on the side.

That's good. Those are nice mementos. You meant one of times you did. Yeah, that's nice. That's great, Chuck.

So anyway, I don't have a lot of magnets or experience with magnets, but I understand them now.

Now that you say that. I realized that I have more experience than I realized with magnets, because we really you mean, and I do have a pretty good magnet collection. Well there you go on our fridge. But yeah, it is. It always struck me as weird that like stainless steel, wouldn't you couldn't put a magnet on that. Yeah, now I understand why stainless steel is not a ferross metal.

That's right.

You have to have a fairist metal, like something say iron, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, even Oh really, I think so, because there's a type of magnet called the al Niko magnet, and that's aluminum, nickel, cobalt alloy.

Yeah, if you've got a really good guitar amp, you might have an al Nico speaker, is that right? Yeah? They're pricey. Oh yeah, I can imagine, like you can buy the speaker separately and like switch it out in your amp to make your amp some better, which I have been meaning to do for years. But they're just kind of pricey. It's like four hundred bucks just for the speaker.

But how's this sound?

Well, I'm told it's great. But music guys here much more than I do, like real, real music guys. They're like, can't you hear the difference? And I'll be like, eh, sort of.

Are these music guys also al Nico speaker salesman?

Yeah?

Probably so all right, so let's get so, this is what I like about this article. It goes like basic too specific. Yes, and you can start with the basics about my magnets. They attract specific metals, as we said, typically fairest metals. Yes, they have a north and south pole. All magnets do. There's no north and east polled magnet.

Yeah, and the Earth is the biggest magnet of all.

I guess it is, at least on Earth. Opposite poles attract one another like poles repel one another. They hate each other.

That's right.

Magnetic and electrical fields are related. And we're going to explain why I'm so excited in magnetism. I think I said electromagnetism earlier. So you can put your email away because I'm correct in myself. Yes, is one of the four fundamental forces of the universe. Right, that's right, with gravity and the strong and weak nuclear forces. That's right, that's magnets.

That's a great intro magnets. The object itself, or a magnet is an object in itself that produces a magnetic field and it's going to attract like you said, ferris metals, yep. And there can be permanent magnets aka hard magnets, and

Yeah. And then electromagnets, when you apply an electrical current to some magnets, they become magnetic.

That's right.

And if you have a doorbell, you probably have an electromagnet in your house. Yeah, the doorbell, Yeah, I looked it up. It's it's more complicated than you would think.

Oh yeah, I don't know.

It's like a it's like a Rube Goldberg esque contraption that that is apparently pretty standard and uses electromagnets. It's neat and actually, if you're interested in that, there's an article how doorbells work on howstuff Works dot com.

Yeah, isn't it weird that a door or maybe it's just me as a misin throat, but like the sound of a doorbell now is not like oh, I wonder who's here? It's a crap who's here? Right, because no one just drops by.

Anymore, either that or like they know yeah yeah, yeah, so chuck. The magnets that you typically have, like your pizza Pizza boy magnet or like the circle ones are probably the best example. Just a ring, that magnetic ring that you see, yeah and grew up with. Those are a specific type and they're called ceramic magnets, and they're probably the weakest magnets commercially available, except for the pizza slice ones, right, because that's almost like a sticker.

Yeah, I mean it's connected to or it's got a you know, a topper on it, right with printing, Yeah, a topper.

That's that's the find the top for the pizza slice tougher. But with a ceramic magnet, it's it's magnetic material mixed with ceramics and it kind of cuts it and it makes it a little weak.

Yeah, but good enough to stick on a fridge, which is all you're looking for.

And it's cheap very cheap.

You already mentioned the Alnico magnets, which are more expensive and like you said, aluminum, nickel, and cobalt, and they are stronger than ceramic obviously, but not as strong as the ones we're about to talk about, like neodymium magnets, yeah, or Samarium Samarium.

You've gotta be kidding Samarium, Okay, Samarium. Both of those magnets incorporate rare earth metals, yeah, which are extremely magnetic, or when combining an alloy can be magnetic.

That's true. And now they even have and this is something I never knew, They have plastic magnets called magnetic polymers, and I guess those are used in just very certain applications like cold tempature applications.

Yeah, or maybe that's what's on your pizza slice magnet or.

It says they pick up very only very lightweight things like iron filling. So I wonder if that's what you use with like your You remember the little little toy kids thing where you could had a guy's face and had the little iron fillings and you can move it around and make a beard or a mustache or whatever.

Sure, I bet that's what that is. What was that called I don't know, old timey toy number two seventy three.

Not a etch a sketch, not a hugo, something like that.

And why was it that anybody who had a beard from the nineteen forties to the nineteen sixties, any child's toy was like the most disturbing looking creature you could come up with. You think, Oh, yeah, have you ever heard of rushed in dolls? No, they had. They were this very successful toy company, and they came out with a line of hobo dolls that were like the scariest things you've ever seen in your life. Of course, like they were meant to damage children obviously.

Oh, keep them from hopping trains, probably, I guess you know, yeah, play with it at home out on the road, yeah, if.

You hop trains.

Interesting.

Let's see, Oh, I made a blog post actually called twenty seven of the most unintentionally terrifying dolls You've ever seen or ever created.

That's like almost every doll in my opinion.

You should see the slide to It's pretty good.

I'll check it out.

Okay, So let's talk about making magnets chuckers.

All right, Well, you talked about loadstone form of magnetite, and that is, you know, the natural, strongest natural magnet, right.

You don't have to do anything no to it. So I guess the discovery of loadstone and the fact that it attracted metals made people start to tinker around with it. And I guess around the twelfth century people figured out that if you took a little iron pin and you took some loadstone and you petted it in the same direction, preferably in a north northern direction, like, you could magnetize that iron filling and if you suspended it in something

I knew I had seen that before.

So that's basically magnetizing a pin using loadstone. That's how the earliest compasses were made.

Very cool. Yeah, So what's going on here, and this is sort of the basis, and we'll break it down to it, like you said, a more molecular level. Yeah, but what's going on here is something known as a region called a magnetic domain, and it is actually part of the physical structure of any ferromagnetic material. So we're talking again iron, cobalt, and nickel largely, and each one

Right. The domain has its own north and south pole, but it's not necessarily aligned with the north and south pole on Earth.

Right, they're just kind of a skew if it's magnetized, all pointing in the same direction.

Right, Yes, that's pretty much all you have to do is figure out how to get all of those magnetic domains to align in the same north south line.

Yeah, because if they're not, they're just canceling each other out exactly.

So the more domains that you have pointing in the same direction, the more powerful magnet you have. And in each of these little domains you can just kind of I almost see it as like a little pocket in the molecular makeup of this, Like an iron the north pole of one domain flows into the south pole of the domain in front of it.

That's right.

If they're all aligned and you add a bunch of these up, they produce one large field for the magnet as a whole.

Yeah, right, yeah, which explains why if you you know, if you do the old trick in elementary school, where you bring one magnet close to the other one, it'll either repel it or you know, snap it together like one larger magnet.

Right, because the force, this magnetic force is going into out of the north pole of the magnet and into the south pole of the magnet in front of it.

Something very dirty about that, it is, right.

Or if you take the north pole of one magnet north pole of another magnet, you put them together, they repello another because their magnetic forces are flowing in opposite directions and pushing one another apart. Which is kind of funny because this is how magnets work. But it bears such a striking resemblance to like something they would have come up with in the fifteenth century, like yeah, the force flowing out.

Yeah, this invisible force, right, Yeah.

It's witchery. And this is why magnets won't be brought together.

Like people would come and drag us out of here and toss us in a lake to see if we float a perfect So we could stop there and you would have a pretty good idea of things, but we won't. No, we'll continue on.

Okay, we'll go a little a little more in detail.

Huh, that's right. If you want to make a magnet, you have to get all these magnetic domains flowing in the same direction, just like we were talking about earlier. When you rub the needle on the magnet, you expose it to this magnetic field and we're get in these suckers to align in the same way and then boom. That is one way that you can get a.

Magnet, right, and there's different ways of doing this. You place it in a magnetic field in the north south direction. You can hold it in north south direction and hit it at the hammer.

Yeah, that's crazy.

It is a little crazy, like you're physically jarring these domains into alignments. They're like, huh, yeah, okay, I'll point this way then, or you can pass an electrical current through it.

That's kind of a cheat.

And they think that this is where loadstone came from. Either it was when this rock formed, the magnetite formed from a lava. It was aligned with the north south pole of the Earth, so it became magnetized. Yeah, or it was struck by lightning, so an electrical current path through it, that'd be pretty cool, and it became magnetized as a result, And that seems likely, right, But today the most common method of making magnets is to place

But yeah, there's gonna be a little delay though. Yeah, and I saw this like on a on a YouTube video of this guy. There's a really good one. I can't remember what it was called where the guy broke it down. I always whenever it's stuff I don't understand, I always type kid science and then then I look and see what videos are availab Yeah, yeah, no, it's good.

Right, because when you get these domains going, the ones that aren't already lined up on a north south pole, Yeah, they just rotate around and do a little crazy spinning until they land on it, right, And the ones that are already aligned north south are they grow.

Bigger, Yeah, become more robust, I guess.

Yeah. And as a result other ones, the walls between smaller domains will shrink, and so you have large north south domains and then even the smaller ones are now probably polarized along that north south line. Yeah, and you have just created a magnet.

Yeah. And here's what I think was one of the really cooler aspects of this is how strong your magnet is depends on how hard it was to get these domains to move in that direction.

Yeah.

And the harder it is, the longer it will stay magnetized, which sort of makes sense. It's almost like that it was so stubborn to get going, but then once you got it going in the right direction, it was then stubborn undoing it at that action.

Right, which kind of makes you wonder like if over enough of a time span, well, any magnetized material eventually lose its magnetism, oh, just left alone. Yeah, huh, that's a good question. Uh. There are things you can do to demagnetize things. You could take a magnet and put it in a magnetic field that's polarized the opposite direction.

Yeah, it's kind of mean.

Yeah, you can. You can boil it alive, which is also very mean, and heat it to the point where it loses its magnetism.

Yeah, the curey point. The guy in the video tested this. He had a paper clip on a string tied to the table and then the magnet was like a foot off, so it was just like throwing and then he took a is it a Jerry Lewis? Then he said, Dan, bring me a lighter, and he got a lighter and heat it up the paper clip and then you see it start to shake and then eventually it just poop fell.

That is a weird story.

Yeah, he demagnetized it. Yeah he did using the cure.

So okay, again we could stop here. I think everybody understands how magnets work, right, Like, there's little magnetic domains that are in all kinds of crazy directions and then when you expose them to a magnetic field, they line up together and they produce their own magnetic field around that magnetic material and then there you go. It flows out of the north and into the south. Magnets, right, I.

Would like to see a survey. Wish you could take an instant survey of people that you know, half of them are going go, go go, and half of them are like, I'm good. Right, that's all I need to know about magnets, right, you.

Know, I think our listeners are pretty curious folk.

Okay, so we're going deeper in Tracy Wilson, who are site manager here of stuff you miss in history class? Now, Yeah, she wrote this one, and she's so thorough. She has a very nice little pun in this section called shipping magnets. Get it, oh, shipping magnet.

Yeah, I got it now, I didn't notice that before.

Yeah, it's a pun. What she's talking about in this section though, is interesting in that very large magnets present a lot of problems because they're super strong and you can't just throw it on a truck and you know,

Yeah, and I mean imagine if you're shipping it in like a truck, and the truck is made of or has some sort of iron alloy in it, Yeah, and you have a huge industrial magnet. How are you going to get that off of the truck? You're not exactly, So they magnetize these materials on site typically, right, Oh, is that what they do? That's what I understand, or else they just rely almost exclusively on electromagnets, which become magnetic when you pass it current through.

Other you can say, manpower, right, give me those ten.

American ingenuity, that's how you do it.

It stuck, sir. Right, Well, speaking of sticking, we're going to break it down to the electrons, which.

The atomic level, this is.

Bound to happen, yeah, because that's really where it all starts.

Well, I was just saying, like electromagnets, they become magnetic when you pass the field of electricity through them. Yeah, or current, and all electrical current is a flow of electrons. Movement of electrons produces electricity, and electricity and magnetism are very much related. And this is why because on the atomic level of a ferrous material, iron nickel, cobalt, right, yause are the big ones, what's called.

The big three.

Well, let's let's talk specifically about iron. In an iron atom, there are around its its orbit. In its orbit, there are electrons moving around.

Yeah, would they spin downward or upward?

And typically they're paired. And when you have a pair of electrons, one spinning upward, one spinning downward, there's there never any other way. There's no pair of electrons that both spin in the same direction. It is always opposite.

Yeah, and that's called the poly exclusion principles.

Yeah, just not possible, right exactly. So in iron, you also have four unpaired electrons that all spin the same way. Now, those ones that are paired and spinning the opposite direction, they cancel one another out. Yeah, but these four spinning the same way produce a magnetic field, a very very very very very tiny magnetic field, but a magnetic field nonetheless.

Yeah, right, And this is very unusual for these unpaired electrons to be spinning in the same direction. That's why it only happens in things like iron, cobalt, and nickel.

Right exactly. That's what makes them ferromagnetic materials. Yeah, potentially magnetic because they have these unpaired electrons that are spinning in a certain direction. Right, that's right. And then because these things are spinning the same direction, they attract other atoms to kind of line up that are spinning in the same direction, to line up nearby, and then those create what domains.

Well, a moment, they have a moment.

Oh yeah, I forget the moment, just.

Call the orbital magnetic moment, and I get it. Maybe that's just when they realize, hey, we're all we're all partying in the same way. We're all spinning downward.

Right, and we all like slacks.

Yeah, and hey, we've got a magnetic feel all of a sudden. It's small, but let's get a bunch of other ones and let's create a larger one. Right.

And that moment is it's it describes the force, the I guess, the power and the direction of the spin.

Yeah.

So yeah, when you have a bunch of them having the same moment, they kind of line up around one another. When when iron forms, that's right, And then that causes the domain or that creates the little magnetic domains in the material that's right.

Uh. And if you notice that materials that make good magnets are the same materials that magnets attract, then it's because they attract unpaired electrons that are spinning in that direction. It's the same thing. And you can also have something called dimagnetic which are unpaired electrons creating a field that repels instead of attracts. And then some materials don't react at.

All with magnetics, like pinestraw.

I think now is the time for a word from our sponsors. All right, back to magnets, because there's still some more to go.

I mean, now everyone who's listening to this understands magnets on a an atomic level. Yeah, it's the spin of electrons.

It's physics. Yeah, my favorite thing. Yeah, this one actually appealed to more than usual.

Yeah, physics wise, same here. You know, Remember the physics is surfing I do.

All right, So people measure magnets to see, you know, how strong the magnetic field is using something called a goss meter, and flux or webers are the what would.

You call that measure measure in webers? Okay, so flux is a line of magnetic force coming out of it.

But I botch that.

That's all right?

Okay, So The density of the flux is measured in either Tesla or gossip, with Tesla being ten thousand goths, which is pretty cool that you get a unit of measurement named after you.

Oh yeah, if you're Tesla, you better if you're Tesla. Sure, a lot of cool stuff.

And you can also measure it in Weber's per square meter, but really, who wants to do that?

Yeah?

Canada probably, And then the magnitude of the field is measured in ampeers per meter or something called orsted.

Yeah. I like orsted, you know, I'm a fan of orsted, and I also like flux and Tesla's pretty awesome too.

So where do we use magnets besides pizza reminders or doorbells or doorbells or of course speakers.

We use them to if you were in the cassette tapes back in the day, Yeah, brother, you were into magnets, like yeah, yeah. We also use them again, encompasses, burglar alarms, electric motors. We use them to provide torque.

Yeah, car speedometers. If you have an old fashioned cathode ray tube television set, you're using magnets. Yep, did you listen to cassettes?

What?

Sure?

Mans? I grew up in the eighties.

Okay, I was just I wasn't quite sure. You know, you're a little younger, but I didn't know. No, I was a late adopter. Oh of cassettes, well, no, of everything, because what I would do is I would have a big collection and then be like, I got all these records, right, So I was late to cassettes, and then I had all these cassettes. I didn't want to switch to CDs. Yeah, until all my cassettes got stolen. Oh yeah, and I was like, all right, I guess I'll get CDs.

Now, get them going CDs. Yeah, yeah, No, I was there for the big transition from cassettes two CDs. Sure, remember like they were across the board twenty dollars nineteen ninety.

Nine, free d in the big box too, remember what I waste?

See look at that maglev trains.

Yeah, we talked about this. We have a cool one of our little one minute live action shorts online. We uh, maybe I'll post this when we release this. But the mag lev train system and a lot of roller coasters and things like that use super magnets too.

I don't remember that one.

Yeah, the maglev train uses it. To propel the train forward. Yeah, and don't roller coasters use magnets for breaking a lot of times?

Oh yeah, like new ones, Yeah, the good ones.

You don't remember that one.

No, we did like a dozen of them in four days. Okay, I don't remember that one. I'll send it to you the thank you. The magnetosphere is a part of our atmosphere. I guess it's outside of the atmosphere, but it surrounds Earth in a protective layer that protects it from charged ions known as solar winds. And when these solar winds come in contact with the magnetosphere, you get something that's called the northern or southern lights. Ah, that's what that is.

I knew. We talked about that at some point.

In another short, that's right.

Yeah. And then our favorite, of course, the Wonder Machine, would not be possible without magnets because it is magnetic resonance imaging.

Right, you know, and just be resonance imaging without it.

Yeah, there's no fun in that. And then doctor sometimes use pulse electro magnetic fields to actually heal broken bones that haven't healed correctly.

Yeah, amazing, I looked into this. They have no idea how it works on a molecular level.

Oh really.

All they know is that if you expose bone or tissue. I think bones, more bone and muscle maybe are easier to grow to an electromagnetic pulse, it grows. Even if it like it hasn't healed under after surgery any other procedure, if you hit it with an electromagnetic pulse, it'll you'll get a reaction. And they're figuring out how to put this in garments for astronauts. Yeah, because you have you suffer substantial bone loss on a very long micro gravity flight.

Wow.

Yeah, that's pretty cool. But they don't know why it works. They just know it works.

Cows are pretty happy they're magnets because there's this horrific thing called traumatic you know, we'll just call it hardware disease. And this is when when cows eat small metal objects that are in their food. And it's pretty awful that that happens. But luckily they have a cow magnet to feed them, and it I guess gathers up all this stuff and then they poop it out.

They I'll bet that's horrible to poop out, isn't that what happens? Or it punctures? Oh the magnet?

Yeah, I mean the poop the magnet out.

I don't know.

It surely doesn't just stay in the body, does it.

I don't know.

All right, I'm gonna have to look into that.

Some more people are known to put their arms into cows rears.

Yeah, no, we that some of them have a hole cut in their side, remember, so they can examine their stomach.

Yeah, the one with the porthole. Yeah, yeah, that's pretty cool. I'm gonna try this one, traumatic reticulo pericarditis.

You practice that beforehand? Well done, So there's nothing wrong with that. Yeah, some people might think practicing hard words before you do a professionally released audio program are a good thing.

If if a human swallows a magnet, that's not good.

Yeah, you don't want to do that.

Cows intestines and stomachs are different than humans and testines and stomachs, and if we swallow, especially more than one magnet, they will basically clamp your entrails together and you will be in big trouble and you'll have to undergo surgery to have them removed.

Yeah, so that's no good parents caution to when your kids are playing with magnets because kids like to swallow things they shouldn't swallow.

Yeah. And since we talked about electromagnetic pulses being capable of spurring bone loss, is.

It boning or growing man spurning bone loss spurring bone growth?

Thank you? You would think that people wearing like magnetic bracelets or magnetic insuls are getting some sort of benefit. There's no there's no study that's ever shown that those things actually help. Although there's a lot of people out there who believe in static magnetic therapy, which is just

Helps your arthritis.

Yeah, but again there's no studies that suggest this.

Well, it's big money. Americans alone spend about five hundred million per year on this kind of thing, and worldwide about five billion dollars a year on magnetic treatment. So the b Yeah, that's a lot of dough, it is. And then there was one more thing. Magnetized drinking water is a thing now to treat ailments, and I think that they have not shown in clinical trials that that's been proven either.

Rest of the minerals in drinking water are not ferromagnetic, so to begin with, we didn't have anything to do with it.

And they found that in clinical trials a lot of the positive benefits come from placebo maybe or a passage of time, or maybe the fact that these insult cushionings are just better made and more padded to begin with.

There's also apparently a device that removes hard water, yeah, minerals from water using magnets, but apparently, again it's not really doing anything as far as consumer report says in a two year study.

Yeah, we had a water softener when I lived in Yuma. Yeah, and I'd never heard of that, and I was like, oh what, And it's like, you know, it's in the garage that sort of looked like a hot water heater and it's soft in the water whatever that means.

Yeah, do you know what it did?

It's soft in the water. Yeah, But I think I remember asking my sister what hard water did, and she was like, oh, you could tell a difference.

Like I can't remember your skin real dry, I think.

And I think, yeah, I don't remember.

Yeah, So that's hard water everyone. If you want to learn more about that, type the word magnets into the search bar at HowStuffWorks dot com. It will bring up this awesome and exhaustive article. Also, if you're interested in doorbells, type that word in the search bar too. And since I said search bar twice, it means we go straight to listener mail.

Yeah, I'm gonna call this military shout out. We don't do shout outs that often. Sometimes we do eat a lot of requests, so don't feel bad people if we don't do your shout out. This is from Trevor. Hey guys, my name is Trevor. And yes that it's spelled with a B and not a V. And that is a long story that I'll tell you you would like, but that's not why i'm writing in. I am currently serving in the US arm Forces and I am in stationed overseas.

As I mentioned before, Yeah, he's been to Afghanistan, right, Yeah.

And they go for you know, long tour six and eight months at a time, and you do enough of those in your life and you realize you're spending years away from your husband or wife totaled up. Yeah, and family and the daughters and sons and so it's tough stuff. So shouting out to you guys hanging there.

Yeah, thanks Trevor and Tony. That's pretty awesome that we're like keeping their marriage happy. Well, we're providing a sustenance to talk about it.

It's awesome exactly.

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