Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome.
To the podcast.
I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frye.
On April twenty second of twenty twenty five, that is, this year, the US Department of Health and Human Services had a press conference about a plan to phase eight synthetic food dies out of the US food supply by the end of twenty twenty six. Now that that's like a whole can of worms, it's not really what this episode is about. We're not really going to get into it.
But at this press conference for this announcement, Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Junior, gave a speech in which he described a long list of diseases and conditions as injuries, and he claimed he had never heard of them when he was a kid. Now. Rfk Junior was born in nineteen fifty four, so he was kind of implying that these diseases weren't really around in the fifties and the sixties, and that they are in
fact injuries caused by things like synthetic food dies. The diseases and conditions that he named in this speech included narcolepsy, which was first described in writing in sixteen twenty one. We did a two part episode on narcolepsy in twenty fifteen. Also included was what he called juvenile diabetes, which is now called type one diabetes. That was, of course a big part of our two parter on the discovery of insulin,
which came out in twenty twenty. Diabetes was first described in the ebers Papyrus, which dates back to about fifteen hundred BCE, so almost thirty five hundred years before RFK Junior was born. If it's not obvious, I gotta be
in my bonnet about this speech. None of these diseases from the beach are new, and while the prevalence of some of them does seem to be increasing in a lot of cases, that's a global trend, not something unique to the United States and its food supply, and we don't necessarily know the reasons behind this particular, any particular increase. Some of it, though, is definitely more about expanded definitions and better testing, diagnosis, and treatment than we had half
a century ago. Though also some of it is just about people living longer and surviving things that would have killed them in earlier eras, so I thought about doing something called six Impossible episodes. Diseases RFKA Junior says he has never heard of, but some of the things he listed off weren't really diseases. They were more like generic descriptions or whole categories. And also that seemed like too much for one episode, so I narrowed this down to
three autoimmune diseases that he mentioned in this speech. They are rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Crohn's disease. This is not a thorough history of all of them. This is really about when and where these diseases were first recognized and described.
So all three of these diseases have some things in common, and rather than repeating those commonalities every time, we're going to start with some of them. So As Tracy just said, they are all autoimmune diseases, meaning they all involve the body's immune system attacking healthy tissue, and there is no one definitive, exact known cause for any of them. It's likely a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as exposure to things like pollution or tobacco smoke, as well
as possibly hormones. All three of these diseases are more prevalent in women, in some cases much more prevalent in women. It is also possible that viral infections may be involved in triggering all of these illnesses, or triggering flare ups of the illnesses after they've developed.
In terms of that genetic element, there is no single gene or gene mutation that conclusively causes any of these Rheumatoid arthritis, for example, has at least forty six different genes that are known to contribute to it in some way. These diseases all tend to run in families, but having an immediate family member with one of them means that a person is more likely to develop it, not that they are guaranteed to develop it.
If one identical twin has one of these diseases, the other twin is more likely to have it as well, but the rate of both identical twins having the disease is in anywhere close to one hundred percent. Studies vary somewhat, but generally speaking, if one identical twin has rheumatoid arthritis, the other twin develops it only about fifteen percent of the time. With Crohn's disease, that number is thirty percent,
and it's less than fifty percent with lupus. Identical twins have the same DNA, and if they grew up in the same household, they would likely have very similar, if not identical, environmental factors affecting their health. So the fact that rate is nowhere near one hundred percent suggests that it's more complicated and that there are other factors going on, or that some elements are just random.
Social determinants of health probably play a part in these diseases as well. Those are non medical factors like a person's income, wealth, education, and where and how they grew up. These social determinants may be connected to some of the racial disparities that do exist for some of these diseases.
For example, rheumatoid arthritis is most prevalent in white women, but in the United States, Black, Hispanic and Latina, Indigenous, Alaska, Native, Asian, American, and Pacific Islander women are all disproportionately more likely to DEVELOPUS.
There's some suggestion that social determinants are connected to these disparities. Similarly, Crohn's disease is less prevalent in the tropics, which has led to a hypothesis that it might be connected to exposure to sunlight or to a person's vitamin D levels.
There is also no one single diagnostic test for any of these. They all require some combination of family history, physical exams, lab work, and imaging or biopsies. So while the diseases themselves are not new, some of the tools used to detect them are. That also means getting a diagnosis can be time and labor intensive, and in the US, where we don't have universal health care, that means it's
also often very expensive. Each of these can also be mistaken for other similar diseases, both in living people and in the archaeological record, So all of this together means that it could be really really tricky to tell when humans first started experiencing these diseases, but in all of them it was definitely before the twentieth century.
Of these three diseases, Crone's disease was the one that was named and thoroughly described the most recently, so we will start there. This is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes symptoms like abdominal cramps, pain, and diarrhea, which can be bloody. These can happen as flare ups with periods of feeling relatively well in between those flare ups. As this condition progresses, it can cause thickening and some of the tissues of the digestive tract, as well as perforations
or fistulas in the intestinal tissue. It commonly affects the ilium, which is the last part of the small intestine.
The severity of Crone's disease can vary from person to person, and it can also vary over time and eventually cause complications in other systems of the body. Treatments include diet and lifestyle modifications, anti inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, immune system suppressors, monoclonal antibodies, and antibiotics. If infections develop, damage to the intestine can lead to a need for surgery, and sometimes more than one surgery.
Crohn's disease is not caused by stress or diet, but both of those things can affect a person's symptoms, including contributing to flare ups. Since the disease can affect a person's ability to absorb nutrients, some people have to carefully manage what they eat, and for some people that just becomes kind of exhausting over time. This disease can also
be really life altering. The symptoms that it can cause can be incredibly uncomfortable and embarrassing, and sometimes people have a hard time leaving the house to do things they enjoy or to travel during a flare because they might not have acts us to a bathroom when they need it.
A lot of people with Crone's disease and with the other autoimmune diseases that we're talking about today also talk about how hard it can be socially, as their friends and family members just assume that they're flaky or that they don't care when they have to turn down invitations or cancel their plans last minute. And they also talk about things like bosses assuming that they are lazy or unreliable rather than understanding the realities of their medical condition.
It's really tricky to know when people first started experiencing Crone's disease, because there are a lot of different diseases and conditions that can cause chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain. Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia, who lived in the first century CE, described a young man who was having recurring bouts of diarrhea and abdominal distress. But we don't have
a way to know whether this was Crone's disease. Specifically. Similarly, Saxon King Alfred the Great, who lived in the the ninth century, had recurring, debilitating abdominal pain in diarrhea, but we don't know the exact cause. King Louis the thirteenth of France died in sixteen forty three at the age of forty two after experiencing recurring chronic diarrhea and other
abdominal issues for years. An autopsy was conducted after his death, and that showed that he had perforations in his small intestine, which can be indicative of crones, but he also had signs of tuberculosis, which can lead to some similar abdominal issues as well.
In seventeen sixty one, Italian anatomis Giovanni Battista Morgagni wrote about a twenty year old man who had died. Morgagni conducted an autopsy and found lesions in the man's large and small intestines, including perforations and ulcerations, which again could
have been from Crohn's disease. A century later, Albert von Sachsen, Coburg, Prince consort of Queen Victoria, died at the age of forty two of what was described at the time as typhoid fever, but modern researchers examining his medical records have found evidence that he had some kind of chronic intestinal disease that was like crones.
In eighteen seventy five, Samuel Wilkes and Walter Moxon published a case report in which they described a young woman who had died after experiencing severe bloody diarrhea. They performed an autopsy and they found that she had ulcerations and inflammations throughout her colon. This is often cited as the
first very clear clinical description of ulcerative colitis. Alterative colitis and Crohn's disease are very similar, and they are generally differentiated by exactly where in the digestive system the damage is occurring. In nineteen thirty two, Burl Crone, Leon Ginsberg, and Gordon D. Oppenheimer published a paper in the journal the American Medical Association called regional iliitis a pathological and clinical entity. They reported on fourteen patients who had what
they called regional iliitis. All fourteen had abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, and weight loss, and they had been treated with surgery. They all had evidence of fiscialiformation, and they were all emaciated and anemic. At least half of them.
Had previously had their appendix removed, possibly because doctors had mistaken their symptoms for appendicitis. The paper included radiological images and ruled out abdominal tuberculosis as the cause of these issues.
These authors presented regional iliitis as a new disease, but there had been several other papers published in the first decades of the twentieth century that had also reported very similar patterns of intestinal inflammation, perforations, and fiscialiformation. Even so, though this is considered a landmark paper, and even though the authors had used the name regional iliitis, soon people
were calling it Crone's disease after author Perl Crone. While Crone was listed first among this paper's authors, that was just because their names were alphabetical on the paper, he actually preferred the name regional iliitis.
So Crone's disease got its name in nineteen thirty two, but it's very likely that it existed long before that. Its prevalence does seem to be increasing worldwide, not just in the United States, but we really do not know exactly why.
We will talk about rheumatoid arthritis after we take a quick sponsor break. All three of the diseases that we're talking about today are inflammatory autoimmune diseases. In rheumatoid arthritis or RA, the inflammation is in the synovial membranes that line the joints. This causes joint pain, swelling, and loss of function. Other symptoms can include fatigue, fever, and weight loss. This inflammatory process damages the joints over time, and it
can also damage other body systems. Rheumatoid Arthritis is the most common chronic inflammatory joint disease in the world, and in the United States it's the third most common type of arthritis after osteoarthritis and gout. Juvenile RA also affects children and can start an infancy.
As with Crohn's disease. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis does seem to be increasing again globally, not just in the US, although rates of RA vary dramatically from one part of
the world to another. Some of this apparent increase is because of changing definitions, though the American College of Rheumatology and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology issued revised definitions for RA in twenty ten, and these new definitions focus on symptoms that are present at the earliest stages of the disease, which was not the case before.
A range of treatments exists to help manage RA, and a lot of them are targeting the symptoms. These include over the counter pain relievers, steroids, and disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs or d MARDs. Occupational therapy and lifestyle modifications can be involved, and surgeries can as well.
D MARDs are part of the treatment for a lot of autoimmune diseases, and many of them started out as anti malaria drugs. In many cases, it's not fully understood why these can be helpful for autoimmune diseases, but it is likely connected to the way they affect the immune system. One of them, hydroxychloroquine, became sought after in the early days of the COVID nineteen pandemic after a paper was published suggesting that it could be helpful for both treatment
and post exposure prophylaxis. Experts raised serious concerns about this paper almost immediately. Among other things, it included only thirty
six people, and eventually that paper was retracted. The FDA issued an emergency use authorization for hydroxychloroquin as a COVID treatment, and then revoked that authorization just a couple of months later, as it became increasingly clear that hydroxychloroquin did not treat or prevent COVID, but by that point President Donald Trump had called it a game changer, which had spiked huge
demand for it. Some people, including Robert F. Kennedy Junior, continued to promote hydroxychloroquin as a COVID treatment for years after it was shown not to work for that purpose. Kennedy also spread the bay faceless conspiracy theory that hydroxychloroquine and iverbectin were effective against COVID, but that the FDA was barring people's access to them because it was in
cahoots with the vaccine industry. This is demonstrably untrue, and all of this caused serious problems for people who were using hydroxychloroquin to manage their RA or their loopus, which we're going to talk about shortly, or other autoimmune diseases. People could not get access to their necessary medication because people who did not need it and were not going to benefit from it, were taking it for something it
was not effective against. Some people with autoimmune diseases couldn't get access to hydroxychloroquine anymore and had to start taking other medications that were not as effective for them, or weren't effective for them at all, or which had much more pronounced and serious side effects. People can experience flare ups when stopping hydroxychloroquine even if they're moving to other medications, So these needless shortages demonstrably harmed people.
In terms of when people started experiencing RA. There is more debate about that than about either of the other two diseases we're talking about today. There are three overarching theories. One is that RA is an ancient disease all around
the world which people have experienced for millennia. Another is that RA didn't appear until far more recently, sometime in the eighteenth century, and was triggered by something that was part of the Industrial Revolution, like maybe something involving pollution or industrial chemicals, something like that. But a third idea is that RA was an ancient disease in the Americas and then was introduced to Europe through exploration and colonization
starting after the fifteenth century. The idea here is that there is more older archaeological evidence that suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis in the Americas than there is in other parts of the world. So maybe there was some kind of disease trigger involved that Europeans did not encounter until that exchanged with the Americas. Or maybe RA is related to
tobacco consumption or tobacco smoke. Tobacco is native to the Americas, and it was introduced to Europe by Christopher Columbus's expeditions. A counterpoint to that idea is that there's at least some suggestion that ARA was present in Europe prior to Columbus's voyages.
Supporters of each of these three hypotheses point to various details to back up their claims. Like Greek physician Hippocrates described a type of arthritis that appeared by the age of thirty five and spread quickly from the feet to the hands, then the elbows and knees, than the hips. That sounds more like rheumatoid arthritis than osteoarthritis, which can happen more than one joint but typically doesn't affect that many joints in that many parts of the body that quickly.
Roman physicians Scribonius Largest also described a form of arthritis that mostly affected women, and he did that around one hundred BCE. Michael Celis's Chronographia, written in the eleventh century, describes Roman emperor Constantine the ninth as experiencing a disease that affected his feet, and then his hands, and then his shoulders and then his whole body. Given medical understanding at the time, it's described as humors attacking these parts of his body.
There are also some possible examples of ra in works of art from before the Industrial Revolution. One example is Reuben's The Three Graces, which was painted in the sixteen thirties. This painting features three nude women, and the one on the far left has her hand on the upper arm of the woman next to her. Her wrist is flexed laterally and her fingers appear to be bent in a way that resembles somebody whose hand has been damaged by ra.
This model may be Rubens's wife, Helena Formant, and there are some other portraits of her that have similar depictions of her hands.
All of this could be describing or depicting rheumatoid arthritis, but we don't know for sure since there are also other diseases and conditions that can cause joint damage. This is also true of joint damage that's suggestive of RA in the archaeological record. RA can leave evidence on the bones, but so can other diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis or AS,
which primarily affects the spine. It wasn't until the twentieth century that researchers started differentiating between RA and AS, which led to some earlier RA findings in the archaeological record being reinterpreted as AS or as some other condition.
By the seventeenth century, though, physicians in Europe were starting to differentiate between different types of arthritis and different inflammatory diseases and processes. For example, in sixteen seventy six, physician Thomas Sydenham published Observationist Medicaid, which differentiated between rheumatism and gout. Gout is an inflammatory arthritis that today we know is caused by uric acid build up in the blood. Gout often affects the big toe, but it can occur in
any joint. In the eighteenth century, William Heberdon the Elder also described rheumatism and gout as two different diseases. In seventeen eighty two, Joan Paterson of Iceland described a chronic arthritis happening on both sides of the body that seemed to be systemic. It was more prevalent in women, and the incidents seemed to peak around the EA of forty.
This sounds a lot like ra but the person who is usually cited as providing the first clear clinical description of RARE is Augustine Jacob Lancre Beauvais. In eighteen hundred, he was a twenty eight year old resident physician at the Saint Pitrier Asylum in France. He described a set of patients, most of them poor women, who had severe joint pains not caused by osteo arthritis. He thought this was a type of gout, and he called it gut astanique primitive or primary asthenic gout.
In eighteen fifty three, French neurologist Jean Martine Charcaut wrote a doctoral thesis in which he described arthritis, muscular atrophy, and muscular and skeletal malformations. This condition, as he was describing it, seemed to go into remission spontaneously, but that
it would recur. Six years later, English physician Alfred Berengarrett wrote Treatise on the Nature of Gout and Rheumatic Gout, which again differentiated between gout caused by excess uric acid in the blood and what he called rheumatic gout, which was a different thing. Garret's son, Archibald, also became a doctor and coined the term rheumatoid arthritis and his Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis in eighteen ninety.
Archibald Garred was one of the people who thought there was archaeological evidence of rheumatoid arthritis going back to the ancient world. But in the twentieth century, American physician Charles Short looked back at some of the same reports that Archibald Geron had used and concluded that they were describing a range of different diseases and conditions and not rheumatoid arthritis.
This included ankylosing, spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and gout, so Short argued that are was a modern disease and not an ancient one as we said earlier. There continues to be debate on this today.
The debate is not about it starting in the nineteen fifties and sixties, though all of the debate is centuries earlier than that. We will have one more sponsor break, and then we will talk about lupus. The last autoimmune
disease we're talking about is lupus. The word lupus is part of the name of several diseases today, but when people say lupus, they are usually talking about systemic lupus, erythematosis, or sle I have heard people say the word arithmatosis and arithmatosis a number of different ways of pronouncing that last word regardless. It comes from the Greek word erythros, meaning red, and that's a reference to the rashes that are often a part of this disease.
This is another inflame amatory autoimmune disease, with lots of possible symptoms, depending on which parts of the body the immune system is attacking. There is also neonatal lupus, which is a rare condition that occurs when a person's antibodies passed to their fetus through the placenta. Drug induced lupus,
and discoid lupus arithmetosis, which affects mostly the skin. The term lupus vulgaris is also used to describe cutaneous tuberculosis, so we're really focused on sl here, but the use of the term lupus to describe a lot of different conditions goes way back in history. The first known use of the term lupus in medicine was in reference to
a tenth century Catholic bishop named Eraclius. He had an ulcerous condition that mainly affected the area around his buttocks, and this was described as lupus because it devoured.
His tissue the way that a wolf wood.
The word loopis went on to be used to describe a lot of different rashes, ulcers, and even cancers for centuries, by at least the thirteenth century. This included using the term loopis to describe facial rashes and lesions, specifically on the face. A malar rash or rash shaped like a butterfly across a person's cheeks is associated with SLE today, although other conditions, including roseacea, can cause similar rashes, and not everyone with SLE has this rash.
It can also look a little different depending on what a person's skin color is. Other typical symptoms of SLE include unexplained fevers, painful or swollen joints, and kidney problems. It can also lead to heart failure, and then there can be a range of additional symptoms as well that can really vary from person to person, including hair loss, chest pain, and pale or purple fingers and toes. When somebody gets cold or is under a lot of stress,
this is known as Reynod's phenomenon. As with Crohn's disease and ra, SLE can cause recurring periods of illness and relative health or flares and remission. Treatments include non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, cordic asteroids, and d marts, and there are also various treatments that are focused on minimizing the skin irritation and rashes.
Of course, the broad use of the word lupus to describe things other than SLE complicates the conversation about exactly when SLE was first described. But beyond that, like the other diseases we've talked about today, SLE share symptoms with other diseases and conditions. It wasn't until the nineteenth century that descriptions and definitions started to become more precise. So in the eighteen teens, Robert Willin and his mentee, Thomas
Bateman wrote a book called Delineations of Cutaneous Diseases. Willin died in eighteen twelve, and Bateman finished the book and published it in eighteen seventeen. This book laid out a systemic way to categorize different skin diseases, along with engravings, illustrating those diseases under tuberculous diseases, meaning diseases that cause tubercules, not necessarily tuberculosis. Specifically, they used the term loupis to
describe rashes and lesions affecting specifically the face. Over the course of the nineteenth century, doctors started drawing distinctions between types of loopus, with some conditions primarily affecting the skin and others also involving other organs the way SLE does. The first detailed modern description of sle is usually cited as coming from French dermatologist Pierre Kazenev in eighteen thirty three.
Kasenev had a six xt year career as a doctor, and during that time he also differentiated between discoid lupus and systemic lupus, and in eighteen forty seven he described the differences between lupus vulgaris caused by tuberculosis and what
he called lupus de res Matteau. Two years later, Viennese physician Ferdinand von Hebra described the butterfly like rash that's seen as often characteristic of sl today that In eighteen sixty eight, physician and surgeon Alexander John Balmanos Squire used the term vespertilio or bat like to describe the same rash.
In eighteen seventy two, Hungarian dermatologist Maurite's Caposi continued to refine definitions for lupus, including drawing a distinction between discoid lupus primarily affecting the skin, and disseminated lupus, which was a systemic lupus that could sometimes be fatal. He described the other potential symptoms of this sumtime times fatal systemic lupus as including swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, pain in the long bones, fever, and weight loss.
In eighteen seventy nine, Emil Vidal, who worked at Opitdal san Lui in Paris, further distinguished lupus arithmetosis from lupus vulgaris caused by tuberculosis. Later, Robert Coch's discovery of the tuberculosis bacillis in eighteen eighty two helped doctors conclusively diagnose lupus vulgaris as caused by TB. At that point, it quickly became clear that lupus vulgaris was far more common than lupus arithmatosis.
In eighteen ninety four, J. Pain delivered a postgraduate lecture in which he reported that quinine could be useful in the treatment of lupus, likely the earliest use of an anti malarial drug in the treatment of an autoimmune disease. From this point, doctors continued to develop new methods for diagnosing slee and for trying to treat it and manage its symptoms. Then, in nineteen forty eight, Malcolm McCallum Hargraves discovered what came to be known as the lupus arithmetosis
cell or le E cell. It is also sometimes called the Hargraves cell. This is a cellular indication of an autoimmune process going on inside the body. This discovery apparently came about by happenstance. There was a hematologist at the Mayo Clinic who was drawing the blood from patients and treating it with an anticoagulant and then just walking over to the lab a few blocks away. This window of time to.
Walk for the lab allowed the process that made these cells visible to take place, and without that little time window, it probably would not have been noticed. Lee cells are specific types of white blood cells that have been engulfed by the denatured nuclear material from US. Their cells and the presence of these cells can be indicative of sl as well as of other autoimmune diseases.
As with RA and Crohne's disease. It does seem like lupus rates are increasing, but as with those this is a global trend, not just in the US, although there is a lot of regional and demographic variation in how prevalent it is. But again, none of these diseases are post twentieth century developments.
Kay man, I'm sorry, not sure how you got to be the Secretary of Health and Human Services having not heard of juvenile diabetes, but that's where we are.
Well, it's like it's that thing that I've never heard of it so it doesn't exist. Thing is just wild to me. There's so many things I've never heard of, Yeah, but they are real. A lot of people never heard of spasmodic dysphonia until RFK Junior became a public figure yep while experiencing it. YEP. Anyway, I have.
Some listener mail before we you know, we're going to go on from this to record our Friday behind the scenes. I'm sure we'll have plenty more things to say. This is from Kristen. This is the subject line of this email is Cecilia Paying Gaposhkin in horrible handwriting. Kristin wrote, Hi, Holly and Tracy. When I listened to your Saturday Classic episode on Cecilia Paying Gaposhkin, I heard you mentioned your difficulty with handwriting, and you're musing that maybe you should
have been taught to write with your left hand. My son also has tremendous difficulty with handwriting, and his schoolwork was greatly affected. He was failing everything in sixth grade. We requested that the school test him for specific learning disabilities as a last resort because we were at our wits end as most of his trouble was in literature. I suspected he had dyslexia. It turns out there is another SLD related to dyslexia called dysgraphia that is characterized
by difficulty with handwriting. I often describe it to people unfamiliar with this condition that if dyslexia is trouble getting written information into the brain, dysgraphia is trouble getting written information out of the brain. Of course, it's a lot more nuanced than that simple explanation. Since his diagnosis and subsequent IEP to allow him to give typed or oral answers another support, he has completely turned his education around in tenth grade. Now he is an honor student, taking
two ap math courses and honors wind ensemble. He plays tenor sacks in the jazz band. Also, he says he wants to study science communication in college. Just wanted to bring awareness to this SLD because not many people even know it exists. I sure hadn't heard of it until my son's diagnosis. Thank you for being a bright spot in these gloomy times and making me laugh four times a week. Kristen Kristin has also included had some pet tags. There is a thirteen year old Golden Retriever mix named Hass.
There's a Lab mix named Midnight, newly adopted little sister to Hass. Trip is the Tripod ginger rescued from the side of the road as a kitten who thinks he is a hoss. And then Rascal is a blue smoke tabby found in an abandoned shed. And then Stella born to a feral managed barn colony, but brought into the house for health reasons as a small kitten. Stella is a torty, so is obviously in charge.
Oh my goodness, I think I got the one torty that has no in chargedness. Yeah, well, it just has none the tourty I used to have. Cestina was also never in Yes, she was not a sassy cat.
She was not sassy. She desperately wanted to play with Villanell when I got them both, and Villanell did not want this at all. She couldn't seem to retain that Villainel was never going to want to play with her, which was said. They eventually learned to tolerate each other well enough. Thank you so much for these pat pictures. My goodness, so cute, all of them so cute. Thanks also for
this email. I had heard of dysgraphia also discalcula. I think we have gotten some emails about before dyscalcula involving struggles with mathematics. Some of these things are sort of they can be connected to other things that are also going on, and sometimes they are it's like that's this, this is the thing that the person is sort of experiencing.
I have like family members who have struggles with different things that all relate to like the same motor planning issue in their mind that sort of evidences itself in multiple ways.
And then I.
Also, dyslexia in particular runs broadly in my family. Would I have been diagnosed with dysgraphia as a child who can say yeah? So, thank you so much Kristen for this email and the pictures. If you would like to send us a note, We're at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you get your podcast. Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio.
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