The Livewired Brain with David Eagleman

mentioned David Eagelman on the show many times before. He's an adjunct professor at Stanford University and his CEO of Neo Sensory, a company that develops devices for sensory substitution. You may also know him from his previous books about the human brain, his TV series The Brain with David Eagleman, and his role as a scientific advisor on HBO's Westworld, and the t NT series Perception. I'm recording this on a Monday, and I actually read Live Wired over the weekend.

It's a highly addictive read and one that I think our listeners will will really enjoy. David does an amazing job breaking down the inner workings of the brain via relatable pop culture and historical metaphors. Everything from the Colonization of the America's to Mr Potato Head and Ellen Ripley from Aliens. It's published by Pantheon Books and you can currently grab it as a hardcover, an e book, or an audio book. And the fun thing is that that

David reads the audio book. It's always great when you when you get that with an audio book. So, without without any further ado, let's jump right in. David Eagleman, thanks for joining me today. Great to be here, Robert. First of all, I have I just have to say

that this book was such an engaging read. Actually read it all over the weekend, and while I was familiar with some of the findings and technologies discussed, there was plenty I hadn't been exposed to yet, and it was all delivered in such a fashion that it all ended up feeling like, you know, it's kind of like a revelation. Um, and I feel like that revelation is really well summarized

in the title of the book, live Wired. If you would, could you summarize the basic difference between the idea of the live wired understanding of our brain as opposed to previous notions of how the brain worked. Yeah, I mean the whole The whole thing is that when you first pick up a neuroscience textbook as a young person, you see a picture of the brain and it says this parts or visions, parts are hearing, the parts are touch,

and so on. But in fact, UM, I guess what I've spent the last twenty years, you know, in my laboratory really understanding the lesson of is that the brain is a is a dynamic system that's constantly moving around. And so, for example, if you go blind, the part that we would have called your visual system gets taken over by hearing and touch. If you lose an arm, the part of your body map that has an arm gets taken over by neighboring areas, and so on. The

whole thing is this incredibly dynamic system. It's not like anything that we know how to build. Um. You know, here in Silicon Valley where I live, everything is about hardware and software, and engineers are praised for building an efficient system where you've got these two layers and that's it, um. But what's happening in our skulls is an entirely different kind of technology. And so I in the book, I ended up coining a new term for this live Wired

or live where. And the idea with live where is that every moment of your life, this is reconfiguring itself. So you've got eighty six billion neurons, these are the cell types in the brain. You've got about point two quadrillion connections, and every moment in your life, these things are changing their strength of connection. They're unplugging, they're replugging elsewhere, they're seeking around. What you have are these dense jungles. And you know, this level of complexity is something that

bankrupts our language. We don't have any way of talking about point two quadrillion connections moving and changing. But everything in your life, every experience that you have, UM changes who you are. When you learn, for example, that my name is David, there's a physical change in the structure of your brain. And that's what it means for you to then remember, you know, two months later, who's the

guy you had on your podcast David. You know, it's like it's it's this constantly changing system and it's UM unlike anything that we know how to build at the moment. So UM you know, as you as you saw in the book, I tell these different stories just by way of introduction that are so fascinating, Like you can take out half the brain in a child. For example, when children have this really bad type of epilepsy, there's a

surgery that they go through. Half the brain is removed, and they're just fine cognitively, they're totally fine because the rest of their brain, the other half says, Okay, I'm gonna rewire the functions that are that went missing from there. Sometimes a child is born with only half a brain, you know, and things just get get rewired so that it all is there and we can't you know, you can't do this with your cell phone or your computer. You can't take out half the circuitry and expect it

to still function. But it works just fine, especially with a young brain. Now, with all of this in mind, into this live wired understanding of the brain in mind, um, I thought we might back up to a very basic question. Uh. Sometimes I guess we don't think about because we're I mean, we were trapped in the brain. We can't see the forest for the trees. But what what does the brain do?

So the brain is locked in silence and darkness inside the vault of your skull, and all it's trying to do is make a model of the world, as in, I've got all this incoming data. And by the way, the data that comes into the brain is just spikes, just little electrical spikes, and these neurons. It doesn't know that these spikes represent photons, and these spikes represent air compression waves, and these spikes represent mixtures of molecules hitting

a membrane and so on. All it knows is I've got data coming in as zeroes and ones and um and it knows that it can can troll a body. And so it's job is to figure out, all right, how do I control the body? How does that change the spikes coming in? And how do I make a model of the world. And this is an extraordinary technology that we have carrying around on our shoulders. Um, As I said, we we don't know how to build technology like this, and we're just scratching the surface of even

trying to figure this out. But that's what the brain is doing, locked in its in its vault, is figuring out, Okay, how do I understand the world. And and it's really extraordinarily good at at extracting patterns and eventually making predictions and um, yeah, that is that is the main job

that is trying to accomplish. Now, the big part of the book deals with how our senses, uh you know, speak to the brain and how the brain works around limitations uh such as that are the ones you mentioned with the half of the brain being missing at etcetera. And also uh you know relating limbs uh and uh and I love how use these various metaphors to explain that to the reader. Would you mind explaining to our

listeners how our brains are, like Mr potato Head. Yeah, So this is something that struck me many years ago where I realized that, so we've got all these sensors like our eyes and our ears and our nose and our fingertips. All these things were used to and so we just sort of think of these as fundamental. But but when you look across the animal kingdom, what you find are all these other weird kinds of sensors, things that you could take in like snakes taken infrared information,

honey bees taken ultra violet. When you look at something like the black Ghost knifefish, it has electro receptors where it's pulling in information about perturbations and electrical fields. Um. Lots of birds and cows and insects have magneto reception where they are picking up on the magnetic field of the planet and they're navigating that way and so on. And what I realized is Mother Nature doesn't actually have

to recreate the brain every time she does this. Instead, the principles of brain operation, she's figured that out at the beginning in ing, and then she can just plug in anything she wants in terms of what is the information that would be useful to sense. And that's why I suggested this potato head model of how to think about this, which is to say, you just take any sensors and you stick it in and it's good to go.

The brain figures out, Okay, I've got this kind of spikes coming in um, and it seems to correlate with this other sense, and it seems to allow me to find food or avoid predators or whatever. And so it just figures out what to do with that information. And so this is a very new kind of way to think about the brain. It's essentially understanding the brain as a general purpose compute device. You feed in whatever kind of data stream you want, and it's and it's good

to go. And this, you know, explains a lot of what happens evolutionarily with genetics. It just what it allows Mother Nature to do is just tweak around with the genetics to make new kinds of sensors. But one of the really amazing things you you discussed in this is that is that you can plug an eye into an ear hole or an ear into an eye hole on the Mr Potato head of our of our brain, and the brain will roll with the data that that's exactly right.

And so this is an area called sensory substitution, which is to say, you can feed information into the brain via an unusual channel. And so something I started in my lab about ten years ago was seeing if we could build sensory substitution for people who are deaf. So what we do. We started by building this as a vest with vibratory motors in it. So you've got a whole bunch of little buzzers like the buzzer in your cell phone, and um, it captures sound and turns out

into patterns of vibration on the torso. And it turns out that that worked really well. We could get people who are profoundly deaf to start understanding what is happening in the auditory world just predicated on this spatio temporal pattern of vibrations on their skin. And the reason it worked is because it doesn't matter how the information gets to the brain. As long as it gets there, the rain will establish the correlations and figure out what to

do with it. So, as an example, if you see, you know, the dog's mouth moving and you feel the buzzing on your skin, you know, your brain puts that together really easily. Or you know, you see somebody speaking, or or we train people by showing a word and you you know, you feel the world on the vest and you start understanding what's going on. So what we did then is we shrunk it down to the size of a wrist band. And because you and I are on video, Robert, you can see the wrist band that

I'm wearing right now. It's you know, it looks about the size of a fitbit and it has very sophisticated computation in here where it's capturing sound and turning that into patterns vibration around the skin of the wrist. And um, so what we've been doing is we uh this Actually now I spun a company out of my lab called neosensory and we have been on the market since March

and we're now on wrists all around the world. So people who are deaf for have hearing loss of some degree where this and they are picking up on the auditory world through their skin. Now, the interesting part is this is exactly what the inner ear is doing. Your inner ear is just registering vibrations of your ear drum and it breaks sound up into from high to low frequency, and then it ships it off to the brain. And all we're doing is transferring the inner ear to to

the wrist and it works. So that's the idea of sensory substitution. Is your um just getting the information there via a different route and the brain figures out what to do with it. And if this weren't amazing enough, there's this then this this other additional step, this idea of of plugging all new things into it, like new forms of sensory information, new even uh, you know, not only limbs of replacement, but artificial additional limbs. Use the

example of doctor Octopus from the spider Man comics. Um, can you tell us a little bit about how even like this nineteen sixties sci fi concept is not that far removed from our current understanding of the brain. Yeah, so um, let me actually let me say two things. Actually, one is what we can do, so let me just separate out sensory information coming in and motor information going out.

So sensory information coming in. One of the things we're doing with the with our wristband called buzz Um is we can not only take in sound information for people who are deaf, but we could actually expand the sensory information that you would normally have. So for example, with somebody who's not deaf, we feed in ultra violet or infrared or or things like that, where we're expanding senses

that you already have. And then we're doing this other thing called sensory addition, where we're feeding in brand new senses that you've never had. So we can feed in any day to stream with this, like stock market data or Twitter data or factory information or anything at all. Feeding this in and as long as your brain can make correlations with what it's seeing or hearing around it, then the brain can figure out how to utilize that information.

So we actually just finished a big developer contest where people did all kinds of projects with you know um monitoring air quality or monitoring you know, blood sugar and your bloodstream or um. Um many many different kinds of monitoring of feeling, electrical fields and so on. UM. So all this, by the way, if if anybody is interested, we have an open a p I and an s d K four buzz. You can get this on neo central dot com and pursue any kind of project you

want this way. So we've had hundreds of people just making their own thing, which has been which has been very cool. Now to switch to the second thing about motor output. UM, Yeah, it turns out that your brain UM is not pre programmed to drive your body, but instead can figure out whatever the affordances are of whatever is there. So just as an example, you know, one of the things I tell the story about this dog

UM that was born without four limbs. It didn't have his front legs, and so it just she walked bipetally. She walks on her back legs like a human and presumably any dog could do this, but they're not sufficiently motivated, but so she just walks around her hind legs and UM. What this illustrates is that dog brains are not pre programmed to drive dog bodies, but instead they figure out, Okay, here's what I can do. I need to get to my food, to my water, to my mother whatever. This

is how I do it. And so um. Also, I you know, tell the story of the guy who's the world's best archer. He has the world's record for best archery shot, and he doesn't have arms, so he does this with his legs. And it's just another illustration that the brain figures out whatever body it's in says okay, I figure how to drive this. Of course, we see this when people, for example, get an amputation. Let's say they lose an arm in a motorcycle, accent or something.

The map of their body in their brain readjusts to say, Okay, I see I've got a body without an arm, so I'm just gonna figure that out now. Okay. So, because it is not pre programmed, it's extremely flexible. Um. I think that we could actually build any kind of body

we want. So um, coming back to your question, I you know mentioned about Doc Cock in the nineteen sixties, which debuted in spider Man, the scientist who plugs in four robotic arms so that he can actually do extra things and poor beakers and so on, and he controls us with his brain. But then there's an explosion his lab and he turns evil and he scales buildings and learns new forms of martial arts with with eight arms and so on, and um, Dr Octavia starts to go

by Doc Dock. Anyway, UM, the exactly as you said, This is not as far off and weird as we used to think, because now what we're doing is with for example, patients who are paralyzed. Um, you can put electrodes into their motor cortex and they can learn to drive a robotic arm even though they are paralyzed. They drive the robotic arm with their thoughts, which sounds weird, but that's of course, how you drive your fleshy arm.

You just you know, you think about it, you learned the you learned what the put signals are that make your arm respond. It's the same thing with the robotic arm, and you can do that. And there have been experiments with monkeys where they their bodies work fine, they're not paralyzed, but they can drive a third arm with you know, with their thoughts. So they're driving a robotic arm with their thoughts. There was an experiment done where a monkey um uses his motor cortex to make a robot walk.

But the interesting part was the robot happened to be across the world. The monkey was in North Carolina and the robot was in Japan, and the signals from the monkey's brain were being sent over the internet. And you can get the robot, you know, the monkey to control the robot just with the spikes in its motor cortex. And so, UM, I think it's going to be no time at all before we really start controlling external devices

with our thoughts. And one of the things, one of the frameworks that I build is this issue that what we think of as the self, what you think of as your body, just as a matter of control, what can you control with your body? And I think this is by the way, why we understand our reflections in a mirror to be us. Because you move in it moves, and so you're driving what you're seeing over there, so

you think, oh, yeah, that's me over there. Um. But what this means is in you know, make up a number thirty five years, when we are controlling a robot with our thoughts, it is essentially an extension of our body. What it means is that that will become us. It will be a part of of your body. All right, we're going to take a quick break, but I'll be right back with David Eagleman. Thank alright, I'm back with

David Eagleman. In the book, you talk about the live wired brain as as being a place of competition, um, based on the input that's coming in. And I was just really uh intrigued by this, this new theory of dreaming that you discuss. Would you would you mind h sharing that with our listeners. Yeah, um, yeah, this is something very cool that's come out of our studies of plasticity, and UM here it is. It's that when any part

of the brain goes unused, it gets taken over. And so for example, if you go blind, your systems for hearing and touch and all of that real estate will take over the part of the brain that we used to call the visual cortex. So the surprise in neuroscience

has been how rapidly this happens. Um. What group found about thirteen years ago was that if you take sighted people and you blindfold them tightly and you stick them in a brain scanner, within about an hour you can start seeing activity in the visual cortex just based on um hearing or touch. If you touch them on the hand or something, you start seeing activation in the visual cortex. Now, it's not because the neurons have had a chance to

grow that fast from hearing and touch into the visual cortex. Instead, there's all kinds of cross wiring the brain where those systems are already reaching over into the visual cortex. It's just that they're normally silenced and they're inhibited, so they don't get to do anything. But that inhibition starts wearing off very quickly. And so I was really shocked by the speed at which hearing and touch could take over.

And so my student and I were talking about this one day, and what we realized is there's a very critical thing that happens because we live on a planet that rotates into darkness for half the time. You know, in the dark you can still hear and touch and taste and smell and all that just fine, but you can't see. And of course I'm talking about evolutionary time, not recent electricity times. And so um, what this means is that the visual cortex has always been in a

big disadvantage when the planet rotates into darkness. And so what we realized is, Wow, if it doesn't want to get taken over by the other senses, it has to have some way of defending its territory. And what we realized was that that's what dreams are. You have this very specific circuitry that starts in the midbrain and goes through a series of depths and just blasts activity into the visual cortex every night about every ninety minutes, and

and that's its only job. It's just blast activity in there. It's very specialized circuitry. It's very specific of the type of thing that to the ananimouss eye is not accidental. And so and of course, because it's our visual cortex, we you know, we see and we think, oh, I'm having this full, rich visual experience. Um. And of course dream content might have to do with you know, it certainly has to do with what you've experienced during the day in which synapses are still hot and so on.

But but the point is that it's just blasting activity in there to defend the visual system against takeover. And

so we've now done big studies on this. For example, where I'll just give you one thing that we just published recently where we compared twenty five different species of primates and we looked at how plastic they were, because across even the primate kingdom, you have this um you know, spectrum of how plastic you drop into the world and then how much rems sleep they get in other words, how much you know, rapid eye movement or or dream sleep,

because this is when dreams happen. And it turns out that the more plastic you are as a species, the more dream sleep you have because you need to defend it more. As opposed to the other end of the spectrum. And say, lemurs drop into the world and they're pretty much fully baked um and they have very short you know, adolescents time and walking time and weaning time and all that stuff. Um, they don't have much dream sleep because they don't need it because their brain is sort of

baked into place. And by the way, I'll just mention one other thing because people sometimes ask about this, which is um you know, they say, do blind people dream? Yes, blind people have dreams where activity is getting shot into their occipital lobe at the back of their head. But because they are blind, they don't experience that is vision. Instead, they experience. It is hearing and touch. So blind people's dreams are all about you know, weird bizarre things just

like ours, but it's not involving vision. It's you know, I'm I'm walking around the house and all my furniture is rearranged and I'm feeling stuff, and then there's a air and I'm feeling the bear and all that kind of stuff. So um, but it's exactly the same circuitry that they have, because this is a very fundamental circuitry

that has burned into the system. And it doesn't care whether your eyes are working or not, because it's it's more, it's deeper than that, and has working on this has has changed the way you reflect on your own dreams at all. You know, I've always actually felt that dreams are not terribly meaningful like my own. You know, I wake up. I've always described this as sort of sticking

your head in the night blender each night. I kind of hate trede Um, But now I have a deeper appreciation for why I'm going through that night blender because um, if not, I would wake up in my visual system would be really disadvantaged. It would be taken over in large part by hearing it by touch. Especially in the later portions of the book, you you get into two memories and and even identity, and there's there's a lot that really seems to resonate with the state of the

world right now. How do you feel this book speaks to the reader? Yeah, I think there. I think there are many ways. Um I'll mention too. One is actually, let me start with this optimistic one, which is um as lousy as has been for everybody. And you know, this is a year where there's serious spikes for everybody in stress, anxiety, depression. It's just there's all kinds of

bad stuff. But I will mention one tiny silver lining of this is that, from the point of view of brain plasticity, we've all been kicked off of our hamster wheels and we're all being forced to rethink many things that we never thought about before. So I mentioned before that our brain is locked in silence and darkness, is trying to make an internal model of the world out there,

and we all pretty much had that. We thought, Okay, I get how the world works, I get how things operate, how people respond, how to get toilet paper, how to get food in my fridge, stuff like that, and all of a sudden everything changed. And from the point of view of brain plasticity, this is actually really useful. It has forced a kind of creativity, an unwanted one for sure, but it's forced kind of creativity where you're having to

rethink everything. We're having to understand many things in more depth that we never thought twice about before. And um it turns out when we look at things like you know, dementia, what happens is people retire and they stop challenging themselves, and their brains end up in a worse and worse state. And the people who retire and end up fine and much better off are those who keep challenging themselves with

novel things. And that includes even basic things like just you know, making sure you're not just sitting around watching TV, but instead, you know, taking on new sorts of challenges and tasks and keeping an active social life and stuff like that. So anyway, this is what's happening to all of us. And I have a slight suspicion this will be hard to prove, but just an intuition that we may find a slight dip in dementia UM in in

the coming years. For people who have been you have lived through this early twenties, um, simply because they've really gotten a chance to build all kinds of new roadways in their brain, whereas they might not have done that as as adults. The second thing that I'll mention as far as is one of the things that my lab has been studying for a very long time is social neuroscience, which is this issue of how there's a lot of

the brain circuitry that's devoted to other people. In other words, you know, we normally look at the brain and we think already there's hearing, these touchows, vision and so on, But in fact, a lot of your circuitry has to do with modeling other people. And you might know a thousand people and you've actually got circuitry devoted to every one of them, and circuitry devoted to okay, who knows who and have they dated before and blah blah blah.

I mean, it's it's a very sophisicated social system that we're carrying around. And so one of the things that got me interested a long time ago, and we've published and written on this for years, but suddenly it really is important. Is this issue about in groups and out groups, and it turns out that, um we here, I'll just

tell you really quickly about a study we did. We take people into the brain scanner and we show them six hands on a screen, and the computer goes around and selects one of the hands at random, and then you see that hand get stabbed with a syringe needle. And what happens is you really cringe when you see that. It's it's awful to see somebody's hand get stabblished with a needle. And that activates this network in your brain that summarized as the pain matrix, which is to say,

you're you're such a feeling the pain of that. Um that is the neural basis of empathy. You care about somebody else because you're immediately running a simulation of what if that was my hand, even though it's not physically your hand getting touched. But what we do then is we put a one word label on each of these hands Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Atheist, Hindu, scientologist, and then the computer goes around and picks a hand and see the hand gets stabbed. And the question is do you care?

Does your brain care as much if it's someone in your out group versus a member of your in group, And that's exactly what happens. If it's a member of your in group, you have a much bigger response, and if it's remember of your outgroup, your brain doesn't really care that much. And it turns out that we do

all kinds of versions of this. Just as one example, we then say, okay, the year is twenty five, and these three religions have teamed up against these three religions, and now your two allies you care slightly more than you did a minute ago, just because you're told in this one sense thing that that they're allied with you, and the others are still clearly in your outgroups. So

your brain just doesn't care as much. And by the way, just as a side note, atheists have exactly the same thing about seeing atheist hands get stud So it's not an indictment of religion. It's just an issue about in groups and out groups who you feel like you know what your labels are. UM. So we've done a lot of work on that. If anyone's interested, I wrote in uh an article in The Economist last year called does your brain care about other people? It depends um, But

all of a sudden in. Unfortunately, all of this stuff is more relevant because society is really finding ways to divide themselves up with in groups and now groups. Um. You know, some people blame social media. The fact is, you know, I'm a real student of history, and the fact is that we've had this kind of stuff happened all the time, with the Chinese Cultural Revolution or the Russian Revolution or you know, or what happened in Nazi Germany or we we've we've seen this stuff lots of

times before the Internet. So it's not like the Internet. Is this the single thing to blame here, This is just human nature. Um. So anyway, this is what I think is relevant to Alright, we're gonna take one more break, but I'll be right back with David Eagleman. Thank alright, I'm back with David Eagleman. So well, let's let's take a brief journey into the future here again coming back to the idea of neural technology in the future allowing

us to augment our senses our bodies. If you, let's say you were to enter a state of suspended animation and emerge a hundred years from now, how much of the human sensory experience will have changed, and how different, How difficult do you think it would be for a twenty second century human to relate these senses to you? Yeah, I think I think this is a key issue, which is to say, we have certain what are called quality of which is, you know, our internal experience of something

like vision and hearing and so on. And you know, obviously the stuff is completely made up by our brains in the sense that just as example, colors don't exist in the world. All you have is different wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. But your brain comes up with a way of summarizing things quickly, so it can see the ripe fruit against the green leaves. It says, okay, I'm gonna call that red that green perfect um, even though that

doesn't exist. So we have this internal experience of the world. And of course, you know, sound also doesn't exist as such, You've just got air compression waves, but we turn it into you know, beautiful voices in music and so on. Um. Okay, But here's the thing. It's because your brain has lots of experience with this that it eventually turns it into this direct perceptual experience. And so the question is, now, if you fed in a new kind of data stream

through the neo century buzz, for example, the wristband. If you fed in a completely new kind of thing, would you come to have a direct perceptual experience of it? And our data right now suggests yes, that that you would. And the thing that's so weird about this is there's actually no way to describe it to somebody who has not had that experience. So imagine that you had a friend who is color blind and you tried to explain orange to your friend. There's no way that she would understand.

She could eventually pretend and say, okay, Robert just quit talking and I'm gonna pretend I understand, but she wouldn't ever understand orange nous. Why because you have to experience it to get it and so um. And you know, if you have a blind friend, try to explain what vision is your friends, I don't understand. You're you're trying to You're you're capturing folte that you're capturing millions of photons of second from across great distances, and there's just

no way that they can understand what that's like. And so the same thing applies, I think for twenty second century people who are getting direct data streams fed to their brain of stock market or microwave data information or um you know, gamma ray information or whatever the thing is that they're feeding in. You're like the person who doesn't understand what orange is or what vision is to them.

And they can try really hard to explain to you, and you can even pretend at some point they understand, but you you just won't. And UM, So I think we're on the verge of a really interesting moment in history where where we're gonna essentially start speciating, as in, people are going to have such different experiences that they

won't be able to relate them to each other. Now, let me just say there's a sense in which this is no different from what we've always had in the sense that you know, you grew up in your hometown and had your experience. I grew up my hometown and had my experiences. Then there's a sense in which brains

are very different anyway. Um, but this is just going to be more of that where I'm you know, plugged directly into Twitter, and you're plugged directly into infrared information and we just can't quite get what the other person is experiencing. So you worked as a science advisor on

HBO's Westworld. That's right, that's right, um. And you know, one of the things that I've found in advising for television in general is that there are all these topics that I and my colleagues have debated for years, were you know, for example, the question of could robot become conscious and what would that mean? And would they have free will? And so on? Um, and you know, we write all these academic papers on it, but it's it's such a cool opportunity to get these questions to, you know,

into the public square with fiction. And so something like West World is tremendously successful into getting people to think about these sorts of questions. And one of the things that I did as scientific advisor was, UM, got our vest or neosensory vest into the show. So you know, it was I don't know if anybody out there I saw this episode during season two, but um, these military contractors drop into west World to take care of the hosts, the bad robots, and they are feeling on their vest

their location of the robots. So there's location over there there. Sorry, there's a there's robbot over there. There's one over there and then they can shoot them accordingly. But we've actually used exactly that. For people who are blind, we've used the same idea, which is they're wearing the vest and they're feeling where people are around them, and oh, there's somebody coming up behind me, there's someone over here on my left, and so on, and then we can add

navigation directions on top of that. Um you know, so it buzzes okay, go four, oh go, the left now goes straight and so on. Um. So yeah, that was a very cool, very cool opportunity that we had to get our technology into this futuristic show. I love that sequence in the show because I felt like like a lesser show would have just copied Aliens and just had you know, blips on a map. Uh And but this felt this this fell thoroughly science fictional in nature, you know.

I mean, but then a GO course is using actual technology that we're developing today. Exactly right now. You mentioned West World bringing scientific topics or just topics concerning things like consciousness out into the public square. The first season at least discussed Julian James b cameral mind hypothesis or brought that up a little bit and I know you wrote about this a little bit in Incognito, but what

are your general thoughts on this hypothesis. You know, what's interesting is that no one actually knows if it's correct or not correct. So what Julian James proposed is that it may be that you essentially have two sides to the brain, the left and the right side, literally the two hemispheres, and that those used to be more separate and um, so it was as though people were hearing

a voice from somebody else. And what he argues is that if you look at ancient literature, like ancient Greek literature and so on, there's always this thing about hearing a voice from God and so on. Um. And the argument is that very recently the left and right hemisphere started connecting in a deeper way. Um, and so there was this super highway of fibers that goes back and forth between them. And so what we have now is a unified consciousness instead of two separate voices going on

in our heads. As I said, nobody really knows that this is right or not, because there's no simple way to test this directly. What I argued an incognito, though, is essentially a a distant cousin of that, which is that What is absolutely clear is that we are not a single thing. So we think of ourselves as individuals, meaning not divisible into different parts. But but in fact who you are is a collection of different neural networks

that all have different drives. And this is why we can argue with ourselves and custed ourselves in contract with ourselves, and canjole ourselves who's talking with whom? Here? It's all us, but it's different parts of us. So this is why if I take some warm chocolate chip cookies out of the oven and put them in front of you, part of your brain says, don't need your get fat, and part of brain says that looks like a high energy sort.

You know, I totally want to eat those cookies. And part of your brain says, okay, how about I eat the cookies, but I'll go to the gym tonight or whatever. Like everything that we do in our lives, we have arguments with ourselves about okay, what should I do here? Part of me want to eat, this part of me doesn't want to, And so what's going on? There are all the different voices, the different political parties of this

neural parliament that we have running under the hood. And this is the framework that I built in an incognito, is that we've got this parliament and the way you go just depends on the majority vote in any given moment, and so you're not one thing, You're a collection of voters. All right. I have one one last question for you. Um, if if you could go back in time and serve as a science advisor on any past science fiction film,

what would it be. What would you most like to go back and tweak or correct or make a little more neuroscientifically interesting. Oh gosh, I have to think about that off the top of my head. Um. Something like the Matrix is terrific, because that's an example actually of of a piece of fiction that got everybody talking about

this issue of how do you know? Like you know, Descartes said, how would I know if I'm a brain in a vat um and and I just think that I'm feeling and hearing and seeing these different things, And that that got upgraded that question by philosophers um at different stages in history. But but essentially that's the question

is how do I how do I know? If there's a bunch of scientists that are zapping my brain with electrodes that are making me feel that I'm talking with you on zoom, and the weather is nice outside and so on. But then the matrix, I think, singlehandedly upgraded that question too. How do I know if I'm in

the matrix if I am a simulation? And and as things have gone on, especially in the last I don't know ten years in Silicon Valley, it feels like people talk about that question more and more seriously all the time because you look at our computational capacity and you think, well, it's it's really not that hard to make super sophisticated VR in So what's this gonna look like in one twenty? I mean, you could make something that is absolutely convincing.

I mean, forget it. You can do that. It's just like a convincing So the question is, how would you know if you exist in a simulation or not? And what they cart concluded, by the way, is that there is no way for him to know um, And this is what led to his very famous declaration japon suit I think therefore I am um, because what he meant by that is, look, I don't know if I'm in a simulation, but all I can tell you is that there's somebody thinking about this question. So I exist, whoever, whoever,

whatever situation I'm actually and it doesn't matter. There's some I that exists, and that was actually a quite important move in philosophy. But the point is, we have absolutely no way of knowing if we are in a simulation or not. And uh, we don't even have any good hypotheses about how we would be able to find that out. And by the way, it might not matter. I mean, you know, if I told you with certainty that we are or are not, it would it might not change

anything about what you're doing. Um so, But so I would love to have been involved in in that movie and and add in just a few neuroscience e uh twists and sentences and questions there. Awesome, David, thanks again for chatting with me today. Great, Thank you, Robert. This is blessed all right, So there you have it again. The book is Live Wired, The Inside Story of the Ever Changing Brain by David Eagleman. It's out now and if you want to check out Neosensory, you can just

go to neo sensory dot com. If you'd like to listen to other episodes of Stuff to Blow Your Mind. You can find us wherever you get your podcast and wherever that happens to be. We just asked that you rate, review and subscribe. Thanks as always to Seth Nicholas Johnson for his recording skills and editing skills and bringing all

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