Sinkholes, Part 1

from Return of the Jedi. I think that was the original context. I think that was the original point at which we begin to hear listener males about the idea of that in a Sink Whole episode, because we talked about the star Lac and then we talked about some ideas and was it meso American uh mythology concerning uh entities of the ground that swallow things up? Oh, that could be at well, I know we ended up talking about the Bible, which will revisit in a minute here.

But one of the questions that came up was, you know that scene in movies where there's an earthquake and and then suddenly a crack opens up in the middle of the street and it's you know, miles deep, and it just swallows people down into it. Uh. The question was like, does that kind of thing really happen? Does during an earthquake? Does the earth open up and open these deep pits and chasms that people fall down and

disappear into. And our previous answer to that was, well, not really, or it seems like that's that's extremely rare if it ever happens. That's not like a common feature of what happens to the surface topology during an earthquake. But sinkholes, a listener pointed out, or a very different story. And sinkholes could explain many of these stories, uh, from from mythology and all that of the earth opening up and swallowing people. We can get back into that in

a bit. But you actually turned up a really interesting photo essay about a fascinating sudden opening of a sinkhole. Uh, just earlier this year, that's right, Well, actually it was last year. God. Yeah, I haven't turned the calendar fully yet. It's still it's still It's like that year is kind of like the the other world in hell Raisers, So it's got chains with hooks and them, and they shoot out of the walls, and so the hooks are still in my brain, but I'm slowly methodically rebuilding my body

to escape. All right, Well, this is this story takes us back to April. So, um, what happened is a whole opened up in the front yard of a home in Black Hawks, South Dakota. UH, specifically in a housing development there that was called, perfectly enough, the Hideaway Hills development. That just doesn't sound great. I mean, no offense the people who lived there, but it doesn't sound like a place I want to go. It sounds like a place where I don't know where you like retreat after you've

committed a crime. What was the housing development? Unarrested development, Sudden Valley or Sudden Yeah? Yeah appropriate as well. So Um, like you pointed out, there's an incredible photo essay photo series on this on board Panda about this. If you look up board Panda, Black South Dakota Sinkhole, you will find it because uh this photo essay, if you will.

It takes us through a journey by a local caving group called Pahsapa Grotto as they decided to venture down into this hole that opened up in this front yard to explore the world beneath the suburbs. Now, this sinkhole, it turns out it's going to be very different than most of the sinkholes we're talking about in this episode. Most sinkholes open up over some kind of void that is formed in the rock below, and as we'll get into a lot of that usually has to do with

water and hydrology. But in this case, the void in the rock below the neighborhood was was more was of

a more artificial persuasion, right. That's because there was an abandoned gypsum mine beneath the housing development, and so the cavers had they had to lower down in on ropes, you know, had to use like actual caving equipment into the dark and sometimes flooded tunnels beneath reportedly over two thousand feet across in a hundred and fifty feet why this tunnel um complex, uh And they encountered the remains of what looks like an old like nineteen fifties automobile.

There's just a whole world down there, like a whole uh Minoan maze beneath this you know, rather mundane looking housing development. It's like two levels of weird. So first of all, it's yes, the suburban, you know, neighborhood. And then just in the middle of somebody's front yard a pit opens up, so that's the sinkhole. But then it's that the sinkhole goes to this maze and yeah, like you said, there's like an old Chevy convertible down there,

and I'm wondering, why is that down there? Did somebody drive it into the mind before the mine was sealed up? Yeah, I don't know, Like, it's just it's a place full of questions, is a place full of the past, of mysteries, and so the article it's gets into some of the

community fall out over all this. But but what I love about this episode is it illustrates for us this divide between the surface world, so tightly manicured and controlled so much of the time, and a world beneath that we have only a shaky understanding of, like something out of a mash up between Poltergeist and The Descent. You know, a gateway to that hidden underworld might open up at any moment and reveal its secrets to us, invite us in, perhaps swallow us entirely, and then we'll be part of

that underworld. Because if we're being you know, perfectly rational without any supernatural ideas like that, that idea alone is terrifying. You know that the earth might open up and we might fall, you know, into a pit. But then if you begin to layer in beliefs and superstitions, then yeah, become this whole becomes a portal to other realms. Yeah, exactly.

Now we've talked about natural features in the landscape taking on religious significance before, Like in we did a couple of episodes called The Acred Mountain, which was about mountain peaks that were considered to be holy or supernatural or the dwelling places of gods or places that Win explored.

People often reported having supernatural experiences. They're like One of the things that came out of that was the the often reported third man syndrome, feeling that mountain climbers sometimes have very high up But we talked about possible ways that, like the effects of the sun or that altitude sickness could contribute to that um But there are also ways in which sinkholes can take on similar types of religious significance, can have a similar mythological appeal, and One great example

is we is some of the sinkholes are also known as sinots that we see throughout Mesoamerican religion and the Yucatan Peninsula and among the ancient Mayan people. But I guess well, we'll come back to that more later. I wanted to get to this question about the the idea that the earth can open up and swallow you. It's an image that seems like to perfectly fit ancient myths and texts that you would imagine passages like this appearing

in you know, Babylonian texts or something. It definitely appears in the Hebrew Bible, for example, in the Book of Numbers, there's a passage where Moses is speaking to people and he's trying to demonstrate that he was in fact sent

by the Lord. And he uh he, he says, and basically he makes a promise that hey, if the Lord has sent me, he'll he'll send a sign and you'll know it because there will be this group of people that will be swallowed up alive into a pit that opens up suddenly in the earth for for these wicked people who have rejected the Lord. And the passage says

in uh. In the book of numbers. Now it came to pass, as he finished speaking all these words, that the ground split apart under them, and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up with their households, and all the men of Cora, with all their goods. So they and all those with them went down alive into the pit. The earth closed over them, and they perished

from among the assembly. And so I wonder, I mean, obviously, with passages like this, I wonder if it's this kind of thing that inspire that scene in every movie that has an earthquake in it where suddenly a bottomless pit opens up in the ground and people get sucked into it. Yeah,

you know, this could also be graboids. If I think, if they want to make another Tremor's film, which they will, I'm sure they should go for, you know, some biblical flare here, go for an Old Testament Tremor's movie with with Moses being our central character. And that's a very good direction. Now, one thing I want to say, because I feel like I have to bring this up every

time we talk about geo mythology. Uh, there's this question of is this story in the Bible based on something that's someone in history witnessed witnessing a real world geological event, perhaps a sudden collapse of a settled area due to a sinkhole. Uh. And, as I pretty much always do whenever we talk about geomethology, I want to emphasize that fantastic imagery and in myths and legends and religious text doesn't necessarily need to be explained by someone actually having

seen something physical in the world. I think we can sometimes go overboard looking for natural, realistic explanations of this kind to explain what somebody thought they saw that appears in a story. You know, people are highly imaginative, and

sometimes stories are just stories. But there's always also the possibility that stories like these could be based on people hearing stories about having seen I don't know, there was a there was a castle or a building or something like that that was just swallowed up into the earth, which if you didn't have any kind of geological understanding with which to to interpret that, it would certainly seem to be a you know, a supernatural event. I don't know,

I don't know how else you would interpret it. Yeah, Because I think one of the things that really drives home and when we we see examples of sinkholes, and we hear stories like this, we see cinematic interpretations. Is that idea that the that terra firma is not that firm, is not that fixed, that it could change, that the that the firm ground beneath our feet could suddenly give way, you know, like that alone is just this kind of

uh you know, horrifying idea. Uh that that it that it easily applies as a metaphor to everything else in our in our life. You know, that the thing that is the order that we depend upon might go away at any moment. Yeah, it's interesting to think about like a vertical spectrum of of ways that the natural world can intrude on our lives and how most of the stuff that we're that we're used to thinking about taking into consideration, worrying about as as possible threats, all basically

takes place like on the surface of the Earth. And that you know, when you go to the vertical ends of that spectrum, you've got like impacts from space coming from above, sinkholes, oupening opening up from below, and these phenomena intrude on that day to day understanding of physical forces. Yeah, so it's it's no surprise We were talking about this before the podcast started rolling here that if you start looking around for sinkholes online, you'll find just so many galleries,

top ten lists, lots of click bade about sinkholes. Like sinkholes are kind of they're kind of like a like they're kind of like true crime. You know, they're um there. You also see them, like I was noticing like very tabloid sites, sites that otherwise they're not going to really have anything related to geology, but they'll have sinkholes. You know, it'll be celebrity gossip, um, and you know, maybe some conspiracy theories. But then also uh, big old holes opening

up in the earth. Chump boxes are full of sinkholes. Have you ever noticed this? These are the like the link um grids at the bottom of blogs and whatnot. Yeah. Yeah, So, like, you know, like most websites on the Internet these days are just being more and more infected by ads that

essentially take the form of malware. But if you scroll down to the bottom of most articles or any text image based website, you'll usually see one of these boxes that's full of just like extremely tacky, distasteful images that are either like something that's kind of sexually suggestive and a gross way or something that is uh has some kind of like health vibe, like it looks like infected skin or holes in skin, or some kind of bite or something like the kind of a necrotic bite that

you might imagine someone would get in their worst nightmares from a brown recluse, you know that kind of thing. Um yeah, they they tie into our like deepest most primal fears and desires, just pure eroticism or just pure necrotic damage or indeed holes opening up in the earth. You know, it's got to be something extreme like that to make it into that grid of horror. Yeah, the toilet with the rat coming up through it? Remember that one? Oh yeah, I think I've seen that one. That was

a common chumbox image or the like. You know, doctors say never eat this vegetable, but they don't tell you what it is. Yeah yeah, yeah, sometimes it is um it. It's economic as well. You know, there'll be some sort generally it's like a picture of an old person and just a few like alarming words about you know, investments or retirement or something. Right, but that is the world

will single are actually in their own way. I mean, of course, they can be horrifying, they can be destructive to human life, but they are also fascinating in their own way, in a natural way, they are wonderful. Uh. There can be beautiful uh legends and stories attached to them, and so I don't know, I feel like they are the most uh naturally beautiful thing that that fits in the chum box. I mean the rat and the toilet can't compete. I mean the rat and the toilet. We

could do an episode on that as well. But yeah, I agree, the sinkholes need to be rescued from the chum box. Uh. And that's kind of what we're doing in in this episode of stuff to blow your mind and the possible second episode to fall. Alright, So sinkholes are formed in a number of ways, but most naturally occurring sinkholes, like most other things on planet Earth, in

the end, come back to the power of water. Water, of course, is the molecule of life, largely be because of its power as a master solvent, and in much the same way really that water created life on Earth, probably it also creates many of Earth's most astounding geologic features. And so this is how we we get sinkholes. For the most part so as carbon dioxide in the air or in the soil mixes with rainwater, that mixture forms a weak acid with the with the chemical formula H

two c O three. So what you've got there is you've got your H two oh the water, and then you've got your C O two the carbon dioxide. They react, they make a compound with two hydrogens, one carbon and three oxygen's And this weak acid formed in the atmosphere or in the soil is known as carbonic acid, and

it is the primary reason that caves exist. Now most caves in the world, not all, but most are formed by the drainage of acidified water through what you might call soluble rock, and uh soluble rock types of rock that can react chemically with this water and be dissolved and carried away now they're There are multiple kinds of soluble rock, including minerals like salt and gypsum, But probably the most important, or at least the most charismatic, is limestone,

which is in itself a fascinating and even mind boggling rock. And sometimes I really do think a lot about limestone, and maybe people are aren't inclined to be as impressed by it as I am. But if you don't believe me that limestone is amazing, I think it's worth considering that if you live in an area of the world you know this primarily resting on limestone, which in the United States would include huge portions of like Florida and

the coastal southeast, big parts of the Midwest. If you live in a place like that dominated by this this carbonate rock, you are walking around every day on rock that is probably mostly built out of dead bodies. Limestone

can be formed in a number of ways. Some of those ways are a biotic, but one of the major processes that forms limestone is the gradual deposition of the shells and other hard calcium carbonate body parts of animals and other tiny organisms in the oceans and rivers and lakes where they accumulate on the bottoms of these water sources over millions of years, and apparently feces also in general,

waste products can contribute as well. So the calcium based body parts of algae and coral and oysters and all kinds of creatures of the sea settle in the deep and then they're pressed down and paved over by time and pressure until they become layers of sedimentary rock. I really just think about that. Sometimes limestone is largely made out of life that has died and become rock, like the fallen creatures of Earth pile up and become part

of the crust of the Earth itself. Wow, it's like it's like the Medusa's layer, right, just all these the petrified bodies. Oh, that's I wish I had thought of that when we were doing our Medusa episodes, except I guess in the Medusa Garden that they keep their form right here. They just sort of like go back to whence they came. They become part of this mass. But anyway, it's via rocks like this that we get so many of the naturally occurring sinkholes on the Earth. So how

do they form? Well, imagine that there is a storm, it rains here in an area with some kind of soluble rock, let's say it's a it's a carbonate rock, it's like limestone, and rainwater collects on the surface of the earth and then runs downhill. And if that rainwater drains down into cracks insoluble rock like limestone, things begin to happen much in the same way that you can dissolve table salt or sugar and a glass of water.

The crystal contents of these soluble rock surfaces are gradually dissolved in and carried away by that acidified water, and over tens or hundreds of thousands of years, that dissolution of the rock by a water can turn what might have started as this tiny stress fracture in a chunk of bedrock into an underground cavern large enough for a human to climb into. And of course, as the centuries go on, these these voids created by the drainage pathways of water can just get bigger and bigger. They can

form underground rivers that form larger and larger voids. And it's this dissolution of soluble rock by water that usually leads to the creation of sinkholes. Uh though these voids in the rock I think sometimes maybe geologists will get picky about this. These voids in the rock are not technically themselves sinkholes, and we would normally think of them as voids or just caves right their caves in the rock. Um. Rather,

a sinkhole is more of a topographical designation. It's a topographical concept about the ground and the surface of the earth. So according to the U. S Geological Survey, a sinkhole is quote an area of ground that has no natural external surface drainage. So like in one of these areas, if it rains, water just pools in, and there's nowhere on the surface level that allows this water to run out. So if the water leaves, it's either evaporating into the

air or it's draining out through somewhere in the bottom. Sinkholes, of course, can form gradually over hundreds or hundreds of thousands of years, often of steady dissolution, or they can form quite suddenly, for example, when the ground over a void in the limestone below is suddenly just suddenly there's not enough for it to support its own weight, and then it just collapses and reveals the void that had

been there for so long. Uh. And we know that the sudden appearance of a sinkhole can have these devastating effects on human settlements and uh whatever is lying on the surface, which will get into more later, but it can also have strange otherworldly effects simply on the geological and hydrological landscape itself. And I wanted to share one amazing example that I came across while I was reading up for this episode. This was the opening paragraph in

an article for The New Yorker by David Owen. There was an article about sinkholes called Notes from Underground, and this, this paragraph really gave me chills when I got to the end of it. So if you don't mind, I just want to share this year. In the fall of nine, much of Lake Jackson, a four thousand acre natural body of water just north of Tallahassee and a popular site for fishing, water skiing, and recreational boating, disappeared down a

hole like a bathtub, emptying into a drain trophy. Bass became stranded in rapidly shrinking eddies, enabling children to catch them with their hands and toss them into picnic coolers, and many of the lake's other fish, turtles, snakes, and alligators vanished into the earth. At various times during the next few years, the lake partially refilled, redrained, and refilled again.

Jonathan Arthur, who is Florida's state geologist and the director of the Florida Geological Survey, was among several people who, during a dry period, descended a ladder into the main opening, which was about eight feet in diameter. Quote, you could climb down twelve feet or so and then walk under the lake bed. He told me recently. I hadn't gone very far before my red flags went up, and I

was like, maybe I won't go any farther. So that image, it combined with the way it's phrase that that really gave me goose bumps. Yeah. Yeah, the idea of yeah, I mean, it really feels like like a place you do not belong that you know, the the cave beneath the lake that is. Yeah, that that that could potentially

fill back up at any moment. Well. And also, I mean I think anybody who, especially people who do like scuba diving and stuff, are made uniquely aware of the dangers of of being in places that combine water and overhead rock. Like, yes, about that that can be an specially dangerous and and suddenly dangerous, surprisingly dangerous combination of features. Yeah, I mean, even if you are an experienced cave diver, cave diving is dangerous. Uh so, um so yeah, that

is a dangerous realm to to go down into for sure. Now, I figured it would be worth talking about a few of the different ways that natural sinkholes form um Obviously things will be a little bit different if you're talking about sinkholes, you know, created by human activity, though human activity can also contribute to some of the things I'm about to talk about. But but if you're talking about

natural sinkholes in a carbonate rock like limestone um. There are three main pathways that were highlighted in UH in several sources, in my major source here just being the U. S Geological Survey, who has great materials about this um. And so the first one is dissolution sinkholes. These are relatively gentle sinkholes. You can think of it as a

kind of top down sinkhole. Here. What you picture is that you've got a thin layer of what would be called overburden, and overburden just means whatever stuff's on top of the rock that makes up the ground. So this means soil could be sand, could be clay, pebbles, rocks, other material resting on top of the rock layer on

the surface. Now, in a dissolution sinkhole, rain comes down and it collects in a depression in the soluble rock and just continues to dissolve and deepen that depression over time as water gradually percolates down into cracks or joints

in the rock below. These tend to form very gradually, so you can picture kind of a a gentle sort of dip or pond in the rock that water is going into, and slowly, over time it's draining down into the rock below through some cracks or other types of openings, and as it does so, it is dissolving more and

more of the rock and carrying it away. The next type would be cover subsidence sinkholes, and this is where you've got a lower level of soluble rock that gets dissolved by the process we've already talked about, you know, water running through it opening up a void in the rock. And in this case, if the soil or overburden that is above that layer of rock has certain physical characteristics, I think, especially if it's like a more free flowing

kind of granular sediment like sand. Basically the overburden or the soil above kind of gradually pours down into the void that opens up. You can imagine it being kind of like sand pouring down from the top half of an hour glass into the bottom half and uh, and that that overburden pours down fills the void up partially, but as it does so, it's sort of like creates a depression of visible depression in the surface of the overburden. And these types of pits tend to develop pretty gradually

and not be all that deep or all that dangerous. Right. You've probably seen pits like this before. You're just walking through a field and suddenly there's just a depression in the ground. Very possibly what's going on there is this cover substance sinkhole. The soil is just kind of draining

into a void in the rock below. Now, of course, it's worth noting in all of this, even these milder forms of the sinkhole can certainly be destructive if you have some sort of humanum structure built atop of it, or a road, etcetera, which is sometimes the case. Right, But these first two have the benefit of not being sudden. You know that they're going to take time to develop. The third category that this is the real monster that could inspire the geo myth. Potentially, this is the cover

collapse sinkhole. And these are the ones that can potentially happen in an instant and at least in the United States, they tend to be most common in places where the overburden is mostly clay. So again you start the same way that the last one did. Avoid opens up in the underlying layer of soluble rock, and then the lower levels of the overburden gradually drained down into the cavity in the rock. And as this happens, what you get is a cavity gradually opening up from from below and

climbing up into the overburden or the soil itself. So imagine again you've got a rock with a cavity or a void in it, and then maybe a layer of clay, and so the clay on the bottom starts to seep down into that cavern below and it just opens up a bigger and bigger void in the clay. And eventually what's going to happen there is that that void in the clay reaches a point where where the collapsing roof of the void breaches the surface, which means whatever is

on the surface falls into the hole. And that surface might well be a road or a lake bed, or the ground under a building. And this is the example where we can see sudden collapses that can be deadly and destructive and terrifying because suddenly what you thought was solid ground is revealed to have long how to avoid beneath it, and suddenly it can't support whatever's on it anymore, and it all goes down into the void. It's basically like a trap door effect. You know. That's the that's

the terrifying part about it. You know, that's like suddenly there is this opening beneath this and and people, you know, can can build things without having any idea that that's what's down there. Yeah, I mean, we've we've gotten to the point where if we know what we're looking for, especially you know, we we have more tools at our disposal, uh for detecting sinkholes and potential sinkholes, and in keeping track of existing sinkholes that may be expanding, but but

expanding it may have expanded. But yeah, for the most part, like that, the the the idea here is that you don't know what's going to happen, and then suddenly there's this chasm there in the earth. Now. Another thing that's interesting to me about sinkholes is that we often think about geological events like earthquakes and volcanoes as what people sometimes call acts of God, you know, natural events that occur for reasons vastly be on our control and that

we can do nothing to stop. But there is some indication that human activity may have more impact on some massive geological events than once thought, and it certainly appears to have an effect on the proliferation of sinkholes in particular.

In other words, sinkhole collapses can it seems absolutely be invited by human behavior, as will probably discuss more as we go on, but in broad strokes, it appears that sinkle collapses can be induced by uh SO, one thing is human construction and other changes in the top level terrain, especially how that affects water drainage. So you're moving earth around and changing the way that water drains on the surface. That can lead to sinkhole collapses. But also pumping of

groundwater is a huge thing here. You pump out groundwater from deep underground uh The pressure of the natural water that's in the ground helps keep the soil above it in place. So if you take that water out, you lower the groundwater level, you can cause collapses of the overburden lying over now evacuated aquifer voids. Another thing that seems kind of relevant to that story you started with. Remember the single collapse that turned out to lead to

a mine down below in South Dakota. The mine was a gypsum mine. So gypsum is a major mineral that's that's in the ground there. We've been focusing a lot on limestone, but one thing to note that I did read also from the U. S Geological Survey was that other types of underlying rock layers, such as minerals like salt and gypsum, those can sometimes dissolve and form voids

much faster than even sedimentary carbonate rocks like limestone. So limestone will form these voids with water running through it over you know, thousands of years, but apparently, uh, salt and gypsum potentially with the right circumstances can form large voids in in a matter of you know, days or months. Well, let's get into some examples of sinkholes. Uh. And granted, there are so many sinkholes that have either existed for you know, thousands of years or have just popped up

in you know, recent decades. But I want to start with one that I imagine is instantly coming to a number of your minds. And you're you're especially when we were talking earlier about click baity uh sinkholes. And that would be the two thousand seven and especially the two thousand ten Guatemala City sinkholes. Um, they're they're worth mentioning for a couple of reasons. So, so, first of all, there are some very dramatic photographs of this thing. Photographs

so dramatic that they they look photoshopped. You know, they don't look real. Absolutely, it looks like something out of a movie. Yeah. It looks like a hole has been like a cylindrical hole has been bored into this city scape and it just descends into absolute darkness. It is. It's a terrifying image. Um. And and and when this these occurred, I mean, these were dramatic, traumatic events. These

were deadly occurrences. That two thousand seven sinkhole killed five people and required the evacuation of more than a thousand. The two thousand ten sinkhole swallowed a three story factory and killed fifteen people. And in both cases, Uh, it seems to there seemed to have been a at least

a trio of causes. So there was the impact of tropical Storm Agatha as well as the Pacaya volcano eruption, but also leakage from sewer pipes and all of this so work together to erode uncemented volcanic ash, limestone and other pyroclastic deposits beneath the city. And this case is actually so visually alarming. There's a Snopes article about it, not because there seems to be like a lot of

misinformation about the event itself. Uh, but it gets picked up continually on social media as it just happened, as if it just happened, you know, this week or today, as opposed to a decade ago. Right, So the photo is real, the story is real, but it's but what needs to be debunked is that people want to just like reintroduce it as newly relevant over and over again

because it will always get attention. It's so dramatic looking. Yeah. Uh, there's also a good Atlas Obscure article about it, though I have to point out that the Atlas Obscura article, I think this is a feature of just things that they have cataloged on the site. But it says, sorry, great Guatemalan sinkhole is permanently closed, which which is it is a weird sentence to read. Now. Meanwhile, up here in North America, we have our own sinkholes of note.

For instance, there are two giant West Texans sinkholes in Wink and Kerment, Texas. They're located about a mile apart, and these are similar to the Guatemalan sinkholes, and that we have definite UH connection to human activities. These were caused by oil and gas extraction in the area, especially during the heyday of nineteen to nineteen sixty four. UH Wink Sinc. Number One opened in nineteen eighty and Wink Sinc. Number Two open twenty two years later in two thousand

and two. And I was looking at a two thousand sixteen Southern Methodist University study where they were they were taking a look at these sinkholes and the fact that they seem to be expanding because the ground there is still unstable due to changing groundwater levels and dissolving minerals um. However, like I said earlier, were now able to use stuff like satellite monitoring to keep a better track of sinkhole

development and progression. But again this is the case similar to what we were describing earlier, where we've taken stuff out of the ground and in doing so we have disrupted like the you know, the natural balance of things down, they're making uh, sinkholes more likely to occur. Looking at a picture of the wink sinkholes, uh, just not as impressive as some of these because the water level seems to have been filled up pretty close to the top.

So it looks like just a weird pit in the middle of the desert that could be like a lake. It's just you know, water in it. But uh, but I imagine if you that water were to drain out, it would look pretty pretty messed up. Yeah. Plus the bar is pretty high for spectacular looking sinkholes, as we'll continue to see as we discuss other sinkholes in the in in this episode in the one to follow. Well, so I was wondering, what's the what's the deepest known

sinkhole on planet Earth? Oh, well, if we want to go to the deepest, uh, then we have to go to China. That is where we encounter China's um. This is the the Shijiao uh Tien King or the Heavenly Pit, and it's it's name for a nearby village and then uh Tian King just means heavenly pit. And it's located near chan Qing in southwest China. It's apparently six hundred and twenty six meters or two thousand and fifty four

ft long. It is five hundred and thirty seven meters or a thousand, six hundred sixty two feet wide, and it is between five hundred eleven and six hundred and sixty two meters deep or between one thousand, six hundred and seventy seven to two thousand, one hundred seventy two feet deep, So it's deep. That's a big It is an enormous hole. And this is one that I recommend looking at pictures of because it's is really splendid looking. It's beautiful because it um you have the it's it's

you have this this this double um. It's like a double pit. There's like the initial pit and then the pit below. You have vertical walls going down to a little area that tapers off, and then more vertical walls going down even further. There's some rich vegetation around it. Um. It's it's really beautiful to look at, and indeed it

is a tourist attraction if you travel there. There apparently two thousand, eight hundred steps constructed that allow visitors to journey all the way down to the bottom of that second nested pit which I was reading, I think it takes you're gonna spend like a couple of hours doing that. I think I read that this is also a limestone pit, and yeah, one of the great things about it is

pits of the size and of of this age. You know, it's been around for a long time where the surface life has just poured down into it, so you know, it looks almost like the forest is spilling into the pit, and of course the you know, it's a habitat for many animals. I think I saw a report that maybe

rare like the clouded leopard had been spotted there. I think, oh, interesting. Yeah, you see time and time again reading about different sink calls that they inevitably become uh like an interesting place to look at biodiversity. And we'll get we'll get more into that later. But yeah, these are these end up being you know, they're not just especially ones that have been there for a considerable amount of time. They're not

just holes in the earth. They don't remain voids. Nature feels that void and it does so in very remarkable ways. Now there are numerous um heavenly pits in this of China, and I can only imagine that there are some really interesting traditions and legends about these geologic features, but I have to admit that I could not find any of them,

at least none that had been translated into English. So if anybody out there has that information, I would love to hear about it, because a sinkhole like this is just it's just too amazing. And it's been around way too long. It's been around since ancient times, so there have to be some cool traditions and legends regarding its origin and things that live there, et cetera. Yeah, like you, I was looking for similar things and I couldn't find

any any any cultural context for it. But I would love to know if you know out there now there is another Chinese sinkhole of note that does have some cool legend applied to it, and that is a dragon hole in the Paracel Islands. It's nine four feet deep two hundred and ninety nine meters, so this is out in the ocean. It's also known as the Young Lu dragon Hole, named for the fifteenth century Mean Dynasty Young

Lu Emperor Um. It's also known as the Eye of the South China Sea and the tradition here is that this is where the Monkey King uh soon Will Kong finds his golden cudgel in Journey to the West. So this would be his magical staff. If you've ever seen a movie with the with the Monkey King in it, or seeing images of the Monkey King, this is his big, amazing fighting staff. So he actually gets it from this pit.

Well that is that is what they've sort of taken the story and said, oh, this must be the pit okay, because in the story he has to retrieve it from the underwater kingdom of of Ao Guang, the dragon King of the East Sea, and uh yeah, this this amazing magical staff, the the compliant golden hooped rod or has it also been translated as the as you will gold banded cudgel? Um? Oh I see compliant or as you will? Yeah, yeah,

it's um. They're also there's legends that this may have been you the gray It's measuring stick for determining the depth of the Great Flood, So it has that would make sense that you know, it would be underwater because there's this connection to the depths, and so anyway he dives down into this hole and retrieves it. Now is this. Uh, this is a picture of this pit that you've attached

here for us to look at. Yes, so again it's out out in the water, and it's just like a sudden deep section of the of the water, a hole in the sea floor that contains you know, dark depths. You may have seen pictures of sinkholes in tropical oceans like this before, for example, if you've ever seen a picture of the Great Blue Hole, which as I think is in Belize. Um. So the way that looks from above is that, yeah, you'll see a sort of just ring of dark blue surrounded by much lighter blue as

as I guess, that just reflects the sudden difference in depth. Yeah, exactly, it's this is very much in keeping with the Great Blue Hole, just maybe less dramatic looking, but still extremely beautiful. Now.

In is reported by Danny Lewis for Smithsonian mag dot com, researchers discovered uh like something like forty nine sinkholes clustered close together while serving the chin Lang Bashan Mountains in China's uh uh Shaanxi Province, the largest being one thousand, seven hundred and six ft or five hundred and nineteen meters wide and a thousand and fifty or three hundred

and twenty feet deep. So um, yeah, it's uh. We keep finding these things, you know, or in many cases, rediscovering them, and every time discoveries like this, you're made. You know, it's not just an interesting geologic curio, it's a fresh opportunity to gaze back in time to understand geology, biology, and even the climate of the region in in times past.

Oh yeah, because this is an interesting thing. You were pointing out when we started looking at this, that sinkholes are often used as a kind of scientific time capsule, that there are ways that sinkholes can tell us things

about the past the face can't do quite as easily. Absolutely, and I think we'll start our next episode by diving into that discussing the ways that sinkholes are are very often time capsules that we can unlock, that we can we can venture into not just to you know, to to to be in awe of the of the you know, this dramatic environment around us, but to uncover the secrets of the Earth and the secrets of the ecosystem. I can't wait. We got a lot of cool stuff to

talk about next time. We can talk about uh, sinkholes in religions, sinkholes in space, sinkholes as time capsules. It's gonna be great, that's right. And in the meantime, if you want to check out other episodes of Stuff to Blow Your Mind, you know where to get them. You can get them in the Stuff to Blow your Mind podcast feed and you'll find that wherever you get your podcast, Just rate, review and subscribe, uh to support us. We have core episodes of Stuff to Blow Your Mind every

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