From the Vault: Dune Technology

and October. So this is going to be the first episode of our Dune revival. This this one originally aired on September and it was called the Science of Dune Technology. Right, one of the main focuses in this episode is going to be the still suit. These are, of course the water reclamation suits that you see in the movie adaptations and of course appears in the original nine book by Frank Herbert as well. Right, Robert, are you ready for another Dune movie or you just pretty satisfied with our

with what exists now? I am satisfied with what we have now, but I am all in on a new vision a new cinematic vision of of the Dune universe. Listeners out there, I've got homework for you. If you have never seen David Lynch's Dune, or if you have seen it, either way, you should go watch David Lynch's Dune and just take notes on all the scenes that have a pug in them. There's a pug, a royal pug. I don't think the pug was in the book. I don't remember anything about a pug. Maybe in the sequels.

Are there are there pug sequels? They should do one. They should have like the pugs of House of Tradees. That would be a wonderful focus for for one of the prequel novels. But in David Lynch's movie, there is totally a pug in several scenes, like sometimes he's sitting in Karl McLaughlin's lap. Sometimes Captain Picard is about to run into battle on the planet Iracus and he's just gotta do He's got a pug in his arms. Dune pug. Yeah, it's just one of the mini wonderful visual features of

that film. An imperfect adaptation. But I am I am not the sort of Dune fan that can completely hate upon film adaptation I will kill him. Yes, all right, Well it's a long episode, so without further ado, let us enter the vault. Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind from how Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, this is Edric, your gul navigator speaking, just letting you know that we've begun our approach to a minimal safe departure for our

one way John to the planet Oracus. This is, of course just a precaution, as the Spacing Guild currently holds an impeccable record of Holtzmann enabled space fabric distortion travel. And as always you can rest assured that no thinking machine has taken your lives. It's care, but rather the President Lunge augmented powers of the human mind. So set back, enjoy our in flight presentation of maud By conversations, and our flight attendants will check in with him shortly. Hey you,

welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind. My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Joe McCormick, and uh, I want to thank a musician or Raleigh porter for that bit of music there. That's the laxo off his two thousand eleven album Aftertime, released by Subtext Recording, and you'll find a link on the landing page for this episode to learn more about that work. But it's the title of

this episode and our our intro narration. Um UH Presents were of course talking about the Done universe in this week's episodes, so we've probably heard us talking about Dune on recent episodes of the show. I've mentioned several times that I've been reading it. I finally finished reading it. I loved this book. Yeah, I'm about halfway through my my reread of it, and this I think this will be the third time I've read it, and it's it's a book that has a special place in my heart

as well. It's very strange to me that a book written fifty years ago. That's one of the reasons we're doing this is that this year in it's the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Dune, that a book this old can feel so fresh and imaginative. So much science fiction is disturbingly familiar when you when you go to it. I don't know. When I went into the world of Done,

I was constantly surprised by what I encountered. Yeah, it's so unlike, you know, anything that had come before it, and and and unlike even though it's it's had a huge impact on the genre. Um, there's nothing quite like it to this day. I mean it's, uh, you have this space age feudalistic society and it's full of you know, you have profits, you have fabulous creatures, you have strange science,

strange technology that's changing the shape of life. Yeah. So to describe the influencer in terms of the influenced, a young person approaching done today might want to think of it as sort of like Game of Thrones in space because a lot of political intrigues, Yeah, but also with with a lot of philosophical commentary. And I have to say, this is the most ecological novel I've ever read. I've never read anything as concerned with ecology and the conservation

of resources. Yeah, A tremendous amount of thought went into the creation of this, this alien ecosystem, an alien ecosystem that is not only intrinsically interesting, but but plays an enormously important role in the plot. Right, So we're gonna do two episodes about the science of Dune, talking about the world of imagined by Frank Herbert In in his novel Dune and in the larger Doune universe, but then also real world parallels to this science and how Doone

has influenced science fiction. Yeah, so we're gonna be discussing some of the science fiction, some of the actual science.

But one of the reasons that they the sci fi aspects of Frank Herbert's done, you know, continues to resonate so well is, first of all, it's set tremendously long period of time in the future, and he does a great job about giving me some details but leaving a lot of the details a bit ambiguous and unexplained, and you're just sort of left to fill in fill in the blanks in your own mind, right, and if you know how sci fi fans work, they will fill in

those blanks. Yes. So two of our primary resources here um are, first of all, a fabulous new publication titled The Science of Doone, edited by Kevin R. Grazier, ps PhD. It's an unauthorized exploration into the real science behind Frank Herbert's fictional universe. And it's a series of essays all all you know by experts in their in their field, planetologist, cosmologists, et cetera. It's a fabulous book. We'll have a link to where you can pick up a copy on the

landing page. For this episode, we also doug in a little bit into the Dune Encyclopedia, which came out in It's long out of print, but there are used copies out there available for purchase. And this was compiled by Dr Willis E. Nick and Nelly and uh. This also involved a number of different freelance writers and U and some scientists weighing in on not only the science potential science underlying the details of Herbert so a Universe, but also some of just the cultural aspects as well. Right,

it's got recipes for frem and flatbread. Yes, I was you pointed that out yesterday, and I was very fascinated by the top of They're also lyrics to songs. There's as well as some uh, some some science into how say, you know, sandworms or face stand answers may have worked. You know, thinking about the recipe for frem and flatbread, I wonder why the fremen would cook anything, because cooking is almost always the cause of much evaporation and loss

of moisture. Well, perhaps they have a special oven like a still of and that captures all that moisture. Yes, so they seal off the kitchen and no moisture can escape, and then you can cook. Yeah, indeed, that makes sense. Now. I also just wanna don't want to preface here too that they were dealing primarily with the nineteen novel Dune, with some discussion of details that may pop up in Frank Herbert's later novels. We don't really get into any

of the more recent works by by Brian Herbert. Brian Herbert is, of course the son of Frank Herbert, and he continued the saga, did some prequels in a number of Legends of Dune books with with his collaborator, But I have personally not read them. I know a lot of people enjoy them, so um, Yeah, we would love to hear from anyone who who has read those books, who has additional information they want to share based on

their enjoyment of that sort of continued universe. Right, But these two episodes we're doing are going to be primarily the first novel, Dune, and then our wonderful supplementary materials. Yeah, the kind of stuff that I think for the most part, people even who haven't read the book, might be familiar with from either the Of course, the David Lynch film adaptation. Oh and we got to talk about that. Oh yeah, the Sci Fi Channel mini series from several years back,

or just sort of the general cultural residents of the series. Um, and we're gonna try and make sure it's not too deep, so if you have little or no understanding of the Done Universe, will hold your hand through the stands. So we mentioned it's going to be a two part episode. This first episode today is going to be about primarily the technology of the Done Universe, and then the next episode we do or we're going to try to focus on the organic components, the biology and the ecology of

the Done Universe. But before we get into the meat of today's episode, I think we should just give a very very brief cursory plot synopsis to people who haven't read the book but want to be able to have a basic idea of what's going on. So what happens in the novel Dune, Well, essentially you have a space opera in which you have a galactic civilization spread across various planets right right, and there is one precious key resource in the universe that everybody wants and sort of

controls all trade, and that resources, the spice milange. It comes from one planet in the entire universe, and that planet is a raucous also known as Dune. Yeah, it's the stuff that really makes uh, ultimately travel between planets possible. It makes the interplanetary economy possible. So everything is hinging on this one precious commodity. It's kind of the It's essentially the oil of the done universe, right, and you

can't get it anywhere else. So the characters that come in on the story that there are two main houses in the story. There's House of trade Ees and his House Harconan. The Tradees are it's it's kind of manniche and I guess the Tradees are the good guys and the Harconan's are very very bad guys. Yeah, but I mean the Hardconans are they're they're they're a product of the environment to to a certain extent, but yeah, they're they're pretty villainous. Yeah, And they are essentially competing for

control of the planet that produces spice. And there's a lot of warfare and backstabbing and treachery and double crossing and and tests of loyalty, but ultimately the main thrust of the story is the adventure of Paula Tradees, the young son of House of Tradees, and his mother Jessica, while they're learning how to live on the planet Dune and eventually participating in a journey of cosmic discovery and

revenge and drugs. Like at the heart, it's such a quintessential, like nineties sixties product, right, because it's about a young man who takes an allucinage and and h then saves the calaxy. You know, I never thought of it that way, but that's that's pretty much right. We'll get way more into the drugs in the second episode. But today we wanted to talk about the technological theater of the Dune universe.

And I think one of the coolest concepts that's created in the book that that Frank Herbert comes up with is the idea that this is a future scenario without computers or robots. Right, yeah, it is a post Buttlerian jihad world. Uh So, basically, imagine that the singularity has occurred. We have thinking machines everywhere that are caring for is looking after us more of I tend to interpret more.

It's like the beneficial aspects of of a post singularity world in which your computers are not like you know, enslaving you and making you were working their salt minds, but they've just become such a ubiquitous aspect of our lives, and eventually humans rebel against that. Yeah. So there is in the past of this universe a great war against the machines, and it's it's referred to, as you said, by the name the but Larry and Jihad from the name Butler, but Larry and Jihad. And I like the

idea that it invokes the concept of jihad. So it's not just like in the Terminator movies where there is a war for survival against the machines, or maybe like you might find in the Matrix or something like that, the machines take over, they decide they want to kill us or enslave us, and we fight back. There is there is that element, I think, but there is also a deeper, more spiritual element, which is where the concept of the jihad comes in. It's a physical struggle, but

it's also a spiritual struggle for the soul of humankind. Yeah. Indeed, like some of the Herbert Frank, Herbert himself didn't really give you a lot of details on you left it. You know, like a lot of the details in the universe a little ambiguous, and you're helping. You left to sort of um, you know, dwell on the philosophical implications, but just a few quotes from the fictional tombs such as the Orange Catholic Bible that play a prominent role

in the universe. Thou shalt not create a machine in the likeness of a human mind. Thou shalt not disfigure the soul. And then this is a great line from some of the appendix material uh in novel. Then came the but Lerrian Jihad, two generations of chaos, the god of machine logic was overthrown among the masses, and a

new concept scept raised man may not be replaced. I've been thinking a lot about this, um just in my daily life, you know, about not even with like thinking machines, but just the use of Facebook in your daily life, you know, the the use of social media, the use of all these gadgets. And so for me, when I think of this spot Lerrian jihad, it's it seems as much rebellion against that as it is against you know,

some robot with a with a laser gun. Sure, and it's not unusual for our technology change us, right, I mean, it doesn't just make our lives easier, it changes the way we we prioritize things and the way we we go about our lives. One way of looking at this might be something like agriculture. I mean, that's a technology that I think a lot of people would argue fundamentally change the human animal Homo sapiens is not the same

anymore after we invented agriculture. And you could probably look at the rise of thinking machines, of computers and perhaps the same way it is changing us in a very fundamental way. I mean, who knows what that look like ten thousand years in the future, as as the done universe imagines, But it's doing something to our brains. When we can have vast computational power, vast power of storage of information, and as imagined by this sort of singularity,

future decision making power that we can outsource two machines. Yeah, I just think of all the things we outsourced already, all the things we no longer bother to remember because the machine remembers it for us. So yeah, like you said, your your interpretation of this coming in I agree with this about the butlerry and jihad having something to do with the way humans are changed by our dependence on machines.

So either way, we end up with a situation in these these books, in this world where we've kicked out the computers. We kicked out humans one, the humans one. But now all the humans have to do all the things of the machines were doing beforehand. So what do you do when suddenly, uh, you know, just think about a business, so you can't depend on accounting software anymore, you need what do you do? You have to turn to the human mind to deal with all that accounting.

What do you do when it comes to navigational concerns? I mean, even in our own lives will become dependent on these uh like things like Google maps and ways right to tell us how to get from point A to point B. If we throw that out the window, suddenly we have to look at maps. Suddenly we have to know which way is north and south. It falls to the human to know how to navigate. Yeah, and it gets even tougher of course when you're in space.

So without the aid of advanced computer computation, um, they have to turn to human capabilities uh and they have to essentially breed and train uh special classes of humans to to to take on these varying taxing tasks. Right, and so some of these classes that you encounter in the Doune universe, well, one of them, the most straightforward upgrading of the human mind to replace computers would be the mentats. There are several characters in the book who

are explained to be men tats. And this is pretty straightforwardly a human computer. It's a person whose mind has been trained and I think in some ways stimulated by drugs. Yeah, they're constantly consuming some variation with some wine type eli SATs sort of supercharge them. It's kind of like a red buy. Yeah. It talks about their purple stained lips. And these mentats really do in some ways fulfill the function of computers. And otherwise they're sort of like advisors.

They're they're sort of the perfect computer human hybrid. They can do computation, they can store vast amounts of information. They seem to pretty much remember everything like that. They do not ever forget any details, or at least as far as I can tell from the first novel um. But then also they they are attuned to human nuance. It's something that's not true the computers today. They might be more replacement for the kind of you know, superhuman

artificial intelligence that we imagine in the post singularity world. Yeah, and it's interesting too that they have kind of an ethical guideline to them. And if you want one that's twisted, you have to Essentially, it's like a jail broken iPhone. I want to order a sociopathic mentap Yeah, in that case, you have to go to the Relaxa and they will provide you with one. And of course one of them is a is a major character in the early goings of the novel. Yeah, that's true. And then of course

there's the spacing guilt. These are individuals who handle in your planetary travel and this is a very complex, dangerous arrangement. So you have Guild navigators, individuals who have been specially bread trained and to varying degrees engineered to make the kind of advanced navigational computations necessary to get from planet day to planet B without just popping out of existence. Yeah. Now, we mentioned that the mentats rely on some kind of

drug that stains their lips purple. The Guild navigators definitely rely on a drug, and that drug is the drug we talked about of the opening, Spice. That will will go more into the spice and the effects of Spice in the second episode, but it's a key part of their outlook of their abilities is not just this computational power, but also sort of the ability to see the future,

which Spice gives them. Yeah, at least a very limited amount, just so you can see what where your various choices will take you, and you can, at least in the next few seconds a avoid the ones that will destroy you. Yeah, and therefore sort of feel your way through the dark, uh safely from point A to point B. Yeah. And then there's a third group of these sort of advanced humans that I think is is maybe the most interesting of the three and also the hardest to pin down

and define. But they're the Binny Jesseret. So the main character of the novel Poul Trades, his mother is Jessica, and she's a Binny Jesseret trained woman. The Binni jesssere At are a a female order of super smart, very perceptive, highly trained priestesses of some kind who haven't they haven't They have an aptitude for politics, for one thing like that they are tuned into all the finer points of human expression that we miss every day. There's sort of

human lie detectors. They can tell what people are thinking and what they're gonna do by micro expressions on their faces, tonal shifts in their voices. And they command a sort of supreme knowledge of the human animal and how it works. And they play a fascinating long game too, of manipulating mythology, um mamonics and UH and culture to their benefit. Yeah. One of the most interesting examples of this that comes up in the novel is the idea of them. Is

it the called the Missionary of Protectiva? Yes, which is this fascinating idea that the this order goes throughout the galaxy, seeding planets with mythology that later members of the order can rely upon if they're in a pinch. So it says, if you went to every city in the country you live in, spreading rumors about I don't know, prophecies about someone who would come to your community and save it from poverty and and and everything, and then you tell

all your friends exactly what to do to fulfill those prophecies. Yeah. Yeah, So it's a factless failsafe. Also, they're gonna laying the grounds for future manipulation. Uh. And of course at their heart they also have a breeding program, yeah, which has some I think some creepy similarities to eugenics programs. Yeah, Andy, there's definitely a eugenic vibe to it. They're trying to breed a specific person a what they call the quistat's hat iraq um, a term signifying one who can be

many places at once. I thought the translation of that term was the shortening of the way. Yes, that right, Yeah, I believe, Yeah, that is also invoked as well. But according to the Don Appendix, in simpler terms, what they saw it is quote a human with mental powers permitting

him to understand and use higher order dimensions. So they're trying they're essentially trying to breed a superman tat, a human supercomputer with from some preceientabilities found in the Guild Navigators, but without necessarily without the without necessarily having to imbue the spice. Yeah. Yeah, So in a sense, they're trying to to get to that next phase of evolution in terms of human thinking, the human thinking apparatus. I don't think you can make evolution happen. You just gotta wait

on it. They're they're determined them. And then on top of that, you have the beneath a laxu who have continued to refine human form and function, often in ways that push the envelope of acceptabilities. Though, and this you see that, you know that post human conundrum, like how much can you change a human and it still be

a human? Yeah? I love this aspect of the universe, that it's so fresh and interesting that they imagine a future without robots and computers, because robots and computers, of course are ubiquitous and uh in science fiction, and I think a lot of times with good reason, because that it certainly does seem to be the trend in human history is outsourcing all of our capabilities to machines that can do them better, or at least do them cheaper, or I don't know, a greater scale. But here we

have human technology. It is really the wet war future universe where all of the things that computers used to do, or even that you know they can't do for us today but we only imagine they could do, are all replaced by human perfection. Yeah, you know, and it all makes me think two of our episodes and techno religion. Right, so, particularly some of the conundrums of how do I create a refrigerator that will operate in keeping with the laws

of the Stabbas? Right, You're you're having to advance your technology, but do so within search certain religious frameworks and religious guidelines. Right. Oh, yeah, because we don't want to lose sight of that. It is dictated in the Orange Catholic Bible. And it's not just that people sort of frown on computers. The Bible says you shall not do it, right, It's it's blasphemy to do this sort of thing, so you have to

you have to work around it. Yeah. So the sort of upgraded advanced human brain technology is a larger feature of the Doune universe, and if we want to try to relate that to real technology, I can't see that there's all that much we could say about it, except that, of course people can there are some people with exceptional mental abilities. People can hone their their skills in certain areas.

But I don't know if there's a wine you can drink that will make you a ment at And I'm doubtful we will ever discover such a thing because I tend to assume that the human mind is already operating probably a pretty close to its capacity. I don't buy into this whole like, you know, we only use ten percent of our brains. No, yeah, yeah, that that they tend to throw that out the window when you start and also when you start looking at like what makes

an individual genius? You know, it's not just in nature, but it's also nurture. There are several different factors. And granted, I'm sure the manipulations of the Beni gesture it would involve both nature and nurture, but but still yeah. But on the other hand, if we do want to isolate specific capabilities of these people, say the capability of the Beni Jesstera to read micro expressions, I think that very

well could be trained in a person. Uh. And then other things like the ability of a ment at to recall vast amounts of information beyond what would normally be accessible to the average humans memory. I think you could compare that to what the really good people, the memory athletes do, you know, like we talked about in the Memory Palace episode of people make these memory palaces that like,

how exactly does that work? Oh? That's of course, just using a different type of memory and invoking spatial memory to to memorize say a list of terms or a you know, or a table of information. Yeah, so if you have a list of five hundred numbers that you could never remember, well, what if you imagine those numbers as objects that are kind of strange oriented in a room that you're familiar with. Some people can use methods like this to recall things that we would never normally recall.

But anyway, that's sort of the the human technology and the broader universe of doone. I think we should now zero in on the planet Dune itself, the planet Iracous, because the physical conditions on the surface of this planet constitute a huge part of the struggle of this book. A lot of the plot is just based around the fact that this is a desert planet. Water is extremely scarce. People are constantly fighting to stay alive and preserve moisture in a place where every single drop of water wants

to evaporate and disappear. Yeah, it's like an extremely harsh life and it requires some some rather ingenious cultural innovations, but also technological innovations. Yeah, and I think one of the most interesting pieces of technology we encounter in the book Dune is the still suits. So what are the

still suits? All? Right? So still suit and this is something I imagine people are definitely familiar with from the movies and and and again may just be from leader with outside of having ever seen or read anything doing related. But it's a second skin worn by the deserted inhabiting fremen of Iracus, and it traps body moisture and recycles it through tubes, cooling the wear and also preventing water loss.

So they collect your sweat, your urine moisture from your fecal matter, and then coils it around you, cools you down a bit, and then you drink it out of a little a little straw in your mouthpiece. Yeah. So, if you've seen pictures of kar McLaughlin with little things dangling out of his nose in the desert, that's probably from the movie Dune, unless he did in another movie with stuff hanging out of his name in the desert.

That's from the movie Dune. And he's wearing the at least the David Lynch version of what the still suit looks like. The fremen you mentioned or these are sort of the native inhabitants of the planet Iracus. These are the people who are perfectly adapted over many generations to life in this extremely harsh desert condition. Yeah, and the Fremen, they take their still sue disciplined very seriously. They don't

waste any water. They keep their still suits on unless they're in a sealed off place that can retain moisture. And it sounds like a rough life, but it's also very interesting is described in the novel because of course, what happens to you in the desert without a still suit, Well, you die. And uh, it's we're told that if you're out there unprotected in the desert, you can't last a full day unless you have just a massive amount of water on hand. It just burns you right out right.

But if you have the Fremen still suit, proper frem and still suit, not one of those city models, you can you can actually limit your water loss to fifteen mil liters a day and so so yeah, it's an invention of of necessity by these uh, these Fremen who were former nomads that you know says they were zen sunny no ensunning nomads who popped around from planet to planet, evidently picking up different technologies and uh and you know material technology along the way, which they then implement into

signing the suit. Yeah. And so there's a scientist character in the novel Dune named Kinds lee at Kinds who explains how the still suits work. Yeah and most and again this is another example of Herbert giving us some details, perhaps in this case a few too many details. This we'll get into, but leaving a lot of the the the nitty gritty stuff to the reader to to figure out. So Kins tells us that is still suit as a micro sandwich quote, a high efficiency filter and heat exchange system.

So you have a layer that touches the skin that's porous and perspiration passes through it, and it cools the body in a manner that maintains the existing cooling process of the bodies, which we'll get into that's key and problematic. And then you have two additional layers on the suit that include heat exchange filaments and a salt of precipitators. Uh, the ladder of which is used to reclaim salt. Now, why do we call it a still suit? H? What

does that mean? It's just like a unshine still distillery. Yeah, you're separating which is you know, all about separating different liquids. The still up in the Appealachian Mountains, Uh, that's all about separating alcohol. But with the still suits about separating potable water from salt, h and other waste materials in a wares excretions. Now, what I immediately wonder when I

encountered this concept is Okay, that sounds very interesting. I wonder if something like that could be done in real life. But one of the main questions is where does it get its energy from? Like how how is this distillation process powered? Because if you think of a still, you've got to boil things. You've got to be feeding energy

into the system to power the distillation process. What's going on in the still suit, Well, according to two kinds and ultimately according to Frank Carpet here, Uh, it's all due to body movement, especially breathing, and then this and some ausomatic action. It's providing the pumping force for all of this water. Uh. And again, as we'll get into that, there are a lot of questions surrounding how that would

actually work. But then, of course, once the water gets distilled, it gets filtered into these things that they talked about in the novel called catch pockets, which is great because then you just got a little straw and you can just suck the water straight out of your suit when you're thirsty. Yeah. Yeah, and um used to be your pa. Now it's tasty desert water. Yeah, and it and yet

you'urin in. Feces are processed in your thigh pads, which is a detail I remember kind of sticking on when I read this for the first time, like back in junior high or high school. They just mentioned that so briefly. Yeah, because it also it makes it makes you feel like you're you're probably constantly aware of the like the poop cakes that are stored in your in the thighs of your your pants. I'm like, Frank, tell me more about the feces. I've gotta know, Like does it We were

talking about this the other day, like does it? Like I was kind of imagining it's it's kind of cleaning out of the filter on your dryer, except every so often a fremen has to stop and remove this this flat cake of like super dry poop. Yeah. I imagine it for some reason as a powder. Okay, I think that would make sense to Yeah, if you if you've removed all of the liquid from it, I guess it could pretty easily be disintegrated into a powder. You can

just sort of dust out the back of your suit. Yeah, I can see that working. You just drop your poop powder. And then again, if it's a powder, you might be that you might easily inhale it. I don't know. Speaking of breathing, that's another way your body loses moisture, right, every time you exhale, you're you're wasting some precious water

vapors going straight out your nose, that's right. And that's why on the still suit you breathe in through a mouth filter and you breathe out through the nose, and then you have that little nostril toe that's really supposedly reclaiming moisture from your exhalation. And that's pretty much it, right, I mean, Herbert doesn't give us all that much detail and exactly how the steel suit works, despite how important

it is in the novel, that's right. So it we have to turn to uh two expert commentators to figure out exactly how it might work and how it maybe doesn't work based on our current technological understanding, Okay, is there? Uh? Should we should we go first to the Dune Encyclopedia or the Science of Dune? Um. I think we're gonna go to the Science of Dune first because I think this has the most robust explanation. Uh. And then the and then the Doing Encyclopedia potentially fills in some some gaps.

So the still suit article wasn't by the editor Grazier, but was by a different guy. Yes, NASA engineer John C. Smith wrote this one. Uh. The top tackles the topic at some length in the piece still Suit. Uh. He points out that we've seen a lot of still suit patents over the decades since the release of Dune, but they all kind of muck up the thermodynamics, and the thermodynamics are really one of the sticking points here, um

he made. Ultimately, he maintains that if you take a strict literal interpretation of Herbert's writing, the still suit quote probably would not work and most likely would cook the wear like a crop pile. Yeah that's awesome, you know.

And yet we can we can certainly envision technological advancements that would make a still suit possible in the future, and and since we're talking about a sci fi realm thirteen thousand years in the future, that's certainly time enough for various UH technologies and especially meta materials to come online to enable it. Right. Well, okay, well maybe we should look at this one energy loss source at a time. So let's think about sweat first. Sweat does something really important.

It cools you. This might not always be the case if you live in a very moist environment where it's hard for the sweat to evaporate. But if you're in a place like Aracus, if you're in a desert environment, a dry environment, and you're sweating, that evaporation is bringing your temperature down, right, I mean it's even taking place in just a a very ambient level. Um Failure to

sweat leads to heat stroke and death. And uh. As Smith points out in his in his piece here the Golden Gal and gold Finger, you might remember she's painted gold and then she dies. Uh. It's often uh, you know, they're saying, oh, she's suffocated, But in real holidy shoe, he says, she would probably die from heat stroke. I feel like I've heard a lot of disputes about whether that person who's got the full body paint job would survive or not. I think I've read people saying that

that wouldn't actually kill you. Yeah, I think I've seen people go back and forth on that as well. Um, all of us missing probably the point that they just wanted to put up dead naked golden lady on the screen there. But but either way, if you enclose the entire body in a sealed suit like this, you're courting death in the form of heat stroke. And that's one

of the primary design flaws with a still suit. Even when inactive, the body has to dissipate about ninety watts of heat just to balance out the heat of your metabolism. So even if you're not who have sweaty sweat is still an important process. Most of the most of the body heat arises from the liver, the brain, heart, and muscles, and uh it's dissipated through blood circulation at the skin

level along with the primary method of sweating. So even when passive sweat glands extreet excrete point six ms of perspiration per day, maximum rate one point five liters per hour. And it's also worth noting you see images of people throwing the hood back on that that's still super right. Yeah.

In the movie, the hood is essential because your Ekron sweat glands are all over the body, but they have the highest concentration in the forehead and the Akron sweat glands those are the ones that are tied, uh, you know, exclusively to cooling. Not to be confused with any of that, have you know, hormonal issues. Yeah, so you said that. John C. Smith mentions that there are patents out for still suits. I tried to find an example of a still suit in the wild. I was looking around on

the internet to see if anybody had made one. I didn't find one. I did find a Gizmodo article from July proclaiming in the headline quote the sweat to water

purifier real life dunes still suit will save lives. Unfortunately, this was interesting but turned out to be kind of an exaggeration, so it referred back to a BBC article about this inventor named Andreas Hammer who he invented a device called the sweat machine, which was designed to reclaim and distill water from sweaty clothing through a process known as membrane distillation, and essentially the machine spins clothing in

a centrifuge to pull all the liquids out. So if you have a high efficiency washing machine, uh that it does the same thing, though maybe not to the same level of extraction as the centerfuge. But the idea is that high efficiency washing machine spins the wet clothes really fast to drain out all of the moisture, and then the clothes spend less time in the energy gobbling dryer.

But in the sweat machine instead of the washer water, it's pulling out some salty, nasty sweat and then it distills that liquid by heating it and then circulating it between two membranes. And basically the way the membranes work is that the membranes are hot on the sweaty side and cool on the other side, and this creates a vapor pressure differential that pulls water and only water, so not all of the other molecules, just the H two O molecules through the membrane and leaves all the other

stuff on the other side. So they say that one sweaty T shirt typically contains roughly ten milli leaders are about point three ounces, which is about a mouthful of water. Okay, so this is your sweaty t shirt is a sip okay, so it's a it's a body water reclamation technology, but not something that you could actually use in a suit. No, unfortunately,

so you can drink it. They say it's cleaner than tap water, and they even they cited one example of when they served the product of this machine to a bunch of people in the public at this event called the Gothia Cup in Gothenburg, Sweden. I looked it up. That's like a football slash soccer tournament. Uh, And it's interesting, But looking at the setup of the machine, I can't really see how this could be incorporated into a feasible body suit. It's pretty big, especially given the necessity of

the center fugere process to extract the liquid in the beginning. Like, you couldn't have the machine be part of a suit if it needs to extract the liquid from the suit. So I don't really begrudge them a cool headline referring to a still suit, but the comparison doesn't really seem app to me. But it is an interesting invention nonetheless, and of course sweat is not the only way the body wastes precious moisture. As if H two O, we're just cheap and abundance. Yeah, as we mentioned already, you

gotta take into account urine. It's water. The rest is metabolic waste, salts, organic materials. You can drink a little lot bit and feel okay, and some people even claim therapeutic benefits, but it's ultimately like cutting your kidneys out of the waste removal process if you just keep guzzling urine. Uh. So you have to take the waste out. And of course this is also a very real area of of

waste processing technology. Sure. Yeah, reclaiming water from urine is something that happens in space all the time, for example, So shipping water or to space is really expensive. We talked about the costs of of getting cargo into orbit before. Uh it's hard to put an exact figure on the cost per pound to lower th orbit today, but traditionally around estimate they used to give was ten dollars per pound.

We don't know how much it costs today, but it's expensive. Um. And you know that great feeling you get when you've just been doing strenuous exercise and then you sit down and drink a whole glass of water at once. Astronauts on the I S s have to exercise all the time to mitigate the effects of bone and muscle density loss that you experience in microgravity. Um So, without reclamation efforts, that refreshing glass of water you get right after an hour on the treadmill is gonna do you know? That

might be a ten tho dollar glass of water? Who knows? Uh. So, instead of constantly shipping up new water, the crew members on the I S S rely on in uh it's called the Environmental Control and Life Support System or the e c l s S, and that has within it water reclamation system. So when the astronauts exhale some hot moist breath on each other, the habitat can recycle and reclaim it. When the astronauts p or spit in the sink during oral hygiene routines, the station can capture that water.

In a space dot Com article I read about this, the author Denise Chow said that without the recycling system, an average of roughly ten thousand pounds of water per crew member would be required from Earth each year to keep the station properly functioning. So it's it's kind of being in space is kind of like being on Iracus, Like you know, it's it's very it's mighty precious. You've got to hang onto it. And so there have been a lot of efforts at research for reclaiming water for

space missions. Early space missions, like the Apollo missions came up with solutions like electrolytics, silver ion generators, and apparently these could disinfect drinking water. They would like remove bacteria from the water without having to dump a bunch of bleach or other chemicals in there. Uh. And then today the I S S uses a more complex filtration system

that's got three steps. It's basically got a a filter step that gets out particles and junk from the liquid, and then they push it through a semi permeable membrane that has these substances and in it that that pull out organic materials. And then finally they have a catalytic oxidation reactor and that kills bacteria and it takes all the other organic compounds out of it. But of course that's at the space station level. It's still not a suit.

Could you shrink it down to the individual level sort of, but not exactly so. Uh. NASA scientists have equipped at least some astronauts headed for the I S S with test demonstrations of personal sized water purification bags that don't drain energy like the large scale recycling systems, but instead depend on this process known as forward osmosis. Generally this concept is called the forward osmosis bag or FOB fob yeah,

and so. Forward osmosis takes place when you've got two liquid solutions separated by another one of these semi permeable membranes. One of the liquid solutions is a lower concentration that this is probably gonna be your dirty water, and then one has a higher concentration, and that's this electrolyte filled solution, which I think is like gatorade or or something pretty

much along those lines. And then the water flows naturally from the lower concentration solution to the higher and the semi permeability of the membrane means that it allows water molecules to pass through, but not larger molecules or objects like bacteria and proteins. From what I can tell, NASA is still investigating how well and under what conditions these

devices work. I read a Wired report in that said that they hadn't been able at that time to prevent urea which is a waste product that you find in urine from getting through in the osmosis bag. But apparently a Japanese TV crew member a decided to try some of the product of the Forward osmosis bag despite the despite that warning, and he said it tasted like Caprice Son.

So there's your your free ad for Caprice Son. A more recent work I found on the it's a NASA research report from that mentioned the fact that these osmosis powered devices work slower in microgravity, and they're testing ways of solving that problem. But okay, so sweat you're in kind of gross but at least basically liquid. Are we ready to talk about feces? Uh? Well, we are in the podcast, But the larger concern is that we're really not as a civilization. UM feces is of course sev water.

The rest is undigested food bacteria. But but there's water in there, water that is ideally worth reclaiming. But we've actually seen far fewer studies regarding fecal water reclamation. Though. The thing is, of course this takes place, as does urine water reclamation, sweat red recommation, whatever, via the natural

water cycle on our on the planet itself. Now, um In in his UM s. A. Smith points to a University of Colorado study on water recycling for a Mars mission that found that reclaim water would be minimal from from the species. Uh, and that they'd also have to factory in quote psychological concerns unquote for the crew and so in in this yeah, and this we get back to the psychological contagion inherent in any water reclamation effort. And uh, I mean, I've I've blogged about this in

the past. You have to be able to wrap your mind around the fact that the water you're drinking used to be urine or used to be part of poop when really, I mean you can essentially say any water you drink was you may have been poop at some point in the past, may have been dinosaurs. Right. But but yeah, you have to deal with you know, how is the how is the user in that experience working out?

And it's uh, it's it's interesting because it could be done. Uh, and we we just haven't faced a dire enough circumstance despite the fact that we're talking about a trip to Mars here um. Interestingly enough, in the book Packing for Mars by Mary Roach, she mentions that NASA scientists at one point, we are actually pondered recycling fecal matter into food, but they never pursued it at all, just because of

that ig factor. And part of this is she lays out of you have at the time, you know, or especially early on in the in the space program, you have the very sort of cowboy mentality of the you know, the x U test pilots who are becoming astronauts, the explorers, and then you have the scientists, and the scientists are are are more inclined to to present some out there notions such as what if you could eat portions of

the spaceship. That was another idea that came up eating what if the like the insulation itself was food, or you know, making small cakes out of out of poop, and of course the astronauts themselves, we're not going to go for that idea on any level again, due to the psychological contagion inherent in fecal water reclamation. That's so gross,

I gotta admit. I mean, it's one of those things where I wonder if there's an equivalent to the mentor the Benny jesserat the Guild Navigator, the person who has upgraded their mental faculties to escape the factor. It's an icles human the person who eats poop with no qualms. Yeah, I mean, you know, I guess again. It just comes down to are you in a dire enough condition and iracous?

Is that is that environment? Now? Smith coming back to sweating itself though, uh Smith has a real problem with the idea that the suit would allow your normal sweat process to to carry on because because as well discuss, it's not just a matter of water leaving your audi and and now you're cool, um, you need an evaporation to take place, and he doubts that quote near normal evaporation process would even be possible in a still suit

for UH. For organic cooling to take place, sweat must go through a phase change from a liquid to vapor in order to remove heat and cool the skin. So it's an endothermic process. And moving sweat away just whisk wicking it away, as with specially designed workout garments, that just merely makes your skin drier, not cooler. That's why so called wicking fabrics UM, which use a passive capillary action to move sweat from your skin to the outer

surface of your workout garment. They help you stay warm during cold weather workouts. You're interfering in the natural cooling process, not not level because it's not skin tight, not completely, but it's still preventing sweat from doing what it does. And I think anybody who's ever worn a scuba suit i'll side of the water in the sun for any amount of time can probably attest to that. You can you can overheat really quickly in that environment because it's

making such close contact with the skin. When I was watching the David Lynch Dune movie, I was looking at those actors and thinking like, wow, that looks really hot. Yeah. I mean apparently these were these were thin latex bodysuits, and of course they were not functional still suits, so they were having to deal with without with overheating, you know,

falling out from the heat. Uh. And interestingly enough, Patrick Stewart has apparently gone on record saying it's the least comfortable thing he ever wore for for any kind of a film or TV project. And this is from the guy who you know who had to wear that awful Starfleet uniform. Um. I was not aware of this, but apparently they call it the the Picard maneuver. If you watch it enough, you'll see that he's always tugging down

on the garment to keep it from riding up. So anyway, the bottom line here um is that the skin level layer of the steel suit would need to be a highly thermally conductive layer that allowed evaporated cooling to take place um again perhaps via some as yet uninvented meta material.

And yet even then, the humidity in the skin level porous layer would need to be high humidity, which could in theory, merely just escalate the whole situation more perspiration, more heat, and according to John C. Smith, the suit would have to self dehumidify as well. So and in order for that all that water vapor to become liquid again so that you could drink it, you'd have to

have condensation occur. And for this phase change to happen, which is an exothermic process, you need to have a cool layer, such as you know, a cold glass on a hot day, and you see that, you know, the moisture form on it, and there's no mention of refrigeration in the suit, but it would be necessary as far as we understand the process, for that phase shift to happen. Man, that just sounds like a mess. Yeah, that's the thing.

It seems like it would be if you don't have a clear understanding of how sweat works and how how how cooling works, and indeed how cooling systems work. It seems like it would be a simpler mechanism, but it's not. Yeah. Now, of course refrigeration does exist. So perhaps it's just a question of how much bulk do you want to incorporate into your suit? Yeah, I mean, can you fit some manner of heat pump in there? A free incompressor? Um?

You know we have we have firefighters that use like blue ice packs near the skin to keep their body from overheating. But would that make sense at all in a water scarce environment? And then uh, and then you also have to any of these systems would also involve

more power. Uh. And all we have to go on is that it's powered by motions of the body, especially breathing, and according to Smith here, that would not be sufficient to power the suit given our current progress on motion generated power, even if we augmented it with solar power, which again is if he because you want to travel by night on a racus um, we you just end up again not being able to keep up with with

the energy requirements for the suit. So that's what Smith has to say more recent commentary, But if we look to the Dune Encyclopedia and the entry written by Christine Watson, she stresses the use of still cloth based on the principles of cryogenics of a cryogenics separator, that's she says, used on a number of worlds to draw oxygen and other gases from the planet's happens here. So here we

see a you know, a futuristic meta material explanation. And as for cooling, she says that the the tubes contained air. At the beginning of the suit cycle, the air pressure built up by the pumping action of the wearer's breathing and by heel pumps. At a preset pressure, the air was released into a holding chamber in the suit's hood.

This sudden release cool the air by the jewel Thompson effect, and the cooled air was drawn back into the system and again through the suit, dropping the temperature of the separating layers. And that jewel Thompson effect, by the way, that's the temperature exchange of a gas or liquid when it is forth through a valve or porous plug while kept insulat it did so that no heat is exchanged with the environment. I gotta be honest, I didn't follow that. I mean I had I had to go at it

a couple of times. But basically it comes down to the fact that the hood would be kind of an essential air bladder for the suits cooling systems. So imagine the steel suit. Imagine com McLaughlin in the steel suit, but with kind of a balloon hood portion. Man that makes mud deep a little less a little less cool looking if he's got a balloon head. Yeah, I would think so. So again, you have to kind of talk

it up to say, however, the steel suit works. It evidently involves some materials and technologies that we haven't quite have figured out in this ancient day and age. Now, another interesting technology that you see on a rackets and also elsewhere in the worlds of done the use of ornithopters of aircraft that fly via flapping wings. Yeah. So we are told that the power of House of tradees their home planet of Caladan before they move to the

desert planet of Irakus. Is air power there? An air force power kind of like you might think of the United States on the sort of military geopolitical world stage that the power is concentrated in the ability to strike from above. But their way of striking from above is not much like anything we would commonly use on on Earth technology today. It is like something we would commonly see in the biological world. So of course birds fly by flapping their wings, insects fly by flapping their wings.

It seems like a perfectly normal way to get around. But there's a reason our airplanes don't do this. Ornithopters can be built. You can make a machine that stays in the air by flapping wings, but it is not a very practical way to move heavy cargo or passengers. That's right, and and certainly that's what you see utilized in the dune universe, like sweeping down, swooping down to pick up you know, mobile spice factory off of the

sands before a worm can get to it. Yeah, according to Dr James Usherwood of the University of London's RBC Structure and Motion Laboratory, uh, this is one area of design, you know, where nature doesn't quite nail it. And this is a kind of ironic because in the field of biomimicry we see In a lot of cases, we can turn to nature and say, well, how did nature evolve to solve this design problem? And oftentimes they're they have a really elegant Nature has a really elegant solution. I'd

say that's especially true on the very small scale. Biomimicry becomes more and more powerful the smaller you go in uh In an essay titled a Flying and Walking Learning from Nature, and this was published in the book seventy Great Mysteries of the Natural World, which I highly recommend. Um Usherwood points out that a slow flying pigeon requires up to four times the power an equivalent helicopter would need, and hovering is even worse, resulting in pitiful amounts of

lift for the amount of energy exerted. Each pump of the wings requires yet another burst of energy, and it all adds up pretty quickly. That's why hummingbirds have the highest energy expenditure of any warm blooded animal, ten times that of a human. They're perpetually on the verge of starvation. Uh and and and sometimes I have to actually go into kind of suspended animation to deal with these these

energy costs. Uh and all the time, you know, consuming colossal amounts of nectar to keep up their little sugar water vampires that cannot be sated. Yeah, so you know, we you know, looking back, you see early aviation pioneers who toyed around with flapping wings, generally with the disastrous results. But you do see scientists that have been looking into it's used for micro air vehicles or m a v s. And these are tiny robotic aircraft that depend on bio

mechanical flight designs. Uh. And the funding typically comes into play, um, you know, for obvious surveillance purposes. Right, some sort of tiny robot with buzzing, flapping wings that you can use to spy on somebody. Now, what is the appeal of that over just like a tiny quad rotor drone or something like that. Is it just that it would look

like an insect? I think so. And I think also there is that that bio mimicry attraction saying if it's if it's flight at a small scale, then perhaps, uh, perhaps there is an advantage in drawing on real world comparisons, but overall, we are not going to see passenger planes with flapping wings. And uh. I was looking at a

US Army Research Office report from two thousand five. Uh that alt was weighing in and saying that when it comes to M A v S, you're looking at enormous manufacturing challenges, inefficient energy usage, and dependence on less under good understood small scale physics. So at this point in time,

even small ornithopters the amount of reach. Yeah. Now, if you want to just cheat and invoke some science fiction magic, you might say that the ornithopters have something to do with other technology present in the Dune universe, like like suspensers.

I noticed you putt in a note here, right, yeah, yeah, and this draws us right into another important technology they we're going to spend less time on because there's there are a fewer answers, and that is the Haltzman effect that enables faster than light travel, It enables personal shields, and enables just ubiquitous use of anti gravity suspensers. That I mean, you know, the main character of one of the main characters, Vladimir Harcon and uses it to float

around and suspend his bulk. But you also see mentions of just you know, here's a suspenser enabled chair in a room. If you watch any scene from the movie and not the whole movie, not the whole David Lynch movie. Go watch the scene where where Vladimir harcon and floats up in the screams I will have the spice. That's pretty good. But anyway, I thought this is also a really cool technology as imagined in the books, specifically with

application to the shields. Now, there are personal energy shields imagined, uh in the Dune universe, and you've probably seen all kinds of science fiction that has shields, you know, like a shields up, you know, you put them up around the spaceship and they deflect incoming weaponry, projectiles, energy beams.

But these are personal shields that are often imagined. Well, actually they're There are large scale shields, and there are personal shields, but you might like click a button on your belt and suddenly a shield comes up around your body. Somebody tries to run and stab you with a knife,

they will be deflected by the shield. And so the solution to this creates a very interesting combat dynamic that people talk about in the book, where people engaging in knife fights with shields activated have to come up with ways of trying to move their knife very slowly toward the enemy because a quickly incoming knife will be deflected by the shield. But if you can stab ever so slowly, you can go through the shield gently, and then you

can you can penetrate the person's skin and make them bleed. Yeah. So the defensive technology requires an entirely well not entirely, but at different isle of martial arts. So we we don't know a lot about the Holtzman effect. In the books UH, it's described as the negative repelling effect of a shield generator. UH. And a suspenser is the secondary low drain phase of the Haltzman field generator, and it nullifies gravity. It nullifies gravity within certain limits prescribed by

relative mass and energy consumption. So in this we we have no choice but to turn to the science of doone and UH the writings there of planetary scientist Kevin R. Grazier, who also edited and along he also worked with physicist Jess Seeger on some of this and UH. As they point out, much of the whole Haltzman situation is unexplained.

In the later books, we do learn that that guild highliners the big spaceships travel the stars by the quote compression or warping of space time in conjunction with mass neutralization, and as a planetary scientist. Again, Kevin R. A. Grazier points out UH in cosmic oregonomy, that's the piece in the science of doone. UH. If the mass of a spaceship could be nullified, then the relativistic effects of high

speed space travel could be reduced. So essentially it's talking about all right, if you could turn, if you could simply dampen or nullify the mass of an object, then that would enable you to to cheat in various respects in terms of acceleration in spacetime. UH. Also Grazier and Uh and Seeger opposit that the Holsman field is an energy screening shield. Perhaps it screens the mass of an object from the rest of the universe. Lowering the mass of an object would also lower the force of gravity

on it. Lowered enough and you just float around up in the air. And as for space travel, theory and observations of general relativity indicate that spacetime can be curved and warped, and perhaps it can even be folded and compressed. So again the classic examples, you have a map, right, and you fold the map, and then you just poke a hole through point A and point B, and now you have the whole right right, the Tessaract Tessaract example,

the even arise an example. Um, do you thus shorten the distance between two points, meaning that faster than light acceleration and all the problems they're in might not even be necessary? In the Dune books, we don't know much more beyond that, other than the process is dangerous and costly. You really need a number crunching power of an advanced computer to handle it all. But in the Dune universe it all falls to human minds enhanced by spice. Alright,

So that's pretty out there science fiction. I think I'd have to say the same thing about the energy shields as that relates to the whole Simon effect. I I can't think of any example, uh, And I wasn't able to find any example of a real energy shield in the world that would successfully deflect incoming matter like that, especially not without harming the person who was wearing it.

I mean, you can imagine wearing a huge magnet of some kind that, you know, if somebody tries to shoot a bull it at you or something like that, might be able to deflect it if it's powerful enough. But I mean, at certain points you're getting into levels of energy that makes the proposition ridiculous. And so if you're imagining an energy shield like they have, maybe the closest thing I've seen would be propositions of energy shields like

ion shields around spaceships to prevent incoming radiation. But I don't even know if that's really viable. Yeah, it's definitely less down to Earth compared to the still sit So there you have it, some of the technology to do, not all of it by any means. We just decided to draw in a few examples that we could discuss here in the podcast. Uh. And again, we're gonna do a second episode and we'll get into the biology of doing a bit where we're definitely going to discuss sandworms

in detail. So UH, as we lead out here, we're gonna enjoy another track from Raleigh Porter. This is X again off the two thousand eleven album Aftertime, released by Subtext Recordings. There's a link on the landing p age, but you can learn more about his work at Raleigh Porter dot com. Uh. In the meantime, checkout stuff to Blow your Mind dot com. That is the mothership. That's where you will find all of our podcast videos. And blog post, as well as the links out to our

social media accounts. And if you want to get in touch with us about your favorite fact about the June Universe or any feedback about these episodes, you can email us at blow the Mind at how stuff works dot com. For more on this and thousands of other topics. Is it how stuff works dot com