September 19,2019

Hey, sorry. I don't know. Okay, you guys got to have it done in two weeks, okay? It's a grade, yeah, you got to have my price. All right, so the next thing we're going to do is we're going to talk about prepositions a little bit. And I'm going to give you a worksheet. It's not super hard. But before we talk about, we're going to do a little review about objects and prepositions. So an object of a preposition. Oh, we're supposed to be.

Recording this. I'm already. My bad. I'm already recording it. Oh, you are? Perfect. Awesome. So, Katie and Paige, if you are ever gone, all of the classes are recorded on... Spotify. So it's a podcast. So there's a podcast by date. All you have to do is Google AP, Steven said AP link, and it should pop up and it'll come up by the date. So if you miss like Tuesday, you can go back and leave it Tuesday.

I didn't know you were doing that and like I came home and Maddie was all like playing and I was like reading or what's that? You were like, wait, that's what you're reading. I didn't know you were recording. Alright, so object to the preposition. It is the noun or the pronoun that comes after the preposition. So, for example, this one, the book is on the table. So a prepositional phrase always starts with the preposition. There's 49 of them. And it always ends with a noun. Okay?

So when we mark it, we'd actually take parentheses around both sides and mark it. The cat was hiding under the chair. What's the object of the preposition here? Under is our preposition. What's the object? The chair. So I put my parentheses around them. You can have a number of them in a list. For example, she placed the basket of flowers. What's the object proposition? On the table. Object. By the window.

Okay, this is all review, right? Okay, yay. Super happy. So, the other thing we're going to talk about really quick is a prepositional phrase that has a compound, a compound preposition, an object to the prepositional phrase. So, let's see. McKenna, can you read this for me? Yeah. Sometimes a preposition will have compound objects. That means that there will be two or more nouns following the preposition. Okay, and we have some examples. We have...

to the store and the post office, so store and office in the office position. Notice that post is not, because post is actually an adjective that's describing what kind of office. And also with John and me. John and me are the objects of the preposition. Is this correct for your grammar? John and me? No. It came with John and me? No. Yes, it is.

Because the test is you take out John and and try it. So would it be they came with John and they came with I? Or they came with me? So that's the test for me. Then you know that's correct. So this is the correct framework. Okay. This is super easy because we have known this probably since grade school, right? Right? So, we're going to work on a little worksheet today. Super fast. Not that hard.

You're going to cross out all the prepositional phrases and underline the subject once and the verb and verb phrase twice. Four, five. And as soon as possible. remember that if you did sign up for the PSAT, you cannot back out of that, okay? They will charge you additional money if you back out of that, so make sure that you pay for it and that you actually commit to that, okay?

That day is going to be October 19th. Not a big deal. Does not affect your grade in any way. The reason I want you to take it as it's so important is because it is a practice SAT. And your SAT is something you have to take as a graduation requirement. Again, it does not affect your grade in any way. But it will affect college. If you want to go to college, what colleges you can get into. They look at your scores. So it's important to have a little bit of a practice before we do that.

Plus, when you get your results back for your PSAT, College Board will build you an entire course built on your strengths and weaknesses, and it'll help you to study for the SAT test. Has everybody signed into their college board account? So next week I'm going to have Ms. Carson come in and she's going to help us get on the AP.

Get registered for the AP exam. I have a paper that walks us through it. It's pretty easy. But the important thing is there's just a couple buttons you have to click, otherwise it doesn't submit. So we're just going to kind of big brother you a little bit and make sure that you click on the button.

so we don't have problems later on down the road. We will sign up for CWI credit in January. Remember, it's pretty easy. At this point, you just have four papers. You get a month of paper. That's it. It's a ton of time. How many of you have been working on your personal narratives?

Okay, I know some of you have had some free time in some classes because you don't have nothing to do. So that would be a really good thing to work on. Remember, the personal narrative is just a story, something that you've learned a lesson from. Okay, that's it.

pretty easy. The next paper is going to be a synthesis paper. It's about the American dream. I give you all the articles. You read some of them. You choose which ones you want to read about, and then you're going to define what the American dream is. And again, you have all of October to do that.

So your first paper will be due on the 30th. Second paper will be due October 31st. So the goal is for us to get all four of those papers done before the end of the year so that you have three months to do the final. And also, if you get them done, I can give you feedback on those. And you can always fix them and return them in to get a better grade.

Questions on that? I know you two are probably freaking out about that a little bit, but don't. It's really not that hard. It's literally a personal narrative. You're just telling a story about yourself and a time that you learned a lesson. So, and I have all this up for that, so I'll give it to you. Okay?

And obviously you guys can have more time if you need it. So, okay. All right. I'm going to give you about five more minutes to finish this. Are you guys like, ooh, this takes me back to junior high? Yeah? Third grade, yeah. Okay, so number one. We take our vacation in July and August. What is the prepositional phrase there? Uh, Lauren. It's alright. Remember, it's anywhere a mouse can go. So which of those words can a mouse go?

In. Okay. So that's our preposition. That's the beginning of our prepositional phrase. So now we need a noun to end it. First place your thing. Okay, that's one of them. What's the other one? Yep. So it would be in July and August, and this is a compound object. What's our subject here? Who's doing, who is this about? We. What are we doing? We, no. We take.

Subject, verb, we. Subject, who is it the sentence about? And what are we doing? We take. Okay. Number two, the gift was from John and his sister. Adrian, what's her prepositional phrase? Okay, what's the object of the preposition? Object of the preposition. No, not John and his sister. John. Sister. John, sister. Yep. What's the subject here? Gift. And what's the verb?

Was? Yep, verb was. Number three, the ball rolls between the chair and the sofa. Joanna, what's the object of the prepositional phrase first? Paint with the object. I mean roll. The object in the position. It has to be a person who plays her name.

So remember, a prepositional phrase starts with a preposition, and it has to end with a noun, a person, place, or thing. And then sometimes if there's an and, then sometimes we have a compound, which means we have two. To your right, between the chair and the sofa is the entire... Prepositional phrase. So what would the object of the preposition be? You're just looking for a noun. Tell me what you think it is. That's all right.

Okay, so let's look at this for a second. I think some of you guys are having a problem with this. Okay, prepositional phrase. What's the sentence on this one? The ball rolled what? Between the chair and the sun. Okay, so first thing we do is we have to find that prepositional phrase. We know that between is the preposition, right?

So I usually go like this. Now, where's the end of my prepositional phrase? I have to find the noun. Where's the next noun? Chair. Okay. It's always the exact next noun. So chair is the object of the preposition. Here's my preposition. But then I have and, so that tells me I have two objects of preposition. So then I go to the next noun. Object of preposition. There we go. That's my prepositional phrase. Okay.

Now, what's my subject of the entire sentence? What's the sentence about? The ball. The ball. What did the ball do? Rolled. It rolled. Okay, so this would be subject, verb. If we're really doing this, we'd go like this. This is an art. It's a little a, isn't it? A. This is capital A? Yeah. Capital A. Capital A. Junction. If you know grammar really well, it improves your writing immensely. And I will tell you right now that you guys need to know hearts of speech for the SAT test. Okay?

Because it will ask you to identify things, and it'll put in a word that sounds kind of wonky, and you have to figure out why it's wrong, or why it's inappropriate to have an enough sentence. Okay? All right, next one. Number four, in the spring or summer, I visit our friends for a week. Jeff, what is the prepositional phrase? In the spring or summer. Okay, what is the object of preposition? Spring.

Okay. And what's our subject? And what's our verb? Good. Is there any other prepositional phrases in that sentence? Thanks, Jet. Yes, I'm talking to Jet. Yeah. Uh, four. Prepositional phrase. Oh, wait. Okay, it went to object to the preposition. How many of you missed that one? Okay. Number five, the librarian gave the books to Tom and me. Curtis. Um, the, oh. What's the prepositional phrase? To Tom and me. Okay, what's the object of the preposition? To.

Object of the preposition. Look for nouns. Oh, Tom. Me. Okay, what's the subject of the sentence? Library. And what's the verb? Gave. Okay, number six. The meal of steak and potatoes was eaten at our favorite diner. What is one of the prepositional phrases in this one? Let's go Carlita. What's the prepositional phrase? At our favorite diner. At our favorite diner. Okay, what is the object of the preposition? Look for a noun.

Would it be favorite diner? No. Why not? Because... It's describing the kind of diner, right? So it's one thing we need to kind of be aware of is sometimes they like to put in, like for example here, maybe they would throw in the word between the chair and the pink sofa or the big chair. We put those in here. This is not part of the subject. This is actually still just an adjective. It's describing what kind of SOA. So then we would name this an adjective.

So your object of the preposition is what? Perfect. And is there another prepositional phrase in this sentence? Okay, and what's the object of the preposition? Mistake, common potatoes, yeah. Yes, and what's the subject of your sentence? Meal. And what's your verb? In this one, we have a helping verb. So it would be was eaten. That would be a verb phrase. Okay. All right. Next one. You got a tricky one. Nice job. Number seven. The taxi driver left without his change.

Or a tip from the passenger. Let's see. Ryan. From the passenger. Okay. What's the object of the preposition? Passenger. Okay. Is there any other personal phrases? Okay, what's the object for the preposition? Change. Okay, and what's the subject? And what's the verb? Very good. Yes, ma'am.

No, because or is a conjunction. So think about, remember, a preposition is anywhere a mouse can go. And I know that's kind of a weird one, because without, a mouse can go without. You can go without or with something. So it always starts with the preposition. So from is the preposition. So orative would go with the other prepositional phrase. Number eight, the good reader likes... Stories about horses and reptiles. Let's see, McKenna. Well, what's our prepositional phrase first?

No, that's a verb, that's an action. Yep. I know, about's a weird one. So what would the object for the preposition be? Kate, what's your subject? Shorten it. Shorten it. Good as an adjective is describing the reader. And what does the reader like to do? Yes. Number nine, down streets and alleys trotted the owner in search of his last pet. Let's see, Paige, do you want to hear this one? What's the preposition phrase?

Down streets and alleys. Hey, what's the object? Streets and alleys. Is there another one in this? In search. Hey, what's the object? His lost pet. In search, that's one right there. Oh, yeah. Because search would be things. You're doing a search. Okay. Okay. And then the next one would be what? I just lost pet. And what's the subject? Pet.

Oh, wait. No, sorry. Sorry, object. What's the object of that prepositional phrase? Okay. Okay, and what's the subject of the sentence? The owner. The owner. And what's the owner doing? Trotted. Yeah, trotted.

This one is like really wonky because it's all mixed up. So good job. Number 10. During a trip to the zoo, the child stared at the lions and the tigers. Lions and the tigers and the bears. Let's do Jessica. So where's our prepositional phrase? During the trip to the zoo. What's the object of preposition? Trip.

You said during the trip to the zoo. Is that one? It's two. It's two. What's the other object? I couldn't see my alignment. You're fine. So we have during a trip to the zoo. And is there any other ones in that sentence? Right, and what's the object of that proposition? Right, and what's the subject? And the verb. Good. If you guys have questions or don't, you're like, why is that one? Raise your hand.

Number 11, above the door and windows was a shelf for plants. Alize, you want to try this one? We'll help you. Okay, so the first one, what's their first prepositional phrase? Above the door and windows. Good. And what's the subject or the object of the preposition? So remember, it's above the doors and windows, so we're just looking at that phrase. What's the subject in that one? The object in those? Yep, door and windows. And then we have another one at the end.

So for plants, what would the object of that premise should be? It needs to be a noun. Person plays your thing. Plants? Yep, plants. Yep, perfect. What is the subject of our sentence? Shelf and the verb is? Shelf. What's it doing? This show was. Okay, good job. Number 12, all friends but Susan and Bill came to the party. Sean. Prepositional phrase. To the party. Okay, and what's the object of the preposition? The party. Okay, and what's the subject of our sentence? Friends, all friends. Not all.

Just friends. And what is the verb? Cane. Good. Thirteen. The band leader returned within five or ten minutes. Alina Derby calling in. Okay, Alina. Okay, and what's the object in the preposition? Okay, subject? Theater. Okay, and what's our verb? Good. Verse 14. Before lunch and dinner, the parent reads to their children. Isaac. What's the prepositional phrase? Object. Okay, and was there another one? And object for a position? And what is our subject? Parents. And what's the verb? Good.

Last one. Beyond the Earth and its moon are other planets. Sandra. The prepositional phrase? Okay, what's the object of the prepositional phrase? Okay. And what's the subject? Planets. And then what's the verb? Good. All right. Nice job. Was that painful? You got it all? How many of you got almost all of them right? How many of you are like, oh yeah, I need a little refresher? Okay, that's okay. We'll keep working on them. Alright, let's see. Next thing.

Let's see. Kaylee, can you read this top card for me? Up to this point is most likely that literary analysis and all the terminology and strategy. that goes along with it is drilled into your consciousness a lot of people want to draw a dividing line between literary analysis and rhetorical analysis stop there for a second

So last year we worked on literary analysis. We did that backwards, forwards, and inside out. And again, remember, that is different than what we're going to be doing this year. All right, go on.

In the same way, a lot of people want to draw a dividing line between fiction and nonfiction. However, what one will realize when reading a memoir or an autobiographical... biographical account is a hybrid existence between fictional and nonfiction so analyzing this real-life nonfiction buzzword narrative fiction buzzword there is an overlap to the way one approaches and analyzes the text all right uh let's see

to inform a rhetorical reading of the text. Great. Rhetorical analysis. Nice and loud, Jed. Students read a nonfiction passage and interpret how the author's choice contributed to his or her intended meaning and purpose for writing. I know that I am telling you this over and over and over again, but it's really important to realize this is different than what you've done in the past. Okay? All right, rhetorical analysis. So.

As you look at your AP language rhetorical essay prompts in passage, it's important to kind of remember another mnemonic device. Yes, it's another one. Laura, L-O-R-A. If you can write this down somewhere in your notes, L-O-R-A. This is kind of like the checklist. If you're writing your essay, these are the things that you always need to consider. So number one, you need to consider language. Write this down, please. Language. Gotta have language. Then you also have to look at the organization.

one is the rhetorical appeals. So language would encompass like diction, organization. That's how things are in a certain order. We could also maybe look at syntax a little bit. And then rhetorical appeals. Ethos, pathos, and logos. triangle, we always start with the writer, so the speaker. go to his subject. We always have to consider audience. Everything else is context.

So this invisible line is context. Which also, the fancy word for context or occasion would be what? Starts with an E. Exogens. Exigence is the urgency of why the writer is writing what he wrote. Another word for that is occasion. So when we're talking about writer, the writer is the creator of the purpose. Then we have the subject, which is... what the purpose is about. And then the last one audience is who the purpose is for.

So what word did I repeat over and over and over again? Purpose. So is that a pretty important thing in rhetorical analysis? Yes. So purpose. Purpose. Purpose. Also audience.

It's a huge one. Okay? Huge, huge, huge, huge. We won't take a ton, but I want you to write these down. So... We're going to talk about diction. We've talked about diction. We know how to find it. But this is what I want you to write down. These are things I want you to always be looking for specifically when we look at diction. And then things to consider once you've...

have identified some words. So what we're looking for in diction is we're looking for any kind of a pattern. We're looking for any kind of repetition. Interesting or unusual words. Maybe a word that you're like, what the heck does that mean? Expressions. And then specific and exact words. Sorry. I don't know why you don't just take the pee. What? You take it from a class. You should just take this class.

You can do it, it's easy. So things to consider once you started finding these things, or what are the connotation and denotation? Please remind me, what's the difference between these two words? Which one is the dictionary definition? Denotation. Yeah, remember, DDD. Denotation is dictionary definition of a word. Connotation is how that word makes us... feel, right? So for example, if I'm like, did you see that chick walking down the street?

Okay, there are the denotation, the dictionary definition of that word. What's the definition of a chick? A little tiny baby bird, right? But the connotation of that word, how else might I be able to use that word? Like the slang kind of version of it. What's that? A girl. A young female, right? That's the connotation of the word. How does it make us feel? Is that kind of a positive or a negative comment? Check out that chick. Negative. It's positive, though.

For a female, women, ladies, if somebody calls you a chick, is that negative or positive? Okay? Guys, if you call a girl a chick, is that negative or positive? It's kind of an old, old word. But if you do call it a little chick, would it be negative or positive? Maybe. Okay. So sometimes words are different. So like if we look at the words pretty and beautiful.

Ladies, what do you want to, if a boy is telling you that you look really, really nice, what word do you want him to use? Beautiful. Beautiful. Gorgeous. Okay. If the guy tells you hot. If a guy calls you hot, what could that possibly mean? Sexy? Yeah, so it has kind of a sexual connotation. Guys, if you are using the word sexy, do you always mean like a sexual connotation when you say a girl is hot? No. So it really kind of depends on who is saying the word.

Yeah, it's interesting. If we look at the word pretty, did you know the word pretty is actually the word you use for an inanimate object? Like a flower. Or are you like, oh, that's so pretty. Pretty is for inanimate objects. But do we hear the word pretty all the time? Yeah. Yeah. We use that in context quite a bit. All right. The other one. Things also to consider when you're looking at diction is subject, occasion, audience, and purpose.

We're doing this until our head falls off. Soapstone. It all comes back to soapstone. Okay? Can I go to the next one? Okay. Choose your words wisely. Detail and imagery. Write that down. When you're looking at detail and imagery, this is just kind of like what I'm talking about. So listen before you're writing them down. It refers to sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.

Images are generally related to the five senses. Ooh, there you go. So what can you write down? Yeah, details, sensory details about figurative language or five senses. Visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory. and olfactory, what's gastatory, do you guys know what that means? Context, clues, visual, eye, object, ear. Olfactory, what's that? what's olfactory smell which one is it somebody look it up what's your guess how many of you think gustatory is like eating

How many things Olfactory is eating? Tasting is gusty. What? Tasting is gusty. Right? Who's looking up? Who got a phone? Jess, are you looking up? Yeah. Thanks. The whole factory is smell. Smell. So what is gustatory then? Taste. All right, and the depth to a text in that they often express more than one meaning. So things to look for. These are the things I want you to really write down. When you're looking at details of imagery.

So that's like when the person is giving you so many details, it's like a little mini movie in your head, right? The boy had a red sweatshirt, dark rimmed glasses. He had gray shorts on. And kind of reddish brown hair. He had a glue pencil in his hand and was writing very quickly. And he wasn't even listening to the teacher. So, what to look for? You're looking again for patterns.

so for example in that first that virginia wolf one that we read about remember the girl who goes fishing with her dad there was a lot of visual details about the fish themselves about the boat but the water, right? And those are really key because she kind of comes back to those at the end when she's on her walk, right? So it ties it all together. Repetition. What things are being repeated over and over again.

Interesting and unusual images. Remember the image about the, what was it, the jellyfish? She talked about the jellyfish. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Do you remember that? Connections between the images and the details. There was a lot of outside fishing references, remember? In fact, one of the fishing references came back at the end.

What did she say? She said something about casting her glance, remember? And what was the whole text about? Fishing, right? And then she comes back to that casting the glance. They all tied in together. Things to consider. Again, connotation to denotation. Objects as symbols. Something being symbolized. Details used in the characterization of people. crystal blue eyes that could see the future forever that might be kind of important and in details used to establish the setting

What? Yeah, what to look for and to consider the most important things. You guys know what tone is. It refers to the mood conveyed in a piece of the author's attitude towards the subject. Hey, Courtney. This is how the author feels about what they are writing about. You can just hit that group, yeah. So, look-fors. Verbal clues and diction, syntax, and details. Formal and informal. Colloquial. What's colloquial?

Call a quail and say hi. Informal. Informal language. Mood and attitude, seriousness, humor, and irony. That's a really big one. And then things to consider. Authors, diction, and syntax. The irony or their straightforwardness and what they talk about. Details or lack of details. Imagery and atmosphere created. Did you guys get out here from a bus? No, I had an ear infection, but... I fell asleep. Go ahead and just join a group. You can join these ladies right here. Yeah. Thanks, guys.

So this is what we're going to work on today. It is a Cesar Chavez. some interesting things that you probably haven't really considered right off the bat. So I have directions today. Today we're going to work with the prompt and the passage. So number one, box the prompt. And I'll just give you a hint. What's the prompt? This right here. This whole little box right here. So box that. Put a box around it.

Box the prompt. Number one, box the prompt. Number two, you're going to read and annotate the prompt. out the triangle, the triangle, so you're going to basically use soap, you're going to look at the subject, occasion, audience, purpose, and subject from the prompt.

So what I'd like you to do is underline each section. So if you find S, underline it. Find O, underline it. A, audience, underline it. P, purpose, underline it. C, subject. Just from the prompt. Okay, ready? Go. assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., labor union organizer and civil rights leader Cesar Chavez, published an article in the magazine of a religious organization devoted to helping those in need.

Read the following excerpt from the article carefully. Then, in a well-written essay, analyze the rhetorical choices Chavez makes to develop his argument about non-violence resistance. All right, so first off, tell me what is the...

What's the occasion? Okay, the assassination of Martin Luther King. Yep, perfect. That's our occasion. What is our, who's our speaker? Nope. Be more specific. Nope. Who is he? And? Labor union organizer and civil rights leader, Cesar Chavez. That tells us exactly who he is. Okay, that's our speaker. What's wrong? Oh, I said that. Oh, no, I say no to somebody else. Sorry. You have to be louder. You're just quiet. Why are you scared? No, if you get it wrong.

Trust me, if you get it wrong, there's probably at least five other people in class who are thinking the same thing. And so if you make a mistake, everybody learns from it. Never be afraid to make a mistake. That's how you learn. We didn't make mistakes. We never learned. Okay, who is the audience? Who's the audience? What? A little more. What? Yes. Religious organization devoted to helping those in need. That's our audience. That's why I say keep going.

Okay, what is our subject? What? Yes, say that again. Nonviolent resistance. So that's, that's just, that's the media that it was put out in. So yeah, it'd be nonviolence, nonviolent resistance. Wait, what is that? Nonviolent resistance, that is our subject. So, hold on a second. All of our soaps is in that prompt.

we start understanding what the prompt is and all the information that's in the prompt is that going to help us with the rest of the article okay it is super super imperative guys that you dissect your prompts because that is just the context right at the beginning that's not even the rest of the speech but it tells us everything we need to know right there okay so what are we actually having to do if we were writing this essay what do we actually have to do

Wait, what did you say? What is the actual directions in this? Analyze the rhetorical choices. Okay. Keep going. Chavez makes to develop what? His argument. His argument. And we know that his argument is about... Right. We can also make some inferences in here. We can also infer that he probably believes the same things because this is during the...

the anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King, we know that he was a nonviolent protester. So we could probably assume, just based off of the occasion, that Chavez is also going to be a nonviolent. protester, right? Because he's doing it in memorial to Martin Luther King's death, right? So that occasion is really important to help us kind of understand the purpose of why he's doing this, okay?

So yeah, so we have all of that done. So now the next section, now you're going to start reading this passage. I want you to work in a group. I want you to read a section at a time. So like that first little paragraph, one person in your group read that out loud, and then I want you guys to go through and dissect it. So here's what I want you to do. I want you to underline interesting and important words, phrases, or ideas.

I want you to circle words, striking diction, words that come out that are like either maybe you don't know what the word means or it's an interesting way that they use it or maybe there's a list of words. I want you to box the claims or main ideas, because remember, we are looking for how he develops his argument. So we need to identify the claims throughout this argument. Remember, reading this whole thing is an argument. Next.

Asterisks or stars, mark the rhetorical devices he uses. So repetition. You don't need to actually have the name down, but notice repetition. Notice things that are like maybe out of order. Maybe if he's using weird things with his punctuation or lack of punctuation, lists of things, lots of semicolons, anything like that. Show connections with arrows.

If we were reading the Virginia Woolf one, right, the beginning starts with the walk, and how did it end? So I might take an arrow and draw from the beginning to end to show that there was a cycle there. Also, separate the shifts in tone. Remember how we just drew the lines through there? So if you're going through and it feels like he shifts subjects, he shifts gears, maybe he's giving you a personal story all of a sudden right in the middle of his planes.

Draw lines. Okay? We're going to spend a few days on this, so don't think that you have to get this all done right now. But I do want to hear you discussing this in your group, and I do want to hear you reading it out loud to each other. Okay? So if you don't get all the way through it, that is okay. Start paragraph by paragraph and let's start going through this. Okay, ready, set, go.