Coming up on StarTalk, it's a Things You Thought You Knew edition. Of course, I'm there with Chuck Nice and we tackle Planet X. What's up with that? Is it still there? Who knows? We know. And we tell you. Not only that, we tackle the three-body problem. No, I actually haven't seen the series yet, but I do know what the three-body problem is in physics. And you're going to hear all about it. And lastly, we're going to go to the ends of time and have a chat about
one scenario that's particularly disturbing about how the universe might end. Next on StarTalk. Welcome to StarTalk. You're a place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. StarTalk begins right now. I'll chuck anything you need me to do lately. So many things. I don't know if we have time. I did recently see a thing about Planet X. Planet X. Which I was very
displeased to find out I had nothing to do with Malcolm. This can't be widely known, because I don't to hear people talking about it when they talk about Planet X. So I want to give you just some backstory here. All right. William Herschel accidentally discovers the planet Uranus. We knew about Mercury Venus Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. There it stood. For like millennia. He discovers Uranus. It's a
beautiful paper. Nobody had ever discovered a planet, because all these planets were like known to the ancients. They're all visible in the night sky to everybody. K-Man knew about the planets. All right. Okay. Anybody freaks out. Because oh my gosh. There's more than five planets. All right. This is late 1700s and he's Brit. So of course he named it after his benefactor who was the king. The king. Yeah. Which king? The George of our Declaration of Independence. That's right.
Ultimately, clear heads would prevail. And it was renamed from George to Uranus. Uranus. Yeah. We're Uranus. Uranus. Okay. This by the way is a much better name than George. Then George. Okay. And even better than Uranus. So we're watching Uranus. All right. And we're getting a segment of its orbit because it's far out. It's not moving very fast. That's right.
These things take a long time to go around the sun. Even though we only had a small segment, we said, Hey, its path is not following Newton's laws of motion and gravity. Hmm. So someone suggested maybe we finally found the limit of Newton's laws in the universe. Newton, you don't, dumbass. Don't, dumbass. No, no. No, maybe they only apply to like earth and the moon and earth and the sun and inner planets and the sun. That could have been.
Then someone said, maybe Newton's laws do apply, but there's another planet out there we've yet to discover whose gravity we have yet to reconcile in these equations, which is if you just discovered one planet, may there's another one because they're cracked open to egg. They're planet egg, right? So some French mathematician's and Le Vier was one of the names. Le Vier. Le Vier. Le Vier. Le PLOS, I think, had a hand in this and they communicated this prediction
to an observatory in Berlin and Johann Gottfried Galle, G-A-L-L-E. How are you pronouncing it? Practically that night he discovers Neptune. That's pretty wild. The power of math, the power of Newton's laws, science. Neptune is moving. So we're now in the 1800s, 1846 something like this, mid-1800s. All right. Let's follow. It's orbit. We do that. It's not following Newton's laws. We've been down that road before. Well, that must be another planet. It must be another planet. Of course.
Okay. Let's start a hunt for that planet. Let's start it, the hunt for planet X. That's it. So people said, we've done this before. Let's predict. Let's do the math of Le Vier. Look over here and it should be there. Sure, but it was not there. Maybe it was hiding from you because you were supposed to be. So the hunt for planet X was like this massive planet. It was a planet hunt like none other. Okay. All right. Presto Hullo of the New England Lowels loved astronomy.
Was not formally trained, but he had money built in observatory, the best one in the world. So he found a mountain in Arizona. Okay. We're also going to put right Arizona. There you go. Found a mountain built in observatory. Finest optics, finest everything. The observatory is called the Lowel Observatory. The Lowel Observatory. He initiated the search for planet X. He wanted to know. Yes. Instead of choosing where to look, he starts a systematic survey
in the plane of the solar system. Okay. A photographic survey. Now, how do you discover a planet? It has to be a dot of light in one photo. Then in another photo, it has moved to a different spot. Right. Yeah. Okay. So he initiates this brings in Clyde Tombow to conduct the survey. He dies. Sorry. Because it was boring. No, no, no, no. Lowel dies. Oh, okay. I thought Clyde died. Because it's just like all I do night after night is look up here and wait for a dot of light.
This is going to kill us. Oh, this is going to kill me. 1930 is the announcement. Planet X discovered. Oh, by the way, it got named Pluto. There's a dot in one photo and it's moved to another place in another photo. He would joke about this. He lived into the 1990s. He would joke about this. Hey, Clyde, how did you discover where Pluto was? He said, oh, I looked up in the sky and there was an arrow pointing to my hand. Anytime you show the slide,
right? There's an arrow pointing to my hand. He persists with this being Planet X into the 1990s. Well, how big was it? What mass was it? They assigned it the mass that Planet X would have to be to perturb Neptune in the way we discovered it. Right. Even though it wasn't anywhere where the prediction said it was going to be, they said, fine, it's out there. Planet X, we good. We good. We good. Okay. Over the decades, we find out it's not as big and not as massive as they said it was.
Lies. Lies. Lies. Lies. Lies. Lies. We found a moon. We found a moon. We found a moon. His mass was like one fifth the mass of our moon. And along comes an astrophysicist named Neil DeGrasse Tyson and says, wait a minute. There needs to be one more nail in this coffin. I was an accessory to the demotion. I didn't pull the trigger. Okay. All right. So, yeah. So in the 90s, it got demoted. He died before it was officially demoted. They might have just... That would have killed him. Thank God.
Yeah. So it was not until 2006 where Pluto was officially demoted. But we took it out of commission here at the Hayden Planetarium when we open to the public in the year 2000 with Pluck Pluto from the ranks of planets and put it with the other dirty ice balls being discovered in the outer solar system where it belongs. You make it sound so derogatory. No. Okay. With the other ice... I spilled the ice ball. A little dirty ice ball. It's happier there. Right.
It's now the king of the comments rather than the puniest planet. Anyhow, it is so small. It's got so little mass. It can't possibly be planet X. Okay. A researcher named Milestandish asked a question. What are the observatories that obtain the positions of Neptune leading us to say that it's not following Newton's laws? It's multiple observatories over decades. And so he goes back and analyzes them. One of the observatories was the US Naval Observatory. Okay.
And he goes back to the observations and finds out something like the gearbox was cleaned or oiled or something. Somebody did something to the telescope before those observations were made. Hmm. Anytime you do something to a scientific instrument, you have to calibrate it. He said, what would happen if I ignore these measurements and fit the orbit to the remaining measurements that are out there? When he did that, Neptune landed right on Newton's laws. What?
And planet X evaporated overnight. There was nothing with a mass and gravity that was perturbing. Neptune, it was bad data. So Pluto's mass had no effect. No effect at all. No, no. Did it make a difference? Did Pluto did one way or another? Correct. And I'm saying, when you're a scientist on the frontier, you don't know what is
accounting for the anomalous results you're getting. Is it a new law of physics? Is it something else that is correct laws of physics, but is influencing you in ways you don't yet know? Right. Or is it something wrong with the data? So planet X is a centerpiece to this much longer larger story here about the plight of science on the frontier. And so I just want you to appreciate what scientists go through. I do. On that frontier, just to understand how nature works.
And the data are not always correct. Right. And guess what? And then everything else is off from that data, off from those data. Well, you have my understanding, but I also understand you kill Pluto. No, sir, that is not the takeaway of this. Okay. There's been some evidence that there could be a much larger planet out there, which has been called planet X. It's not affecting measurably the known planets, but it's because it's so far away. But there are other objects orbiting
where Pluto is. There might be some anomalies in their orbits that could be explained by an object so far away you can't see it. Because it's too dark out there. I read it was supposed to be a wandering planet. We're getting as a distance 10,000 times the Earth's sun distance. So it's way out there. Way out. So possibly, but the historical case the planet X is solved. Hello, I'm thinking bro, gallon. And I support star talk on Patreon. This is star talk with
Neil grass Tyson. You're going to get an astrophysicist explanation of the literal three-body problem without reference to anything that's shown up on streaming services. And that means he's not going to ruin the show for you. I don't know anything about anything about the show, but I do know enough to describe the three-body problem to you. Let's start simple. Okay. Okay. So as we know, the moon orbits the Earth. Right. But that's not the right way to say it. Okay. Okay. All right. The moon and
the Earth orbit their common center of gravity. So Earth is not just sitting here. Right. And the moon is going around it. They feel in their common center. You know where it is? It's a thousand miles beneath Earth's surface along a line between the center of the Earth and the center of the moon. Got to. So as the moon moves here, that center mass line shifts. Okay. So that means Earth is kind of jiggling. Mm-hmm. Like this as the moon goes around. Got to. That's their center of mass. All right.
This is the two-body problem. It is perfectly solved using equations of gravity. Right. And mechanics. Makes sense. Perfectly solved. Yeah. Isaac Newton solved it. Okay. My boy. That's your man. My man. Yeah. Isaac. Not a dumb guy. Ike. That's for sure. Ike. Okay. Let's not call him Ike. There's another Ike that we don't want to we don't want to conjure up thoughts of that Ike. We think about Isaac Newton. Isaac Newton. Okay. So that worked. Then Isaac applied the equations to the Earth
moon system going around the Sun. Okay. Okay. That worked too. So in that system, let's ignore the moon for the moment. It's Earth going around this another two-body system. He's not a two-body system. All right. But then he worried. He said every time Earth comes around the back stretch and Jupiter's out there. Right. Jupiter, but Tug on it a little bit. Yeah. That's a lot of gravity. A little bit. Tug on it. As we come around back to the other side. What's up Earth? All right.
I think it comes around again. Tug's on it again. What's up Earth? Right. And of course everybody's moving in the same direction around the Sun. So the Earth would have to go a little farther in its orbit to be aligned again with Jupiter. Right. But it's going to Tug on it. Okay. He looked at all these little Tugs and he says I'm worried that the solar system will go unstable. Right. Because it keeps talking on it. It keeps pulling it away. And the previously stable orbit would just decay
into chaos. Okay. Okay. He was worried about this. Okay. You know what he said? I know my equations work. And it's looks stable to me. Right. So clearly it is stable even though it looks like maybe it wouldn't be stable. You know what he says? He said every now and then God fixes things. Wow. There you go. That's the answer. Even Isaac Newton. Wow. Look at that. Yeah. Winning doubt. Winning doubt. Just let God figure it out. Right. I can't figure it out. God did
it. Clearly we're all still here. We haven't been yanked out of orbit by Jupiter. Right. But Jupiter is pulling on us. So it's a God correction. God, God correction. Okay. So this is the first hint that a third body is messing with you. Right. Okay. In some way that maybe it's harder to understand. Fast forward 113 years. Oh, what? We get to a Laplace. He studied this problem. Right. Okay. And he developed, I don't think invented, but he developed
a new branch of calculus called perturbation theory. Uh-huh. Okay. Unknown to Newton. Even though Newton invented calculus. Right. Invented calculus. Right. All right. So he could have done it. He could have said in order to solve this problem, let me invent. I need more calculus. I just need more calculus. I just need more calculus. Newton do it. Newton do it. So Laplace developed perturbation theory.
And it comes down to we have two bodies, the Sun and the Earth in this case. And the third one, the tug is small, but it's repeating. It's not a big Jupiter. It's not sitting right here. Right. It's way out there. Way out there. It's just a little tug. And so you can run the equations in such a way and realize that a two body system that is tugged, often by something small, that it all cancels out in the end. Got you. Okay. So when it's out here, the tug is a little bit
that way. But now it's over here. And the tug is less. Right. All right. And then sometimes it's tugging you in this direction when that's the configuration. You add it all up. It all cancels out. And it just Newton could not have known that without this new branch of calculus. Okay. Okay. perturbation theory. So that took care of that third body. Got you. We're solar systems basically stable. Okay. For the foreseeable future in ways that Newton had
not imagined in ways that Newton required God. Right. Okay. Oh, by the way, just a quick aside, this is now we're up to the year 1800. You know who summoned up these books to read them immediately? Because the series of books called celestial mechanics. Okay. Napoleon. Oh, not am Napoleon. Napoleon who read all the books he could on physics and engineering and metal ergy. Look at that. Okay. It wasn't just a tyrant. Right. He was like a smart tyrant. All right.
So he summons up the book. Doesn't need doesn't have to be translated because they both in French. Right. He reads it goes to Laplacin says Montseur. This is a beautiful piece of work, brilliant. But you make no mention of the architect of the system. He's referring to God and Laplac replied, sir, I had no need for that hypothesis. Oh, that's a mic drop. Oh, that is tough. Man. Oh, that's a dig on Napoleon and on Newton. Yeah. And on Newton. I have. Oh, man. Look at that.
All right. So let's keep going. Go ahead. So now let's say we have not just the planet and one of its moons, but let's say we have a star and another star double star system. Famously portrayed in what film Star Wars Star Wars. Yeah. All right. Of course. So those two suns and the planet is stable and I'll tell you why in a minute. But if you take a third sun and put it there, approximately the same size, then what kind of orbits will they have? Okay. So I'm feeling this
one. But now I feel that where's my gravitational allegiance? You don't know where to go. Am I going to come through? Right. But then am I going to go that way or this way? It turns out the orbits of a three body problem are mathematically chaotic. Yes. I was about to say that did not seem very stable. Some has to give. Well, this is this is in the series. I haven't seen the series. I know. I'm just saying something has to give. That's all. Two of these are going to collide. One is going to
get ejected. Right. Okay. That is the classical three body problem. Three objects of approximately similar mass trying to maintain a stable orbit. And it goes chaotic with just three objects. Look at that. It is unsolvable. You can let me say that differently. You can calculate incrementally what's happening and track it until the system dies or splits apart or whatever.
But you cannot analytically predict the future of the three body system because what chaos will do for you in your mathematical model is if you change the initial conditions by a little bit. Right. A little bit. The solution diverges further down the line. It goes crazy. It's not just a little bit different later on. Exactly. It is exponentially different. Correct. Wow. With the smallest increment of distance. Right. I'll say I'll move you in this direction, in this
model, and then in a slightly different direction in the other model, it goes chaotic. That's what we mean by chaos. Right. Okay. It's mathematically defined. Okay. Okay. So now there's something called the restricted three body problem. Oh, right. Okay. Okay. The restricted three body problem. We have two masses of approximately equal and one that's much less than the other two. That is solvable. Right. It's called the restricted three body problem. That's you. In the Star Wars case,
that's the restricted three body problem. Right. Because you have the two stars and you have the little planet. The little planet. Very real. And it's even better because the planet is so far away that it only really saw one merged gravity of the two stars. Right. Okay. You far enough away. That difference is not really mattering to you. You maintain one stable orbit around them both. Around both stars. Both stars. Okay. Now, if it got really close, then you'll have issues.
Because then it does again, gravitational allegiance matters. The stars are not going to care, but you will because you'll get you don't know where to go. You don't know where to go. I'm in love with two stars. And I don't know what to do. What's waiting for that turn? So anyhow, so so the three body problem, the takeaway here is it's unsolvable, not just because we don't know how to do it yet, because it's mathematically unsolvable. It builds into the system.
The system is chaotic. Yeah. Okay. Unless you make certain assumptions about the system that you would then invoke so that you can solve it. And so one of them is a small object around bigger ones. Another one, oh, by the way, in this solution with Jupiter out there, slightly tugging. Right. Yes. It turns out over a very long time scale, this is chaotic. But much longer times you'll then Newton ever imagined. Okay. Okay. Because yes, we are small
compared to the Sun, but Jupiter isn't. Right. And we're trying to orbit between them. Right. So that's that's all it's not deeper than that. It's not. Yeah. Right. I could have said the four body problem, but this problem begins at the three body problem, right? Because you're going to have the same thing than the four bodies. Exactly. It's going to be the same. And we have star clusters with thousands of stars. Right. And they're all just orbiting. We have to we can model it,
but we cannot predict with precision where everybody's going to be at any given time. Okay. Because it's chaotic. The chaos. So it's basically it's about the chaos. It's about the chaos. It's about the chaos. Yeah. So what we do is we model the chaos. Right. Right. We say this will be statistically looking like this over time. You're not going to track one object through the system. Exactly. For eternity. That's not going to work. That's so cool. Yeah. All right. That is so cool.
There it is. All right. Another explainer slipped in from torn from the pages of science fiction. Yes. Just a simple description of the three body problem. I'm going to tell you some of the ways the universe will end. All right. So let me give you some scenarios that are on the docket. Okay. Okay. As you may know, we are currently expanding. Yes. All right. That's right. Growth. Damn it. And as we expand, the universe gets thinner and thinner,
less and less dense. If you're not growing your dying. Well, consider how do you make a star? We have a gas cloud in it collapse. Right. To make a new object. Right. But if things continue to expand, then there's an interesting sequence of events. First, there are galaxies that have already used up all their gas. Okay. These elliptical shapes, we call them elliptical galaxies. Oh. They don't have any gas, but they have stars that will live a trillion years. Wow.
After a trillion years, those stars start dimming out one by one. There. That's the actual sound that a star makes. Yes. Yeah. When is it going to be? In the vacuum of space. In the vacuum of space. They will pluck out one by one trillions of years from now because that's their life expectancy. Okay. They're burning their fuel very efficiently, very slowly and very efficiently. These are the dim red stars of which there are many right in every galaxy. Right. All right. But there's no gas
in the elliptical galaxies. There's no fresh generation to be made. All right. In spiral galaxies, such as ours, the Milky Way, we have stars that will also live a trillion years. They'll pluck out at around the same time these other stars do, but we have residual gas. Right. So we're making stars today. Yes. Stellar nurseries. Yes. Yes. Yes. The JWST. That's it. It's all up in that. Yeah. So that will only continue until there's no gas left. Right. So for spiral galaxy, it might go
another five billion years, perhaps. Okay. And when we run out of gas, that's the last generation of stars to get made. You're literally out of gas. Right. That's when the universe makes this out. Oh, by the way, in the distant future, as we continue to expand, galaxies will expand beyond the horizon that we have established from our location here. So what is that horizon? That's where they're moving way from you faster than the speed of light. So their light tries to reach you,
but it can't. It can't. Wow. All the energy gets sucked out of it. And so every galaxy in the night sky will go beyond that horizon. Okay. With or without its stars, it'll go beyond the horizon. So if we look outside of our own galaxy, there'll be nothing there. As far as we know, our entire
universe is just the stars living or dead in the Milky Way. Oh, that's so our entire understanding of cosmology in a post apocalyptic civilization in that very distant future will have no idea the universe had at beginning at all because we know about the beginning by looking at other galaxies. Right. So a page in the history of the universe will have been removed and they will not even know it. Look at that. But wait, there's more. There's the matter of the black holes. Okay. Okay. Interesting.
All right. So the black holes, they, the small black holes actually will evaporate. Okay. Okay. Using Hawking radiation. Right. So just outside the horizon, they're the spontaneous particle pairs that are formed out of their gravitational energy field. Right. And one particle escapes the other falls in and that effectively subtracts mass from the black hole. Okay. So we will lose those black holes and around then our best hypotheses for the survival of the proton.
Okay. Okay. We think the proton might decay. If the proton decays, that's it. The proton decay, we're thinking also happens at around 10 to the 30th years. Wow. Last I checked. It could be an up to maybe 10 to the 32 years. Right. That's around where I don't know about whose count. Whose count? The factor of 10 or 100. Whose factor of 10 or 100? Whose count? And we have factors of trillions and gazillions.
Right. All right. That means the structure of all matter, which is, a foundation is on the nucleus composed of protons. That's right. And neutrons. But neutrons, free neutrons decay. Right. But protons are the stableest particle we know, they're gone. Right. Okay. Well that's it. But wait, there's the supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies. Oh right. They take longer to evaporate. That's true. They'll still be there.
Right. They don't just go away just because the universe expanded every other galaxy out of it. And just because all the stars died, how about those? They take 10 to the 100 years to evaporate. Wow. You can do the math on this. No I can't. No, I'm sorry. This is what we failed to realize. You know what 10 of the 100 is? What number that is? 10 to the hundred. Yeah. That's a thousand. 10 to the third power is a thousand.
Yeah. 10 to the hundredth power. That's a Google. I did not know that. So that's a lot of years. That's beyond the line. Okay. That's a lot of years. Yeah. All right. So all matter is just scattered evenly into the vacuum of space. Whatever's left of matter and the universe dies. There's no more phenomenon to happen. Okay. You don't even have black holes evaporating. Right. Everything's okay. And the temperatures have been dropping the entire time early on. It was very hot. Right. It was
glowing. The glowing hot. Right now it's cool to three degrees absolute zero. Right. That's that's very cold. Right. It got even colder. Even colder. Near absolute zero in the very distant future. Okay. So in that scenario, the universe will not die with a bang but with a whimper. And not in fire. But in ice. Oh, that sounds cold and lonely. That is a cold lonely. That's one scenario. Okay. So for a while, people call that the heat death of the universe.
But these are thermodynamics saying that because to them, there's no such thing as cold. Right. There's only the absence of heat. That's it. Okay. Right. So the heat. All the heat is going on. So they call it the heat death. But that's so misleading. Exactly. So I just prefer to call it the big freeze. We know what's driving that. Okay. What we do know about it tells us that it is unrelenting. So it's not just an expansion that will continue forever. Right. It's an
expansion that will accelerate forever. Accelerate. Wow. That's crazy. Because it is a property in the vacuum of space. That's what we call dark energy. So the more the universe expands, the more vacuum you have. Right. And the weaker gravity becomes because all the matter is getting spread out. It's getting spread out. Yeah. Okay. Like butter on hot toast. All right. So you can do the math on this. So first, yes, all the galaxies will accelerate beyond your horizon. It'll happen. We got that in
the first one. Okay. But here's what the difference is. If that acceleration goes unchecked. Right. Then it'll start ripping apart things that would otherwise retain their integrity from their gravity. Right. So first, they're galaxy clusters that even in an expanding universe, they'll want to stay together with the accelerating expansion. It'll start pulling them out. Pulling them away. Then once it's destroyed the galaxy cluster, now it's going to start working on the galaxies. Right.
Which are tightly bound systems of stars. As the universe continues to expand, the strength of that expansion will become greater than the binding gravity of the systems themselves. So it'll start ripping apart galaxies. Okay. Then you don't have you don't have galaxy clusters. You don't have galaxy. Now you just have stars and and their planets. It'll start plucking the planets away from the stars home record. Oh, it's just a home. Then it'll start ripping apart the stars. The stars
and the planets themselves. Wow. These forces are strong. Yeah. Okay. So it'll start becoming stronger than the electromagnetic forces that holds matter together. Damn. One way to imagine this is we have a rubber band. Okay. You take one end and I'll take one end. All right. So you feel the force is all right again. That's right. So this was originally the gravitational force that was holding galaxies together. Okay. But the star energy broke that apart. Then there's the force of the
intermolecular force that broke that apart. Okay. But the universe is getting more and more stretched. Right. Okay. What we don't know is that is there a limit to how much the physical universe can stretch in response to this dark energy. Okay. Because once you're down to a proton and it rips apart a proton. Oh. Then you're left with quarks. But then what happens? Can you rip a quark apart? We don't know. We don't know. But then what could possibly happen is we call this the big rip.
So we call it the big rip and to do the calculations that will happen in 10 to the 22 years. Oh wait. Way sooner. That's much sooner than 10 to the 100. Yes. It'll happen before the black holes of api- Oh, I'm very worried at this point now. That is disturbing. Okay. So long before the big freeze the big rip will just go ahead and pull everything apart. It'll be still pretty cold by the way. Yeah. Yeah. I lay awake at night wondering
what that would be. Because it rips and what's in the rip. Yeah. What's there? I'm trying to figure out what's going to be left. Now third and last. Okay. There's no data to support this next idea. Okay. There's nothing to tell us that we will ever recalapse. Okay. Because our expansion speed is greater than anything the collective gravity of all galaxies could possibly muster.
Okay. To try to bring it back. All right. So. But if something gets discovered that will slow down the expansion and then have us recalapse, then everything will happen sort of in reverse. The universe will get hotter and hotter and hotter. Right. Instead of cooler and cooler. Things will get more and more concentrated. And ultimately we'd all come back to the same point. Same singularity. And they call that the big crunch. But that implies that things are like
crackers. Right. If you take a special crack down. But I think it's really the big squeeze. Oh. To me, that's a more accurate term. The big squeeze. Now, the whole universe becomes the size of an atom again. And if you look at the quantum physics of this, once you're in the quantum realm, you can like tunnel. That's a rough. All bet you can tunnel. You can tunnel out. You can tunnel out. Yeah. Okay. And all that energy and all that matter in one place. Right. There's
only one thing it can do. And that's expand. It's once again into another big bang. Big bang. Big bang number, whatever. Right. Right. These are scenarios. All of which will happen long after we're dead. Well, that's why I'm not going worried about it. I'm just saying this stuff that will kill us long before that. Yes. Okay. We'll be running for the hills as the sea levels rise. Yes. I was going to change the next virus. We're nobody wants to get vaccinated. Exactly. We'll kill all of
them. We're not making it out of the next century. Let alone have to worry about any of this. And you don't worry, it's me most is ask anybody in the year 1900 what they fear the greatest. Right. In terms of the survival of our species, they'll say population, they'll say consumption. They'll say things that aren't even on our list today. Some of them we've all discussed. Some of them are listed. They didn't even know about that. They think about it. They
didn't even know that it was something to think about. So in the year 2100, I don't fear what we fear today. Yeah. People won't be worried about cancer. I fear what we don't yet know to worry. Right. And I fear what we do know to worry, which is us. We being awful shepherds of our own fate. There you go. Like, yeah, just we are terrible stewards of the future because we are terrible stewards of the present. Oh, and that's what I fear. Oh, yeah. All right.
Oh, not happy now. Happy nice day. Hey. All right. These are the ways the world would end. With Neil and Chuck, a fireside chat. Sleep tight. Sleep well, people. Oh, God. This has been a start talk. Things you thought you'd new edition. Thanks for joining us. As always, I bid you to keep looking up.