SYSK TRENDING -The Truth About Cynicism

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So much negative. in the news today, it's no wonder we sometimes become cynical. Some of us are cynical on occasion, and others are naturally cynical. Cynicism can feel like a kind of wisdom, a shield against disappointment. Avoid being fooled. But what if that instinct to distrust others is actually holding you back more than it's protecting you? That's why today's SYSK trending topic is the truth about cynicism. Today in my Psychologist Jamil Zaki who has spent years studying.

Connection. We're exploring the truth about cynicism, where it comes from, how it shapes the way you see the world, why it might And how it can cut ourselves off from meaningful connections. It's a fascinating discussion, and we'll get to it right after. Are you a cynic? Do you think people are trustworthy or people are not to be trusted? Are people selfish or generous, cruel or kind? Are people mostly just out for themselves and screw everyone else?

It certainly appears that more people think this way now than ever before. And all this cynicism is a problem. In fact, it's a disease. According to my guest, Dr. Jamil Zaki. He is a professor of psychology at Stanford University. and director of the Stanford Social Neuroscience Lab. He's author of a book called Hope for Cynics, The Surprising Science of Human Goodness. Hi Jamil, welcome to something you should know. Oh thanks for having me.

So w what first of all, what does the data say about all this cynicism and lack of trust in society today? Is it true? What's the science say? Well, uh, I think the data are pretty clear that humanity has lost faith in itself. In nineteen seventy-two, about half of Americans believed that most people can be trusted. By 2018, that had fallen to a third of Americans, a drop as big as the stock market took during the financial collapse.

of two thousand eight. We don't have to feel this way. There is a lot of good under the surface if you look more carefully. So why do you think this big loss in trust, where d where is that coming from? You know, it's hard to know because history is not an experiment, right? You can't uh run it back a thousand times and tinker with different factors to see what caused the drop in trust. That said, there are some factors that seem to correlate that are really interesting. One is inequality.

You know, generally when uh it when a place like a town or country is really economically unequal, people trust each other less. And also over time in the US, when we've had times of greater equality, people have generally felt more connected. A second factor is the media. Not you, of course, Mike. You are an exception, but but in much of the media, we are bombarded with really negative, toxic, and extreme representations of who's out there.

And it's really easy to decide if you're tuned in, if you're watching a lot of news on cable or doom stro doom scrolling on your phone for hours, that actually people are pretty rotten. Those data though are biased. And so it turns out that watching a bunch of news or staying online a lot doesn't actually make you more accurate about what people are really like. It might lead to not just cynicism, but unnecessary cynicism.

So this lack of trust that you spoke about a moment ago, is that what leads to cynicism? Is that the is that the definition of a cynic is someone who doesn't trust? I think it's close. I see cynicism as a theory about human nature. It's the idea that in general people are selfish, greedy, and dishonest. And one way that that comes out, as you're rightly pointing out, is a lack of trust.

If you think that people generally are up to no good, that they're out only for themselves, then trusting somebody, putting your faith in them, taking a risk on them is a sucker's bet. So indeed, cynics trust less than non-cynics. But there are other ways that cynicism also comes out. One is just a kind of negative, bleak attitude towards most people, a general sense of, let's call it, ambient contempt. So mistrust is part of it, but I wouldn't say it's entirely the whole story.

Do we have a sense of how many people self describe as cynics? Yeah, if you ask so there are questionnaires that capture people's cynicism, and in general, people score a little bit. away from the cynicism side of the scale. So most people are not super cynical, but again, the trends are what I'm most interested in. So the proportion of people who would describe themselves as cynics has risen

steadily over the last few decades. And if that trend continues, then soon our entire culture might flip over from generally trusting to generally cynical. I would be curious to know if you know what cynics have in common besides cynicism. In other words, are they older, younger, men, women, they live in cities or they live in rural areas? What else Do cynics share besides their cynicism? I love this question, Mike. Um so there are some data on demographic

correlates is what we would call it of cynicism. And it turns out to be less obvious than you might think, but I think it the data makes sense. So it's not the case that rural versus urban people, for instance, are systematically more or less cynical than one another. But it is the case that people who have gone through a lot of adversity tend to become cynical through those struggles.

So for instance, people who uh have lower economic opportunities tend to mistrust more. People who have been traumatized uh tend to trust less. People who have had difficult family upbringings where they don't feel like they can count on people in their immediate environment. They tend to be more cynical too. So I think oftentimes I see, you know, you you you talk to a cynic.

and they often have a kind of sneering, almost sense of superiority, like they're wiser or smarter than other people. I actually think if you dig down Oftentimes they're responding to pain and betrayal. The comedian George Carlin once said, Scratch a cynic and you'll find a disappointed idealist. And I think that there's a lot to that. So it sounds like you're saying that cynicism is a a position or a belief that you come to as a result of your experience.

I think so. Uh so there is a genetic component to it, but it's a very small minority. So uh your genes explain very little of how cynical you are, which leaves your experience. And some experiences are personal, others are collective. So, for instance, when people are put in really competitive environments,

Think about a company, for instance, where you are pitted against your colleagues and uh only some of you can rise to the top and you're in a zero sum environment. Those Circumstances can make us more cynical, whereas being in a cooperative environment where people work together and are rewarded together can decrease our cynicism and make us mentally healthier. Well, but...

See, but but what that you just said implies that cynicism isn't is mentally unhealthier, but a lot of people wear cynicism as a kind of a badge of honor, that they they're proud of being cynics because they're more realistic. They understand the world better. They they they know what's going on. That th they they're proud to be cynics. I hear this all the time. People tell me, I'm not a cynic. I'm a realist.

But there is a lot of evidence to the contrary. For instance, cynics, it turns out, score less well on cognitive tests than non-cynics, and they have a harder time uh spotting liars than non-cynics. In fact, you can think about cynicism as uh apparent wisdom that actually, if you look more closely, is just a bunch of assumptions. You know, you think of the opposite of a cynic as a naive, gullible person who blindly trusts people.

But cynics blindly mistrust people. And because of that, they actually stop paying attention to evidence about who they can trust and who they can't. And it turns out that a lot of cynical assumptions about people are really clearly wrong uh when you look again at the data. So I would say to a cynic who argues that they're a realist, that they should take a closer look at the people around them.

Here's a question to maybe better understand what a cynic is it's to ask you what a cynic isn't. If if you're not a cynic, if you're the opposite of a cynic, what are you? Yeah, I think that's a great question. And again, I think if you ask a cynic what is the opposite of cynicism, they would tell you uh it's someone who's naive.

and uh unthinking. But actually, as I've been mentioning, I think cynics and naive people have a lot in common in that each one of them has a conclusion already and they just look for evidence that supports their conclusion. Really trusting people will uh put faith in others even if they've been betrayed. They're missing the evidence of who they can't trust.

Cynical people decide that nobody can be trusted and also don't look at the evidence. In my opinion, the opposite of both of these folks is somebody who is skeptical. So skepticism, unlike cynicism, is not a theory about people. It's not a blanket assumption. Skeptics think like scientists. They focus on evidence and update their impressions, update their perspective based on what they learn.

So to me, that type of skepticism is much healthier and allows us not just to feel good, but to understand each other better. But in order to do that, in order to examine the evidence takes time and and a lot of us size people up instantly and some people size people up and as to whether they're trustworthy, what kind of person they are. It's more of a gut instinct. And are are we predisposed to just assume about people or are we using some sort of filter or what?

I think that we trust our gut instincts way too much a lot of the time. I mean our gut instincts also tell us that we should trust people who look like us. or who have a similar background from us and not people who are different. Those types of biases we know exist in our mind and we don't celebrate them. We don't uh we don't go with them unthinkingly. For people with depression and anxiety, their gut instinct tells them that they're terrible or that everybody around them is judging them.

Uh cognitive therapy is about helping people not trust those instincts. And it turns out that for the rest of us, we have something called negativity bias. People pay lots more attention to evidence about threats and possible harms than they do to the good stuff in life. This is really clear across dozens of studies.

So when our gut instinct drives us to think, huh, I think that I just shouldn't trust people, or I think that people in general are selfish, that might not be a trustworthy instinct. It might be more like a bias. So one thing that I encourage people to do is to be skeptical about your cynicism. I'm not saying that you should trust or send your bank information to the prince who's gonna wire you fourteen million dollars.

But uh it's good to be open to evidence as opposed to drawing sweeping conclusions before you've even had a chance to learn about people.

We are discussing cynicism and the problems it can cause with Dr. Jamil Zaki. He's a professor at Stanford and author of the book Hope for Cynics: The Surprising Science of Human Goodness. So Jamil, I'm anxious to hear about the science of human goodness, the which is the subtitle of your book. What is the science tell us and and what in fact is human goodness? I think of human goodness as expressed through the actions that people take.

In their everyday lives to help each other. Uh, you know, we are a social species and we are a deeply pro-social species. We show up for each other in a way that no other animal on the planet does. And I think that one of the tragedies of cynicism is that it. cuts us off from seeing that everyday beauty of human positive actions and letting go of cynicism gives us a chance to witness it more clearly.

The data again are really clear that if you ask people to estimate how trustworthy or kind or compassionate or open-minded others are, We miss the mark. We think that people have much less of all of these positive qualities than they really do. And that makes us miss out on the ability to connect with people, to collaborate, to form relationships. The good news is that when we look more closely, when we replace

Cynicism with skepticism, pleasant surprises are everywhere. Again, I'm not saying that everyone is terrific. I'm not saying that there aren't people who are terrible and do awful things. What I am saying, and what the data are clear on, is that the average person underestimates the average person. And that leads to all sorts of missed connections, but we can choose to think a different way and connect more effectively.

And is it simply a matter of changing your thinking of of saying, you know, now I'm going to be more open even though I haven't been? No, I think that that's a first step. I really, in my own life, because I struggle with cynicism myself. I try to fact check my cynical feelings. If I find myself mistrusting somebody who I've just met, right, that gut instinct rising up inside me saying, What is this guy and who do, you know, who is this guy and what does he want?

I try to say, well, come on, Zaki, what evidence do you have for that cynical claim? And often the answer is nothing. I don't know. So I think rethinking is the first step. But I also try to do what I call taking leaps of faith on other people. That is, taking small, calculated risks.

giving people a chance to show me who they are. And it turns out that that actually doesn't just allow you to learn more about people, it exerts a positive effect on them. Economists talk about what they call earned trust. That's the idea that when you trust people, they are more likely to step up and want to become trustworthy. So cynicism creates all these poisonous, self-fulfilling prophecies. You decide that people are terrible, you treat them terribly, and you bring out the worst in them.

But skepticism and what I call hopeful skepticism, which is also understanding that our default setting might be too negative. Uh that type of perspective allows us to take a chance on people and bring out their best, turning a negative self-fulfilling prophecy into a positive one.

How good are we though when we decide we're going to give someone a chance, we're not going to prejudge them, we're going to let we're going to allow them to be who they are and let's see w how good are we at judging oh he's he's not as bad as I thought he was. So there's a bunch of studies that explore this, where people are asked to predict

Uh, what would it be like if you struck up a conversation with a stranger or confided in an acquaintance about something that you're struggling with? You know, these little acts of vulnerability and openness. And first you ask one group of people to predict how would that go? And they say, oh my gosh, this would be awful. It would be awkward and cringe and everybody would hate the experience. You then ask a separate group of people, hey, go and try it and then report back.

And people are shocked at how positive these interactions are. Even conversations with people they disagree with are much more positive than they think. And the evidence suggests that if we pay close attention. if we savor the difference between our bleak expectations and the often very good reality, we actually do learn. We start to become more habitually open to other people. Which is a great way again to become healthier and more connected.

So we've been talking about cynicism in terms of how it relates to our views of other people, but there seems to be a lot of cynicism about government, right? That that you you can't trust the government, that people don't like the government. And also th about Uh conspiracy theories. That if you're a cynic, you don't trust the official story, you believe the conspiracy theory story. Is is there something there that's part of this?

There's a strong correlation between people's cynicism and their susceptibility to conspiracy theories. And again, you know, I'm not at all saying that we should all unthinkingly trust the government. That sounds uh like lunacy, but Uh, when we decide that nobody can be trusted, that anything that we hear on the news is automatically fake. That actually opens us up to being uh controlled in other ways. Uh and there are lots of people, including elites like politicians, who benefit a lot.

from a population that doesn't trust itself and doesn't trust anybody. In fact, this is an old part of the authoritarian playbook, is to make sure that people suspect one another and can't band together and discover common cause. So again, I I think that mistrust of government, understandable.

But total mistrust of everything that we hear actually can be a tool of the status quo. Because if you believe that nobody can be trusted, there's no point in trying to fight for any type of positive social change. So is there any research th th that you're aware of that that you can talk about uh of recovered cynics? Like how does that go? Are they happy they they aren't uh anymore or uh or what happens to them?

Oh yeah. I mean cynicism tracks all sorts of negative outcomes in our lives from uh worse mental health, worse physical health, earlier death, uh lower salaries. I mean, you name it. If it was a pill, it'd be a poison. And people who recover from cynicism likewise tend to recover their ability to connect and then have all the benefits that come with it.

You know, when I started work on this book and I was thinking about the trust deficit, one of the challenges that I laid out for myself was to ask: is there any place in the world? where the trend went in the opposite direction, where uh an entire culture went from being untrusting to being more trusting. And I discovered that it that has happened and it happened right here.

We have been losing faith in one another for 50 years, but in fact, the first half of the 20th century in the US was this incredible rise in solidarity and trust. From the eighteen nineties, which was a very cynical decade, to the nineteen fifties, which but although far from perfect, was a much more trusting time than before or since. So we have done it. through uh you know, social programs, through social movements.

uh and through what well at that time something known as the Christian social gospel, the US became a much more community oriented place and people grew faith in one another. And if we did that before, I believe we can do it again. You've clearly researched this topic in depth. I'm wondering, is there anything that you think that w that m we haven't spoken about yet that people need to understand that that maybe they don't and that surprises you?

You know, one angle that we haven't talked about, Mike, is the effect of cynicism on parenting. Uh I think that a lot of the so there's some really interesting data that came out recently where parents were asked What should your child believe about the world if they are to succeed? And most parents thought that their kids should think the world is a dangerous place, that thinking the world is dangerous would be helpful to their lives.

It turns out that the exact opposite is true. People who think that the world is dangerous tend to be less happy, they tend to do less well in their careers. But I think that in some cases, in the spirit of keeping our children safe, A beautiful and critical impulse, we actually end up making them less trusting and shrinking their opportunities.

This is the kind of discussion that r makes you think makes you think about your own cynicism and, you know, where you fall on the scale of just how cynical you are and what that might be doing to you and to your relationships and your opportunities. It It certainly gives you something to think about. I've been speaking with Dr. Jamil Zaki. He is a professor of psychology at Stanford and director of the Stanford Social Neuroscience Lab. The name of his book is

Hope for Cynics, the surprising science of human goodness. And there's a link to his book in the show notes. Jamil, always a pleasure to have you on. It's always a thought provoking conversation. Thanks for being here. And thank you for listening to this S Y S K trending episode about cynicism. I'm Mike Carruthers, and this is something you should know.