Hello, you are welcomed and a warm embrace a new episode of Sherezal stories. Today we have the special participation of a very dear friend who is Diego Villa, Diego, thank you so much for being here again accompanying us in Sherezade' s stories in this episode that will talk about the titan chronos and how his performance as a Saturn comes to Roman mythology. Thank you so much for being here, Diego, Hello, Susana and listeners, thank you so
much for having me back here on your podcast. It' s a pleasure and we did have this very important God a little forgotten in the tint, but we already had the opportunity to meet to talk a little bit about his Saturnian history. Chronos O crono saturno, as you want to call it So, a super interesting opportunity to talk about one of the gods that are considered
primordial of the group of primordials of Greco- Roman mythology. This in primordial means that they are of the first leities that appeared when the world was created from Chaos, along with the pure night Nogea, and I think we will well remember a little bit about this story of Thiodo and the origin of the world. No yes, then let us begin by taking back the Greek titan Chronos and then go on developing us, that is, how was his arrival
in Rome as Saturn. Then let us return a moment to the time of the Titans, who were those sons of Gea and Uranus, who were giants and Gea and Uranus, for we are then returning to the primordial deities in ancient Greece and although Crono was the youngest titan, the fact of rebelling against Uranus led him to become king and all the sons of Uranus were imprisoned in
the body of Gea. And to put an end to that uncomfortable situation, Gea gave a sickle to Crono and when the couple tried again to have sex, Crono attacked Uranus and castrated him. And Asynchronous took control of the world and the universe. When Crono threw the cut genitals, the drops of blood became the erynias or vengeful fury of those who committed you against the family.
Giants and nymphs also emerged. According to another version of the myth, Cronos threw the gentals into the sea and around them accumulated the foam that produced Aphrodite. Then known as Venus by the Romans, the goddess of passion. During the reign of Cronos, he soon became as tyrannical as that of Uranus and
forced the giants, including the cyclops, to return underground. And since Gea had warned him that one of his sons would dethrone him, devoured them as soon as his royal wife was born, the wife of Cronos gave him six children who are eventually going to be the Olympians and these are beast to bring in was ades possession and Zeus Cronos swallowed everyone except Zeus, whom Rea replaced
by a stone wrapped in diapers. Zeus was then taken away to be raised away from his father and in the end, with the help of the Titans, threw them to Cronos into the abysses of Tartarus for a time where there were giants of a hundred arms destined to watch over him. According to another version of the myth, Crono was exiled on an island and there he was with some followers, the Greek poet Ezíodo. Let us remember that he lived
about the eighth century, before Christ. According to him, the first humans were, say, lived, came to see Cronos and lived in a golden
age, free from worries and fatigues. And then it is probable that Cronos was a worshiped deity before the arrival of the Greeks and so, according to some interpretations, he had to be dethroned in order to be able to give rise to the rise of Zeus and the Olympics, who were the gods dwelling on Mount Olympus, as Cronos and his brothers were believed to dwell on Mount Otis. Now let' s go on with everything I have to tell us
about this interesting immortal. All right, Susana, yes, it was necessary to put this story back in the background to locate people a little bit. Although he is an unknown God, he has a lot of history, a history or also complex, long, long, but we have just tried to
summarize as far as possible. And so people don' t have much in their heads, but in language they are all the time, because if we ask people what they relate to the word crono, some won' t go much and they won' t go any other days in time and it' s just time. The theme here relevant. We have words for example, such as chronology in Spanish, less in the leda in the European languages,
which is the systematization of the organization of information over time. We have synchrony when two times are in harmony, For example, we have the chronic adjective when we have a condition that extends over time we talk about chronic diseases, right, so let' s say that the name Durano is present in everything.
Not then that' s super interesting. People can also think a little bit about Goya and her Saturn, devouring the children and those who take a little closer to Greek mythology, they will think about Zeus' father And precisely, because that is the line of time that we are going to work the thematic line. The name" chronos" has been a problematic name since ancient
times. This is because of the confusion with the word time, which is chronic, with the letter x or the letter or the penultimate Greek, the penultimate letter of the Greek alphabet, which is the personification of time. And, on the other hand, it was time, the titan of God theogony, of the crops that merged very early. The two words let' s say they' re paronymous words, which are words when we have a sound that sounds the same or they' re very similar, but they mean two
different things. Then let' s also think in Spanish how to sew with that and sew with c it. That would be the same case. It has been attempted to give etymology to the name cros has not been possible. It was thought at a time that it could come from the word kere in an Indo- European root of the Indo- European languages, which means cutting.
But there have also been other linguists who like Herbert Rose, who says there is no Greek etymology, so he has led to think that he is a native native god of Greece, not of the peoples who later arrived on the Peninsula, which we know as ancient Greeks. It' s basically like
that for now with the name chronos. Yes, that seems very interesting to me that topic of the relationship of crones with time, because let' s say originally they could be different, but they are going to synthesize in some way in one, even or Robert Graves argued that it was not simply a mistake, but that, because they are going to be conceptually related and that
is interesting time is also related as with that idea of devouring life. True, it is something that does time by devouring your children, it is devouring life and saying time is something that relentlessly devours us in life. Yeah, I agree, too. It could not be so much a mistake, even if we say that the idea that there is a mistake is well argued. There because, despite being the god of crops and agriculture, we answer what
better way to measure time and perceive time than through agricultural cycles. So let ' s say there' s a debate still not resolved. Some think that, indeed, how they correspond to the same concept. Both corronos with each one of us are going to speak a little bit of Greek alphabet and time, because we are going to take them as a unit for in this case, Fortunately, Saturn' s name does not have so many complicities. It
' s a less troublesome name. It has been possible to identify with the Latin pronoun satus, which means planting or planting with satur which is an adjective in the Latin language that means full, abundant, saturated satiate. The Latin name is Saturnus. The first one is pronounced a little longer. He is also associated with the god etrus cosotre that the Etruscans were an older people than
the Romans who influenced them. We can talk a little bit about them later and well, and we also have in popular culture words related to Saturn, for example, Saturnine. When someone has a very gloomy, very sad character, he is told to have a Saturnine character, a Saturnine personality. Or in Antiquity Well, already at the beginning of the Middle Ages, alchemists spoke of Saturnism, a disease acquired by excess lead. Lead, in addition,
was Saturn metal. So, then, always starting with the names to identify a little bit the essence of the gods, I think it' s the best way to start platoon on the crátil also speaks of the name of crones. He says it means pure, immaculate, clear, relates it to the current of time. So, this discussion of the name was raised since ancient
times and we continue to take it up again. That' s very interesting and let' s see that then, from time to time to Saturn there ' s also going to be a little change in personality, because let' s say, because we' re going to go towards Rome and among the Romans plays a little more role, of a little quieter, I would say almost like a good kingen of a legendary territory and does not have the devouring force of cronos or, at least so I perceive it as you see it.
You well, if we ended up a little bit like the one we would pretend to go to the future to talk a little bit about the image of God in Italy, because after the Titanomachia it is thought that Chrono had Saturn time. We' re going to put it Chrono bar Saturn had several destinies. The best known is that his son mowed him to Tartarus with the other titans. Although not all Titans participated in the war. We need to
clarify that, either I promise or I didn' t participate. Well, he didn' t participate and some others didn' t help the titans. Then these who remained neutral or who helped were Hecate, Prometheus Joseano and his wife, Tetis Rea, of course, Metis La, who would be the first wife, one of the first wives of Zeus and Nemocine, that of
the titanide of memory. And well, the rest of Titans joined the war and we had Atlas as the general of this war, the commander general Atlas is put as punishment to hold the skies, a very harsh punishment and Cronos was sent to the Tartar chained along with the other Titans and the Hecatonkirs, they were to watch. It' s one of his versions of what happened to him. The other is that he was exiled to Italy, which is not a new subject in Greek mythology, because many of the most relevant characters
in Greek mythology ended up in Italy. She promotes that after her drama with Jason, having killed her children, having attacked and having murdered the new Bride, she takes refuge in Italy and where she is known as the goddess Angitia, the goddess of snakes and healing within a village called the Marrusinos and Marches. Also then it is thought that Cronos ended his days in Italy civilizing the inhabitants of Lazio, who at that time are said to have lived in barbarism
and founded a city called Saturnia. He was received by Hanno. In addition, Hano is thought to have been an originally mortal, mythical king who was verified. And here it has a much more benevolent look and look. It is thought that a golden age has been re- established, which we will later discuss on the subject of ages, myths, zinc, and because it is a fundamental deity for Rome, it was not so much so for Greece. That' s important to talk about. But in Rome it was going
to be quite relevant. Yeah, that' s interesting. This is condensing a bit on a symbolic level the image of time. Let' s say going a little bit into what would be the archetype, deep crone psychology. True, and we have that he was a kind of king, a sovereign who could not adapt as to the evolution of life and society. And although somehow he looks like an ideal king in a golden society, he could not
cope with the changes that took place and could not with the transformations. And then that' s an interesting topic of what he' s going to represent as boss, but as with conflict, a kind of conflict with innovation and the meanings that it has. How do you see the deep meaning of what would be the archetype of time. Well, here we would understand that we go to something very old, and it is the appearance of younger gods against
God, ancients against the father. Normally let' s say that the castration of uranus already gives us the pattern of how this theme appears let' s say in history, in myths. Basically, I want to start by talking a little bit like how Uranus' castration has been seen. For as long
as I' ve dealt with a little bit more. The question you' re asking us is asking me. For example, we have a platoon in the Republic that recalls the account of castration counted by eiode and the subsequent revenge desires against time and says the following are things of greater concern than the biggest lies are told. He says that the issue of time and Durano is a matter of quite concern, but of which they are not told. The truth is that ugly inventions which, even if they were true, I do not
think should be said lightly to unthinking young people. Of course, this subject of parricide, the concern for him. That' s one of the issues that' s inside that deep archetype that you' re commenting on. But this issue of castration is very old. It comes from other mythologies. For example, we have urrita Hitta mythology. We had spoken of the Hittites in the chapter of Cibeles, which was this town of Anatolia and her small-
handed neighbors, which were farther east and ended up being assimilated. For example, in this there are very similar passages and this are far older peoples than the Greeks. We' re talking about the Bronze age. Then, for example, we had the god Kumarbi, who is the god of lightning that
to become head of the gods, cast Anu. The god his half of heaven that was his father transformed into a bird, attacked him and cut off his organs, which fell to heaven were born three gods and among them, the god of time that dominates over the other two is one of those sons is called Teshoop Tezup, who is also going to be Rivache son. There
' s another thing. It' s already from the rivalry between father and son, or you also assume Asimila as a double from Kumarbi, but let ' s assume that he' s the son who beats a rock monster named Ulicumi, with the voice that originally separated the sky from the earth. Another theme of theogony. Then we see, for example, here in these primordial myths of creation. There is always a need to separate heaven from earth. That is another issue that we see here important, not and to set in
motion creation, in motion creation and that time is born. Then this could be one of the probable origins of the myth. Although in Egypt we also have parallels. For example, we have the primordial God, Tum Ra or, as he is known as Rada, the primordial reality, father of Shu
and Tefnut and grandfather of Heav and Nuth Heaves the earth male god. Here the order of the genre is reversed a little and Nuth the sky, who fell deeply in love and did not want to separate were never totally in love with tum disapproved of this behavior and separated them violently, pushing boldly into heaven and geb Hep remained on earth, always looking at himself. Then again the violent separation of heaven and earth. Lovers could now see each other, but
not touch each other. It does happen And so, then, already returning to the subject of the father, of a god, of the ancient gods and the new gods. This also brings us to India, where the subject of Hindu mythology, the subject of ancient deities that are displaced by younger gods. It' s very common we have it too or new gods. Simply, for example, we have a varuna that would be the representation of Uranus. Etymologically, the two names look very much like the representation of heaven,
the moral authority. It is said that he is an inflexible god, but well, just also with the worshipers. He experiences a gradual loss of status and power and influence. First, before Indra, the god of Ray, who is the counterpart in India of what Zeus would be. And then before Rama, the hero god Rama of Ramayana, who once Varuna confined to the seas, loses his dominion of the sky. Before Varuna he submits to Rama
in a passage from Ramayana and Varuna, but forgiveness. But Indra, as well as will lose ground of sometimes violently, to other gods like Vishnu who in his avatar of Krishna confronts him and in a struggle of power pours out. Then there is always this constant issue of conflict with the father by power. Obviously, we' re talking about male gods. This doesn' t show up. I' ve never seen a myth. Let' s say
goddesses have these characteristics. So let' s say that the theme of change can be seen reflected in many cultures, as you have said, and this is also a very human theme. Obviously, we had talked about how it seems to me that when we were talking about levels, we were saying the example of companies and that the almighty father, he was resisting the changes, the changes of the children and sometimes he was very slowing down that of coming
natural, which is that the children take the place of the father. So you' ve always been afraid of being overthrown, of losing power, and this is one of the characteristics of the human condition. I' d think I was very very interesting and very nice. I always hear you say it.
Thank you so much, thanks to you being here. Many images do arise while you are speaking, but then, going back to Crus and Saturn, we would see this primarily in the image of Cronos, not so much in Saturn' s. True because, in fact, there are many people who consider or many scholars who do not see so clearly that interpretation that has been made of the relationship between Cronos and Saturn, but rather are said to be a late equivalence and that Saturn would symbolize more as a kind of civilizer
and has not so many these elements of conflict with the father. How you see it. You have been thought to say that Saturn was exiled in Italy or exiled in Italy, sought in some way as a change or originally a very cruel deity as crones, and it seems that he decided how to change his behavior a little as a more beneficial deity. But this happened, too.
I liked the parallel here with Medea, because Medea also went from being a maleficent figure in Greece and Italy, she became a benefactor of these peoples that I tell you that the most Rusins and Marches worshiped her as a healer and as a goddess who could kill and control the snake. It seems that this area was surrounded by many snakes and Medea came and helped them with this
predicament. And although I really, for example, have a passage of diodoros and asses, I don' t know if suddenly we can read it to introduce the topic of Saturn a little bit more. Then Diodoro Cronos tells us, as the greatest of the Titans, he became king and made all the men who were his subjects change from a still civilized barbaric way of life. For this reason he received great approval and visited many regions of the inhabited land.
He introduced the righteousness and sincerity of the soul and so the tradition has come to later generations that the men of the time of time were of good heart, totally innocent and blessed with happiness. His kingdom was stronger in the western regions, where he really enjoyed his greatest honor. Consequently, even until relatively recent times, among the Romans called by them Saturn and also within the Carthaginians to whom we are going now to speak later, possibly of gods with
which he is assimilated. There is one of the possible origins of Saturn time is that they are in origin East and we obtained these parallels with Hittite mythology, because they would corroborate it. Notable feasts are celebrated and sacrifices are celebrated in honor of this god and in many places bear his name. And because of exceptional obedience to the laws, no one committed injustice at any time and all the subjects of the crone government lived a life of bliss in the enjoyment,
without hindrance of all the placestes. Then, of course, in Italy he melted civilizer, taught agriculture the laws, civilized the barbarians who lived in the area. This is the myth of the civilizing god that we have not only in Rome, but also let' s go to our homeland, South
America, nothing but Colombia. In Muisca mythology we have Chica, for example, who is said to have arrived in the land of the muiscas who lived under the Sunday of the goddess Huitata, that Witaka is also a goddess well known for these places, the goddess of unbridledness, of passion, of idleness, of total chaos. Bo Girl arrived, imposed civilization and good that we say out a confrontation. We' re not going to get into that, but let' s say it' s the civilizer we sometimes forget. This
archetype we find present in several mythologys. This is the center of why his image is as positive in Italy as Saturn. Not sure, it' s very interesting. Again, everything you say is evoking a lot of images that would allow us to talk a lot about this. But there are several aspects worth exploring. One of them is to remember something that we all know and
is that it is Saturn. It is the name of a planet and those who began with this subject of astrology were the Sumerians and the Babylonians and for them Saturn was the star of justice and as of law and in some way that aspect is going to remain in Rome, where we have seen that the gods seek a little to be exemplary in the sense of being associated with good behavior, and this astro is also linked symbolically speaking to fertilisation and to that
of this way, for as to tradition, then how you see the symbol of Saturn, both the Saturnic Chrono Divinity that here we can see a little if they separate or if they continue to be only one the term of Saturn in astrology, because all manners, in Saturn Astrology it is going to be both concentration, contraction, fixation and condensation of something that tends to crystallize. Many times in astrology it is also associated with evil. How do you see
that association of the symbolic of Saturn as it is to be interpreted. And this is also connected with the interpretation that Sumerians and Babylonians had of him in close proximity. Let' s say here we have other great ones of the many dualities that appear in mythology. One God himself can be perceived in a very positive or very negative way, depending on who does not say it, under what circumstances his story is told, under what time, also with the
Sumerians. Claro began the identification of deities as astronomical bodies. But for example, let us think of Juvenal, who was one of the Roman satyrs. Already in his work there is an important antecedent of considering Saturn, the planet or the celestial body as an evil influence on life and the fate of humans.
There is the background that remained in fact, because, well, I am not an astrologer, but if we ask a modern one, surely he will tell us about the influence that Saturn has, which is usually regressive, restrictive, It is hard work, it is problems, often the slowness of processes. But, on the other hand, we have the myth of the five ages that SiO gathers us within his work, works and days. It speaks of an age of gold, silver, bronze, heroic and iron.
And in the Golden Age I' m going to read a little Isidoro tells us the following. First of all, the immortal gods who inhabit the Olympian and made a golden race of mortal men who lived at the time, the reign of crones in heaven and lived as painless gods in the heart, free from work and grievances. The miserable age did not remain upon them. His arms and legs never failed, they had fun beyond all evil. When they
died, they were taken for a dream. They did not age these original human beings under the age of Gold and always died sleeping the wonderful one. Everything was perfect. The land sprouted without the need for agriculture, gave its fruits without problem, the honey sprouted from the trees. This was Eden. Basically this reminds us a little bit of the Bible. They lived in peace and quiet in the lands, the flocks and the gods. The flocks were
blessed by the gods. The abundance was fully given and when these human beings died they went on to make leading spirits or daimons inhabiting the kindly earth freeing themselves from harm to the human beings who would come in the following ages. And so, we' re talking about an idyllic world. Then there is talk of the silver age, which is when Zeus takes control of the universe
and there is a setback. There is talk of men who, while not violent, were believed to be pusillanimous because they lived in subjection, and were totally subjected to the will of their mothers until the end of their lives came. But they say, they' re not so violent. And then, let' s not say, they' re not as catastrophic as those who
could come. Then it is spoken after the age of bronze, the age of warriors, of beings who only live by war, beings who ate very warlike flesh, did not stop fighting among themselves, and it is said that the plague took them all. There, virtue and human situation, the human
condition, are degrading. Then we have an intermediary that has been thought that this is a devious invention, which is the heroic age, which is like an attempt to correct the bad, which I saw that the gra process that is taking place and it is from the time when we have Jason' s acquiles to all the heroes that we know were dying young. But with Gloria it is a matter of restoring again virtue, warrior virtue and personal virtue.
And finally, it comes to the age of bronze forgiveness of iron, which is where we would meet and that ear speaks of him already being in the isolation of iron. He complains enough about the condition of this age, widespread corruption, totally zero, values, injustice, total war, depravity. There are not enough negative adjectives to talk about this age that is where we are
living. This myth of the ages is also very interesting to analyze, because we see that it goes from more to less than change and movement and revolutions in the celestial sphere of the gods. These changes can be beneficial to them because, in fact, if we do not analyze from the only divine point of view, then Zeus does not represent an improvement in the condition of existence
that the gods have. There is no longer a god like Uranus or Chronos who is tyrannizing everything, devouring everything and even the dam justice is restored, for let it be said that he is a more benevolent ruler than one wants. But these changes already in the human sphere, yes, for them, are good for the gods, but for us they are not detrimental to the human condition. This is an Eastern myth. It also has origins in India. In India we have the myths of the yugas at four ages. Also
the decline of virtue. This myth is found in the Vagabatguita, one of the fundamental texts of Hinduism, and it goes beyond speaking, not of five, but of four ages. We have the crypt or Satiayuga, which corresponds to the Golden Age, where we have justice and virtue. Like maximum banners. There is no sadness, there is no pride, there is no deception. The laws should not be written, because everyone complied with them without anyone
telling them to do so. A perfect parallel with the Golden Age, a paradise another eden as we would say later, would come the tretra or ruse the silver one. It would correspond to the silver one. The duties are no longer fulfilled spontaneously and sacrifices begin to be made. Here comes religion. In the golden ages there is no religion, because I forgot to comment on one thing, and it is thought that they live in total synchrony and in
sharing the same space both gods and men. This is very important. Then, in this silver photographer, duties are no longer performed spontaneously, sacrifices must be made. Religion is established to put some ceremonies in order, but let ' s say that still the Awata virtue, as we would say in colloquial terms, would then come the daha for the bronze one. People get even more unbalanced. Sickness appears. There are no diseases in the other two eras
of distress. Also appears the desire say in the tradition of India and from the appearance of the desire, also appear the ascetic practices, practice to practice austerity to counteract this element of the desire that arrives until today. If we think of those people who get involved with yoga, for example, and finally we have the Kali Yuga, which is the iron age. Again, the Hindus also consider that we are in iron. They say it began in about
three thousand one hundred and twenty BC. Then the scholars of the Vagabatite have made calculations. It' s very interesting, but well, it' s astronomical numbers that we' re not going to mention here. It' s the current iron one. Ignorance in wars of the sight of greed. Corruption is total. Love is scarce. The sixth is separated from love. Selfishness is the order of the day. There is no justice, but the good thing is that it is the shortest according to scholars. Then we have some
comfort left. And well, then it was necessary to talk a little bit about this to talk about this fluctuating image that you have in turn Cronos. It' s very interesting. Of course, then, as if recapitulating a little bit and synthesizing the themes of Saturn Chronos we have talked about, then
we have seen their relationship with time. We have talked about Uranus' castration, true, and his references since the theogony of cannibalism that he practiced with his children precisely septum with Zeus and, as you mentioned, the theme of the ages. Now we could go a little deeper into the issue of fighting with Zeus. We had already mentioned it a little, but then specifically what was the titans' war against the Olympics. Yes, this is very important.
We have or well, although I wanted to introduce here there is another version of the story that is in Diodoro sículo' s Historical Library gives us a slightly different version, because most of the later authors have been that they touched on this subject simply took the same story. They added some minor things, some minor details, but it was the same story, basically without great variations. Titanomachia, Castration, Sorry castration titanomachia. Let' s say,
the conflict remains unchanged, but Diodorus gives us a different perspective. It tells us about the birth of Zeos and the way he became king. There' s no agreement, he says. Some say he came to the throne after Cronos passed from among men to the company of the gods, not beating his father with violence, but in a manner prescribed by custom and with righteousness,
having been judged. Zeus, worthy of this honor, Dad is talking to us about something completely different, like a handover to power negotiated without violence. But others tell a myth that says the following. Cronos was given an oracle about the birth of Zeus, which said that the son to be born would take his reign from him by force. As a result, Cronos over and over eliminated the children she begot but restricken as she was, and yet decided
to change her husband' s purpose. When you were diced, he hid it. And then, because we had talked a little bit about this, we had no longer analysed in more detail in the history of the cybels what was the concealment of these children. It does an interesting thing. Before I forget in the aphrodite american anthem, this one appears as the oldest and youngest of the daughters. Why do they tell us this, because as they were
born, Estia is the greatest. She was the first to be eaten, but when Cronos takes the drinker prepared by Metis, who makes the children vomit, vomits them in the reverse order. Then this ended up being the last
one to come out of his father' s body. That' s why they talk about the older and younger at the same time calima coyleiodos also say that coivantes are children of Cronos. The coribants remember are these gods of genius who helped Rea with the colliding of her shields and swords so that the child Zeus could cry without problems. Another of the sons of Cronos is Chiron. I didn' t want to forget about this. Son of Cronos and Oceanity
Filira. At nightfall, I' m in the Argonauts. The Argonauts passed through the island of Filira and said the following. This was where Crono deceived his consort, Rea, lay with Filira in the days when he ruled the titans and Zeus was still an unspeakable child, but Crono and Filira were caught
in the act by the goddess rea. Crono jumped out of bed and, taking the form of a cemental, a long- haired horse escaped as the embarrassed nymph left the place and took the furry mountains there, there he saw the monstrous Chiron Okaron Greek, half horse, half divine. But let' s remember that Quiron, I think you had it here as a subject in the podcast, because magnificent, loved by the heroes and gods of great wisdom, genius artist. Pre Let' s say a sage of the time professor.
In addition, the figure of the teacher, of the tutor of the one- way Bobos, as the Greeks would say, is established in the place. Not then, because we have another version that no longer mention, Diodoro' s version. There is also a version that there was no war. This is also interesting. It is very interesting, because it is a completely different version, true, because the other one sustains the succession in war.
And here we' re talking about something peaceful that also hardly anyone knows clearly ah well, and talking a little bit about Metis and Medvers We have Metis, which was one of the titanies that supported Rea and then Zeus. She was the one who prepared the baby drinker they gave Saturn to Cronos. The drinker is said to have poppy seeds, among other ingredients. It is told we follow in the same account. When Zeus released his brothers with Metis
' drinker, Cronos fainted. Zeus wanted to attack him with the same voice with which he had castrated Uranus, but could not lift it with his strength. He had to retire to plan his war, and it' s a ten- year war where there' s no winner. They reached a draw, but Gea thought to intervene and help Zeus and told him to put on
his side the cyclops that were the forgers of lightning. At that time, Zus did not have access to the lightning and the hecatons threw that were other sons of hers, both sons of hers, who are beings with a hundred arms and the help of these beings gave him the victory Zeus, for we had said that not all the Titans participated and because those who did not participate
feron rewarded in their entirety. There are reasons why they do not participate or at once help Zeus, for example, I mean, there are no thetis that were the Titani, the titans of the water, of the ocean, lived very afflicted. It is said that they lived very afflicted under the reign of Cronos, because Cronos, returning to the subject of a little more benevolent use, took over the dominion of the universe. All of him. He did not make a division of power with his celebrities, as Zeus did,
who according to his sons, well, I stay in heaven. He' s going to stay with the underworld, and they' re going to keep the sea. Cronos dominated everything, absolutely everything. He was very jealous. He was constantly watching his brothers. I was very upset with Ocean, for example, I thought I could overthrow it. And it' s one of the reasons why, because there are some titans they didn' t decide to
accompany Cromos. There is a description that Pausanias, the geographer historian, geographer and tells us of one of the Olympic Games of origin, related to the struggle of Zeus and Cronos tells us the following. Now, some say that Zeus fought here in Olympia with Cronos himself for the throne, while others say that the Games were held in honor of his victory over Chronos. And already
in these Games celebrating the victory over Crono. It is said that Ares fought with Apollo and Apollo defeated him in boxing and that Hermes also competed with Apollo in the races and that Apollo, again Logan beat him. And because Pausanias tells us, the Olympic Games date back to an earlier era, to the human square, and the story is that Chronos and Zeu showered there. In that scenario, Kilo also told us a little bit about the dethronement of Chronos.
He tells us that he had cursed his son so that he would suffer the same fate as he did. However, he promised promptly warned Zeus that he should have avoided the Union with the nereid Tetis, Achilles' mother, since any of her children would be superior to her father. And there' s also the warning that Mettis is going to give a more powerful son than
he is. Here' s a kind of double again, as Zeus takes the role of Cronos, we say they are different, but in some things he liked some more his behavior and devours Metis and begins to gesturing inside his body of this girl who is going to be athenea coming out of his armed head and giving a war cry. Not then, because I wanted to mention
a little bit of these issues. That' s very interesting. Not that that Zeus, anyway, is going to have elements of time, despite fighting him in quotation marks, despite not wanting to be like him, certain patterns are going to be repeated. That is very interesting to follow then that idea, because we talk about castration, cannibalism, the ages, the struggle with
Zeus. There is something interesting that I would love you to explore that is the curse to Zeus that happens with that relationship between time and use and what consequences it will have for Zeus, which are also reflected in mythology, because we had already talked a little bit about the consequences, because the main consequence is that the Golden Age and the human condition are ended. It begins to decay, for how interesting it is also the fear that Zeus will maintain for
being overthrown. Yeah, so that' s why he' s gonna marry Achilles' mom, Tetis to Peleo, because he' s afraid he' s gonna be dethroned, like he dethroned his father, how he dethroned his grandfather. So, like that fear is going to remain latent in these beings of such powerful appearance and controllers of the universe. Yeah, it' s
gonna be dormant, because this is an eternal theme. Mythology speaks basically is important, not because it tells us the literal truths of human existence, but because, through a symbolic language, it speaks to us of subjects that are eternal that are and that are present throughout time, through cultures, and that is no longer relevant to losing power, even within the immortals, For the immortal it will always be alive. But that idea is to be displaced.
Not then. That' s an ancient, anthrabic fear, that is, it' s been from the very beginning. We see it in these older mythologies, the Hittite, the Hurrite, the Indian. Also, however, because again Saturn Cronos is going to have a relatively happy ending, we can say it according to some, pindaro or, for example, pindaro and sado Cronos was released later by Zeus. Salzeus decides to release him and forgive him. This is another one. I would also like to stress that there are
other versions in which there is a kinder resolution of all these issues. He is appointed King of the islands of the blessed or the fortunate islands, or is also known as the Elisha. And it is very interesting because they were located to these islands where the Canary Islands could currently be in the Atlantic or in the Azores. The works are islands that are part of Portugal and that are also in the Atlantic, in the extreme West, of enterprise and notion
of the extreme West, as paradise and heroes were going there. It also began to dwell in paradise and it was thought, therefore, that crones here had established a new age of plutarc gold. He tells us of another destination that is very picturesque, according to which there is a sacred island near Britain that is now. It is Britain that were the furthest ends of the known world, where chronos sleeps with his followers around him and I will briaré or
one of the Montaguardian hecaton kiros. That' s the way it is It ' s very interesting. So there' s like two main ideas. One that would be in the Tatar understanding or say in the underworld, but on the island of the blessed let' s say something equivalent, like the fields of choice. Basically, and on the other hand, in this less known story, which is the one that would be on an island of today' s, in Brittany and which, then, will be with its followers.
So these are like quieter versions of what' s going to happen to this character. Yeah, well, before we go through, let' s say there' s going to be a bit of a Rome thing going on to do a parenthesis. Although Crono did not have so much, he did not receive so much worship compared to Saturn. If you had celebrations in Athens,
in ours. In the Attic Pausanias tells us that inside the enclosure of the sanctuary of Olympic seus, in Athens there is a Bronze ceus, a statue of Bronze greetings, a temple of irrea crones and also the cronias are celebrated in Athens since 17 December, just that day for now. And these chronicles are the forerunners of the Saturnals that also begin on December 17. Then we have Olympia, south of Greece. Olympias is one of the few places in
Greece where Saturn cronos has the greatest relevance. It is said that on Mount Chronoius, as I said, we are still talking to Pausanias. Mount Chronius, as I have said, extends for the parallel to the terrace at the Sanctuary of Olympia, inÉis, on top of the mountain of the Bazilai, the kings, as it is called. There a sacrifice is made to crones in the spring equinox, the beginning of the new year, in the
month called the foes or, the month of the Deer. This is interesting because in Rome the Saturnals will not coincide with the Spring equinox, but with the winter equinox. We' ll talk a little bit about that, then, if you want to later. Finally, there is another geographical reference about the cult of cronos, very interesting in Spain, in the south of Spain, in Gades, in that ancient time Cadiz was known as gades with tea and tells us strabon. The following worked on the geographer. The city of
gal is located in the western part of the island. Cadiz is an island on the southern coast of Spain and next to it, at the end of the island and near the Islet, is the temple of Cronos, but the temple of Heracles is located on the other side. Looking east, then Here we have some examples prior to the worships that the Romans gave to God, of course because the Romans would already be the Saturnal ones that were also celebrated
between December 17 and 24. And then let' s see that, while there are differences, there is also going to be a continuity relationship on the subject of cult between time and Saturn. Yes, here I wanted to do a parenthesis that I didn' t want to forget. We wanted to. There' s been a question that you' ve constantly asked me, like that last time as well as because in Italy it did have so much relevance and this image so positive and in Greece it wasn' t. And then
it takes a while. I want to make a historical parenthesis about the history of Rome basically and how they assimilated the gods of other peoples. Let' s say let' s put him in this situation. Rome, as a people, perceives in itself a problem of origins and there are experts much more versed than I have who have explained it in a better way and some also extend it. There' s a problem of originality that you said. The Romans did not copy all the Greeks and had nothing original. Well, this
is all true. We know they had their own customs and their own culture. They even had myths of their own, very some, not many, but they were in certain ways similar to what a Greek myth could do. For example, we have the myth of Vertumn Pomona. Many saca in Colombia sound like Pomona because of this shop that existed many years ago, in which these two agricultural deities, because they have a go and go. Vertum isn ' t in love. She doesn' t want to. In the end,
there' s a trick to get the truth out of him. And they end up, then, in one of the most idyllic loves of Roman mythology and let us say that there are myths as properly said. But in Rome rites are more important than myths. The exact procedure in the ceremonies, they were very pragmatic. Much has he said that more than the Greeks and myths simply performed a function of setting an example of conduct. Let us say that there was not that more spiritual background that the Greeks gave to the two
myths. But back to the subject of Rome' s origins, let me go. This is a problem that is present, since the first days of the Republic and because it became a priority as time passed and came to the time of the Empire. Because we say there is a problem, because we have Titus Livius, who is the Roman historian by Antonomasia. He tells us that the city was founded in seven hundred and fifty- three before Christ.
But there is a big problem here historiographical, and that is that all the great majority say with ninety- five percent of the Latin authors who are not historians, also who tell us about Rome, are from the first century before the Cross, and there is only one now that escapes me the name, which is from the Ters, of the third century. There' s no
more. Then there is a gra there is a great void, because, if we trust this date at least five centuries that are at least like in the dark, not but well, through the archaeology of research that have been done, because we know that Roman was originally a village, a village of shepherds who were having to settle on a swampy, very difficult, very difficult terrain. They were surrounded by towns like the Etruscans, which were clearly much
more advanced and civilized than the early Romans. They were surrounded by warlike villages like the Volskos, the Umbrios. Moreover, in the south there were already the settlements of the Greek machine, which corresponds to this period of history, which is the Greek colonization between the 8th and 6th centuries before Christ, for the Greeks had to go out to colonize outside the Peloponnese because the conditions of theélad are not known to him, because they were rather difficult very steep
landscapes, and this was a state policy. The cities, the cops took this as a project in which they were involved, they selected the population. This had to go with guidelines, well, and they came to many places as far as Ukraine as Spain, there were Greek colonies and the colonies of southern Italy and Sicily were called the Magna Greece. There comes the main Greek
influence that the Romans have. But for the Romans, what was important was not to find the real origin of their people, but to find satisfactory ones. And what are those origins, for you have already spoken it the Trojan War the victors who were the Greeks and the defeated Trojans, that for the Romans it was very convenient to take this version. Of us are the children of the defeated Trojans. They beat us once, but we' re going
to conquer the world. In the future we will have our second chance and that is the center as of this problem of the origins that we speak of Rome, because there is how we legitimize the authority to conquer the world. That is the crux of this issue, for seeking a link with peoples of great historical prestige, this is a problem that most peoples have. It' s not just Roman. I want to clarify it because because ancient peoples,
ancients who are Sumerians, are the Egyptians. We have the civilizations of India, the Indus Valley, Jarapa, two major cities, Jarapa and Moja in Joadaro and perhaps China. There are four very few villages, since the aotars of history are direct heirs to one of those four traditions. Let' s say then, of course, they' re not the only ones who had
that problem, but for them it did become a pretty big constant. Then, solving this is looking for a link with a people of great historical prestige and which is the people who chose him, for it was the Greeks that fascinated them the most. On the other hand, there is a fascination with all the Greeks, but at the same time the relationship is ambivalent, because there are times when the Romans, as they perceive themselves to be very much
superior by the military subject, because they conquered them also. But, on the other hand, because the Roman education was that practically the education, especially of men, of men had to be Greek. And one then in this about education, because religion enters, religion as a way of linking itself to that oldest people of a longer tradition, because, of course, the Romans really arrived, because for us it seems to us that history has been a
long time, but that it has been a long time. But the Romans were really newcomers in history, a very late town. We are talking about seven hundred and fifty before Christ. The Greeks had already had. If we put together all the archaic, dark, classical, and more periods, the Mycenaean and Cretan world, which is the world of Mycenaeans and Cretents, which were the basis upon which we become the culture we consider ancient Greece. So, we put all that together, that' s 3, 000 years.
Then of course in front of this, because the Romans say no I cannot be to me. Don' t tell me that I rule a shepherd where you see a swamp, because, because we were born to conquer the world, We were already warriors from the beginning and that' s why the Trojan war is so interesting, so important. It was spoken good historically. There is talk of a sack, of a first Celtic plunder, when Rome was just a village, and it seems that this left them with quite a trauma.
Romes will suffer several lootings during its history. There will not be many, but they will be, let' s say present, for in fact, the end of the Empire ends with plundering Also then, because I did not want to let this issue pass, but let' s say that Rome
later goes other peoples. Then, when the Empire falls, history follows its must come, for example, Constantinople will be considered the second Rome and by the fifteenth century the Italians, the Russians will think that Moscow will be the Third Rome, they will be the heirs of that which for them would already be that great Roman people repeat the pattern if you see how to search for origins in something greater than one to justify, for it is to justify that
desire to gain power in the world. Nazi Germany also did so at the time, not with the Romans, but with the Greeks, because they said
good in the Italians Mussolinia are already identifying themselves with the Romans. Ri Mussolini also did the thing of identifying himself with Third Rome and Nazi Germany, because with whom he identified they had to look and because it seemed to them that the Dorios were the most suitable people, these blond mellow warriors that appear in the history of Greece over there in the archaic epoch and between the dark, the archaic epoch the times. Let' s say more primitive of Greece,
let' s say America also has a little this, this predicament. Think of the doctrine of manifest destiny God has chosen us to leave the odd, corrupt England, now. We are Puritans, Calvinists, we are of the power to choose from God to expand on this new land that is this North America to the west. And so we have this idea to finish, because the stories that people tell themselves matter a lot and religion and it plays a determining role and let' s say that the Romans are going to be very
smart in taking good Greek mythology. Let' s say the deities that are not very appreciated or that have a very positive vision for us. On the part of the Greeks or who have been a little relegated. They' re going to take them, they' re going to take them and they' re going to exalt them a lot. So Saturn is the most paradigmatic case.
But the other case that you have already explored much more extensively here is that of Vesta que estia, for let us say that we have a very modest place within the Greeks, within the Greek peoples, but here, because honor is maximum. Not then is this way of communicating with the past what I wanted to reinvent here. And that' s why, because we talked a little bit about because we could explain it more details were longer, but a little bit of why there is this change of identity in Saturn. It
' s exciting to hear you say it all the time. Thank you and I love another let' s say rounding all this, it is interesting to note that the great enemies of Rome, the Carthaginians, also adapted their way to Saturn. True, it was like a sort of African Saturn, one of its vouchers in this territory. Then the figure of Saturn will also be
syncretized with the Phoenician Baal and with moloc. True and they even told him human sacrifices, evoking a little that memory of the clock devouring his children. Then they offered them to them. Then it is interesting how it transcends the borders of the Greek and the Roman to do something of the Mediterranean, not only before the Greek culture, but parallel, because it was in the area
of Carthage. Then they made sacrifices to them, for children’ s humans, those who were accompanied by flutes, by drums that made such a noise
that the child’ s cries could not be heard. Then we see that there are many facets, many reinterpretations in different cultures and that returning to Rome Saturn, then, according to what you had said, that I find very interesting the subject of the West and the fact that the temple to Saturn was on the western side of the Roman forum, because where the public thesaurus was
true, So it is something that I find very interesting. The many nuances and the representation he will have in Rome, already as an old man, curved by the weight of the years, which has a certain scythe to point out that he presides over time. And this connects us back to what you
were saying at the beginning. The scythe, the relationship with the sowing with the seasons, but in turn, over time, in some monuments will be represented with a veil, perhaps because the time, because it is impenetrable.
Then we see how on a symbolic level it is all over the Mediterranean and how it will have different adaptations, interpretations according to the region and that in Rome it will have, therefore, a very pleasant force to close the issue of the oriental deities that are associated with Saturnic Crono, since yes, of course, Crono was identified by the Greeks with the Semitic god of time, he Holamo, he to whom the eternal time was told in Greek was written
to Paulomos and since this god received sacrifices from children who emphasized, say, the connection with cronos in the Greek mind by the deboration of his children. Then, associated, with this sacrifice of children, with these oriental deities,
amloc cabal ham with the cannibalism of ceos with their own children. That cannibalism we have forgotten to comment on. It has also been taken as a metaphor of the time that all the Greeks take by returning a little bit quickly to the Greek porpoises came into contact with these eastern deities, for let us remember that the Greeks had contact with the Phoenicians and took their alphabet from the Phoenicians.
So, yes, for the first few years they happened to the dark age, let' s say already in the Ark and we' re talking. So, then, obviously, by taking its use alphabet and coming into contact with this culture, they possibly took this God as a reference for what would later be time, although there is also another idea, and that time
is really a deity that was already from the beginning in Greece. It is said that it is a Velaga deity, the pelasgos would be the native inhabitants of Greece, who would be, therefore, from the dawn of time and because they had another mythology that would correspond more with the titans, but with the Olympics. And well, like to close the relationship with other deities a little bit. And yes, exactly, Saturn' s temple was on the
Roman forum. There the public treasure was kept in the Arium era and there ' s an idea that it also served as a sort of notary of the time. It is said that the Libris Actorum or the records of all kinds of events were registered there, the birth, marriage, divorce and death records were kept in the temple of Saturn. Then it was a very important place for the Romans and I don' t know if you want us to start talking a little bit more like Saturnalia. It was depth. Yeah, exactly
that. That was going to tell you how to close down that we talked a little bit about Saturnals, those feasts in honor of Saturn, which, as we had said, were between December 17th and December 24th and how to
say what that was like. Originally they lasted one day, but Octavius Augustus, the first Roman emperor, ended up extending them for three days and then Caligula increases another fourth day, as well as that certain festive pleasure in which the masters' power over slaves is suspended, which will have as antecedent what we understand by carnivals and a space of freedom. So, yes, it would be very interesting for us to conclude with the festive tone of the Saturnalias.
Yes, Yes, Then, because we have the dates were from 17 to 23 December each year, during the winter solstice lime It would be a little useful to explain what this is about the winter solstice to prepare to those who live here in Colombia, this sounds very foreign to us and because we are engaged in seasons properly said and always our day darkens at about six o ' clock in the afternoon. There is no variation in that, but in
the northern hemisphere, in the southern hemisphere, this is very different. The days are provided or extended depending on the season. If we are approaching summer, the days are longer and, on the contrary, we are seeing towards autumn winter, the days of light hours are smaller. Then we have the season of winter solstice. It is between the 21st and the 22nd of December, at the time when there is less light and in this time there are
celebrations like the Saturnalias, but not the only one. The Europeans of the North will have one that is called the yul or jol It is also that of the Germanic Scandinavian area and that have in common a little the same. There are jolgorio, there are agricultural rounds, dances a lot of fire, because from the 25th of December it is when the sun returns or it will start to be more, it will be more present. That' s why the othornalia goes up to twenty- three, twenty- four years old there
' s like a kind of rest. And the twenty- fifth of December is the celebration of the invicrus sun that I think this has also been spoken about on other occasions, which is when the return of the sun is celebrated then, but well, focusing on the Saturnals, we have that there. This is what is called an investment ritual in anthropology. What' s an investment ritual. It is a kind of resource that societies have to alleviate the
social tensions that occur throughout the year. Here we have the reversal of social roles. It was the most popular celebration of the year. Many authors have said it was the happiest moment of the year. Catulo said it was the
happiest moment of the year. Then we have an author already of the period of the old afternoon, already in the last endings of Rome, who is macrobio, who writes a text that is called Saturnales and tells us a little about the nature of these feasts and always remembering that the Saturnales was a wonderful moment. She' s the happiest. Indeed, it is thought that the Romans intended to revive the Golden Age of Saturn with this celebration. Because there
' s this idea. This again takes to myrce de Liad that all the time there is an original time, that has been degraded with that of coming, with the passage of time, worth the redundancy and that it is necessary to do a rite or ceremony to purify. Let' s say the year and be able to return to that initial time, where everything was perfect, let' s say where nothing was defiled. So this is basically the nature
of Saturnalia. It is thought that say it was a predecessor of Christmas and in fact, it does make a lot of sense by the date, by the festive character. In the Saturnals gifts were given and we have the reversal of the roles of slave master. Slaves could say do almost what they wanted and masters took the place of slaves. The food was abundant, all the schools were closed. There were no obligations to work. It was to recreate
the golden age, basically where everyone lived in harmony. They decorated the houses with vegetation, as well as we see at Christmas that we put allusive decoration, like mapinos, vegetables. Well, in Rome we had this, too. The fir was placed on a special tree for this celebration. Already people think that the tree at Christmas is only an influence. Let' s say Europeans. In the north, the Anglo- Saxons. Of course, there was a tree in yours, too, but the Romans also had it.
So let' s say they are, let' s say parties that are very similar between them, because the motivation to celebrate them is the same and they are related to the winter solstice and the winter harvest and the arrival, when waiting, the arrival of the sun that was so important in agricultural societies,
which we do not manage to size what it is. That because we are already in another type of industrial service society, let' s say in our homes, but in well, in societies that were dependent 100 percent on the countryside, the relationship with the elements of nature and the seasons was very important for the VI by the playing, the, the survival. And then,
for this is the origin of all these ceremonies. It' s not about saying ay is that as foolish as you think the sun if they don ' t celebrate, that' s not going to come out that there is, there isn' t, We don' t have to analyze it from our eyes, but have the humility to retire a little bit and see the
context. Not good. Another important feature that links it to Carnival is that the Saturnals were presided over by a king who represented Saturn and was called Saturnaly yous Prinket was the leader of the Saturnals and this may sound similar to the Carnival of Barranquilla, for example. Other carnivals where there is a Momo king, for example. He was not associated as the lord of anarchy. He was selected from among the most humble members of the house, that is,
each house had its kingdom. He was one for all of Rome, but each enclosure had its own king of disgovernment. As he was also called. The clothes that citizens wore were very informal. It was known as a synthesis. The word synthesis as it was simple. The place of the robe of a lifetime, games were made jokes. This seems very interesting to me, because we do not even know if all that celebration, but we had Innocent
Day during this time of late December when jokes are indeed made. This comes here, I was already here I also don' t know if you have to pant any notation for me. I find it exciting to hear you as I have told you all along, and I do find it very interesting that you mention the Roman tree as part of this cult that existed in the Saturnalias, the theme as from the end of the time, the association that exists with Christmas and its festive character, as well as with the carnivals that took
place, as there are references under medieval, true and that continue until our days and in some way are more or less in the same season. So, if you wanted to tell me how to leave a message about Saturna and the Saturnalias for the listeners to take away. What would be like that phrase that would synthesize as the memory we wanted to leave Saturn. Well before the final message, Christianity, like many other things, could not suppress. He
could not suppress this celebration of pagan origin. Then, in time, already for the Middle Ages, this celebration was known as the Brumals and much later it was known as Christmas. It was more intelligent to take the pagan element that was already there and to blend it into the Christian so that people could better introduce Christianity to the people. The birth of Jesus Azooste was also at this time. But I think that is perhaps another subject, for another agenda.
It' s a long thing. It could be explored later but yes, the origin of Christmas is here practically both in the Yule, this Germanic Norse as well as in the Roman Saturnals. And so, well, our celebrations, because they have not disappeared in a certain way, in a way, with Christmas we continue to remember a little bit Saturn and the Golden Age. That' s why we have a vacation. That' s why nobody wants to fight at Christmas. The idea is that we are all in harmony,
because unconsciously we are returning to a golden age. Not then, for each time remember and celebrate Christmas, for we can think that Saturn and the Golden Age have attained a certain immortality through us. That' s milky. I love it, I love it, thank you, thank you, Diego who makes you so exciting that so beautiful way to rescue this character, sometimes forgotten that it is time and also known as Saturn. Thank you so much and I hope you' ll be back very soon in Sherezan' s accounts.
Of course I will When you invite me there, I' ll be there or I' ll have a hug. Thank you.