Oh hey, it's your sister who is cursed with loving Arnold Palmer's but cannot say Arnold Palmer's ally ward back with an episode of ologies that none of us saw coming, because this isn't an ology that you probably knew existed. In fact, only one other ologist before this may have used the title, and we will cover why. But I met this ologist back in March and we chatted for
a while. I was up in San Francisco doing a panel at the California Academy of Sciences, and then we saw each other again and we recorded more when we were both on Catalina Island. She was selected for the USC Wrigley story Makers Program, and I was on the island teaching these climate scientists, including herself, about all of the ups and downs of podcasting. So I got to corner her again and ask her more questions because she
is cool and I like her. So she did her undergrad in environmental studies at NYU and got a PhD in ecology and evolutionary biology from a place called Cornell University, and then a post doc at UC Berkeley, and she also worked at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco as a research scientist in critical ecology, and this
year she won the National Geographic Society Wayfinder Award. She's also developed this new field of critical ecology and founded the Critical Ecology Lab, which is a nonprofit research center that focuses on how systems of inequity are messing up the planet. So ecology comes from a root meaning about who's live and wear, and critical in this sense has roots and social philosophies that look to figure out and understand and critique societal power structures and just get to
the bottom of why some shit is fucked up. And those are my words, not hers, But yes, critical just means let's look at this, shall we? But we will get into it Before we get into it though quick. Thanks to all the patrons who make the show possible. At patreon dot com slash ologies, you can support for a dollar a month and submit questions for theologists before we record.
And thank you to.
Everyone who just uplifts the show by subscribing and rating and leaving reviews for me to see. I see them all, including this one by ladybird Eggs, who wrote, thanks for making us all better, smarter, weirder, and more interesting.
People. Honestly highest praise I could ever ask for it.
You are welcome Lady Bird Eggs, whose name is hard to say is Arnold Palmers.
Anyway, onto the show.
Which despite the tough topics that we cover in this it's one of the goofyer just wore down to Earth chatty romps that we've had in a while. You're gonna love her. So get ready for biogeochemist, soil microbial ecologist, scholar, principal investigator, National Geographic Explorer, and the world's foremost critical ecologist, doctor Suzanne Pierre. Okay, so heads up, this interview started before the interview even started, so our mics were still on the table.
I googled it recently and I was like, oh, this phrase has been used once before. In nineteen seventy four. There's one paper that a guy was writing about it and he wrote this kind of treatise about moving from critical theory to critical ecology, like that was the title. And I was like, oh, that's what I'm doing. I had never seen this paper at all. I'm not polagiarizing
this man. I will credit him, but I read the appstrackt and I was like, that's what I've been saying, but no one ever followed up on his work since whatever. I think it was like seventy four that it was published. So I'm a little bit biting off this man, but I'm also like a little bit his black brainchild of the distance. And you know, it's so interesting the way that two ideas can come together independently or come up independently, but like speak to each other.
So anyway, I.
Want to credit that man. But other than that guy, I don't think anyone else is talking about critical ecology.
His name doctor Vincent Denarsia, a Toronto based philosophy professor, and I found his paper. It's titled from Critical Theory to Critical Ecology. It was published in nineteen seventy four, which was almost half a century ago.
And if you are a gen xer, take a minute. That's difficult.
I know the math, but the abstract explains that quote man's mastery of nature has always been double edged and ideology, which often extended to the domination of men and vintage sexism for the period aside, it continues. The increasing evidence of the ecological problems attendant to advanced technology successes also demands the development of a non repressive standpoint toward our natural habitat. So doctor Pierre saw this abstract was like,
who is this guy? Why do we have the same mission but including more genders?
Now?
Okay, so let's actually just start this discussion. Anyways, we're not in the interview yet. No, that's amazing, though. First thing I have to do, Mike check. Yeah, Mike check. If you could just say your first and last name and your pronounce My name is Suzanne Pierre, and my pronounce or she her doctor Pierre, doctor Pierre. That's right. Let's go over a little bit of what is critical ecology? What is critical ecology? A question no one's ever asked
you ever vote before. It is so new, it's very confusing. Yeah, so let's start with what is ecology? Okay, that's really useful. So ecology is the study of how all living and non living things in a system in nature interact with one another, how they exchange matter and energy, and how matter and energy is organized in living and non living
parts of an environment. So that means from the rocks to water, to all of the animals, plants, and kind of how they all are interconnected and rely on each other. And ecology includes lots of other things, like the behavior of those plants and animals and how they have evolved to interact with one another. And la la lah okay,
so very science, la la la. So critical ecology is looking at that basic ecosystem and thinking about how when we measure changes in that ecosystem, we need to be thinking about the particular ways that human behavior, decision making, and ultimately power dynamics have come to shape the ways
that those living and non li link things interact. And the kind of premise of critical ecology is that where there are disparities in power between groups of human beings, we're looking at what patterns emerge from those disparities in power for all elements of ecology. So I hope that's a good start. No, that's a great start. Okay, it's so big, Yes, tell me about it.
So everything from excess nitrogen in waterways because of giant agriculture companies planting monocultures, down to did your mayor decide to pave over part of the park for a tennis court that no one uses and now there's fewer butterflies. That could all be under the critical ecology umbrella. So you just saying huh dang, that's critical ecology. Every neighborhood council meeting is teeming with critical ecology. One could argue, we just didn't really have a term for it. But
let's back up a little. How long have you been, doctor Pierre?
I got my PhD in twenty eighteen, so I think that that is four years. That feels like four years. Did you get it in critical ecology? Not at all. I got my PhD in biogeochemistry and ecosystems ecology, and I focused on forests and soil and kind of thinking about how microbes in terrestrial environments. Have I already used too many words that I should like? Peel back? Oh, I love this, So we love these words? Okay, great, So I apply microbial ecology and biogeochemistry and ecosystems ecology.
I love this to understand how plants, soils, and microbes exchange nutrients and how that pretty much shapes when you look at a forest, how that forest functions, and why it is the way it is.
Did you gravitate toward that because you liked dirt or because you like plants?
What led you to that particular niche? All of the above. I love soil. I like decided I loved soil. I think around like sometime in high school, like late in high school, and that was before I thought I was going to do science.
I was just.
Like like a quiet fan of dirt, and I was just kind of like, wow, we just walk around on this extremely complicated medium that at that point in high school, I had just found out that it was also alive. Like I was like, side note actively alive, excuse me, And so that was thrilling. And I found out about the cycle of the elements, like the global cycle of carbon and nitrogen, and somebody I believe my like, all right,
shout out mysterick heart, wherever you are. My high school biology teacher showed us like a diagram and it's like all of the arrows that are like the soil, the atmosphere, the vegetation. And everyone else was like this is exhausting. Why are there so many arrows? It does not need to be this many arrows. And I was like more arrows, Give me more arrows, and like actually, like biogeochemistry loves arrows.
We just fucking love I want to very much. Okay, I'm just truly like that is my main question actively in life is like what's going in and what's coming out? I'm serious, Like, you can boil so many things down to literally just what's going in and what's coming out.
For more dirt on forest soils, you can see the Forensic Ecology episode with doctor Tierra Moore from November of twenty twenty one and Soiler Alert. There's an upcoming Pedal g episode on soils and I'll pronounce that better when it comes out, but it'll explain more that's coming up. Calm down, calm dow ask gon me be exciting. But the title of Sue's dissertation, that's a great question.
What was my dissertation?
I wasn't sure if people were so sick of their own dissertation title that they're like, I never want to hear those words again.
I googled it right there when we were sitting together. Wait, I literally haven't thought of that.
Here we go below ground carbon and nitrogen cycling and forced ecosystems in response to mean annual temperature and nutrient limitation.
How could you forget that? I'm actually I don't. I'm not like fading it, Like I'm literally crying right now. That's so funny. So it's been four years since that was your dissertation.
Yes, bring me back a little bit to the process of getting a PhD.
Is not a simple process. No, I was exhausting. I'm still tired. That's why I forgot.
Now nowhere in there is there critical ecology? I would love to know in that dissertation. What's the TLDR on that? And how did that sort of ignite which is torrible term when you're talking about the climate, but how did that leapfrog you into critical ecology?
Gotcha? So the TLDR on the dissertation is basically I was interested in this idea that people kind of think of plants as not really having like agency or like choice. We think we know that for now TBD. And what's really interesting is that plants actually do respond to their environment by changing how they allocate their resources within their bodies,
within their tissues. And so they can basically put more carbon above ground in like their stem and leaf and flower parts than their root parts, depending on what's going on. And so we know that this kind of decision making system of like put your carbon up top, put your carbon down below is a response to resources. And so I'm with climate change, knowing that temperature is increasing, knowing that environments are becoming drier, so much is changing with
both the plant and the microbes. And so I became really interested in this idea of like this dance between plants responding to climate, microbes responding to climate, and then plants and microbes responding to each other. What did your field research look like? So my dissertation work was in
Hawaii on the Big Island. Yeah, it was really difficult in that I had like primarily fun No, it was, I mean, I wish I could have spent more time there, but I was super fortunate to get to work there on the Monaca volcano, like the forests that grow on that volcano. And I also worked in New Hampshire in the White Mountains. Yeah, and so I got to kind of compare like a temperate forest ecosystem like in New Hampshire to the tropical what forest environment of Hawaii?
Did you find that in Hawaii because it was a forest on a volcano, was the soil newer and less diverse? Well?
You know your stuff. I mean, I'm just you're showing off. Yeah, that's no, that's exactly right. That's why Hawaii is this perfect system because usually, like my dissertation was asking this question of like with increasing temperature, that is inevitable at this point. Thank you so much, climate change, Thank you
so much, fossil fuels. We know that trees are going to be responding differently to nutrient availability, but we don't actually know how nutrient availability is going to change, and so we can use space as a substitution for time. As you go up in elevation, it's colder, as you
go down in elevation, it's warmer. But with in Hawaii because of the volcanic soils that are pretty much started from the same material at the same time because of one lava flow, you can compare a high elevation site to a low elevation site because they've got the same stuff. And so we could do this study that compares the high elevation cool site with the low elevation warmer site.
When did you start to think about the intersection of climate and social justice and climate justice? Was there anything at all like jarring between going from New Hampshire the is it freedom or die?
It's live free or drafts or die. They really do that, they really do live free and die.
The first time I went to New Hampshire, I was like, oh wow, that really is on the license plates.
And no one's playing. No one's playing. Okay.
Side note, I just need to tell you what other state modos are to put this in context, Indiana's Crossroads of America, All for our Country, chirped, Nevada, may Idaho, Endure Forever. And then the Texas motto is simply friendship. But back to New Hampshire's live free or Die. So that motto has only been the state motto since nineteen forty five, and in the seventies they were like this modo rips, this is so bad ass. We're going to change all the license plates. Let's get the word scenic
out of there. Let's go hard here in New England, everyone's plates say live free or die now. And some people are like, whoa, yikes, I don't really like that. It's a little too hardcore. And they covered up the motto on their license plate with like some masking tape
and the cops are like, no, you don't. And then the Supreme Court had to step in to be like New Hampshire, dude, you cannot scream live free or die and then tell someone that they don't have the freedom to cover up, live free or die on their license plate. Come on, it's embarrassing. But New Hampshire, good on you for being an abolition estate and sending tens of thousands of troops to fight for the end of slavery in the US.
That was cool.
I have a feeling every tattoo artist in New Hampshire does like five live free or Die tattoos every day now, from the literal white mountains of New Hampshire to to you know, to kind of a sacred volcano site in an island that's been recently colonized by one of the world's biggest superpowers. When did critical ecologies start to kind of crop up for you?
Yeah, it actually cropped up before I got to grad school. There's kind of this this idea in science that science is objective and that is its virtue essentially, that that's the only way that we can know truth is through objectivity and through rationally approaching questions. Right. I guess to answer your question, I never really bought that as I am a black woman. For those of you listening here, I am black, and when I was an undergrad, I
was actually not a science major. I was really interested in the idea that the way that nature functions, the way that we interact with it is so much, has so much to do with our values, and has so
much to do with power. I wanted to go get a PhD pretty much because I didn't see anybody else making that connection between actually doing like the measurements and the analyzes of forests and soils through the lens of power being an important control, an important variable in why forests are where they are, how they grew, h the way they grow, how they function.
I think that that's so fundamental what you said too about the assumed objectivity. The questions that are asked and answered depend entirely on who's asking them precisely.
Yeah, that's exactly right. I mean, I'm the second black woman to graduate with a PhD from the department that I graduated from, and that's not by accident, you know.
And so the kind of elephant in the room is that the reason that we're not asking these questions through the lens of humans making decisions that enrich sum and to poperate others is because oftentimes the people who have come from lineages of power and who are white, and men, for the most part are the ones who then have the platform, the resources, and the opportunities to do science and lead science.
Did you know that most Ivy League schools didn't admit women until the late nineteen sixties. Oh no women on juries either until nineteen sixty eight.
Little sketchy. But Harvard University, Oh yeah, they were around for two hundred and fourteen years before they admitted their first black student. History. This is a basic, basic question.
Maybe not so smart, but does critical ecology examine how inequality shapes the decisions we make or the impact that it has or both? Is it on the front end or the back end or is it all one big cycle?
Yeah? Well, I think you can't thoroughly look at the impacts without looking at the why, and so critical ecology is, I would say, leans towards looking at the impacts because what I'm really interested in and what I think the field of ecology in general lax is kind of this particular frame to look at how the natural environment is getting shaped by these human conditions of inequality or equality.
And I like to talk about it in terms of oppression versus liberation in situations where society is more oppressive. There are particular types of patterns that also kind of emerge. We use excess resources, we're very extractive. There isn't a factoring in of the cost for taking resources out of the environment at a really unsustainable rate or getting rid of our waste, be it actual you know, trash or
pollution from different industrial activities. It's just kind of like it's left, right, it's just enters the environment and it's no longer our problem.
And do you have to look at the sociology of things like why do some cultures perhaps not live in the same harmony with nature as opposed to maybe dominating it. Are there deep, deep cultural and sociological things where you need to be like, get on the bat phone and be like, I need someone, I need a cultural anthropologist for this.
Totally, even though I'm trained as an ecologist and biogeochemist. When I realized that, oh, I need to become a student again and really think about and talk to people who are in sociology and cultural theory and fields of thought that explain how and why inequality comes up and what it does, right, Like, inequality is not this random
thing that just crops up. It's constructed, it serves a purpose for certain groups of people to have more power, more agency, and more resources than other groups of people. And what Critical Ecology is doing is saying these structures exist, right, They're in our governments, they're in our social systems, they're in our economic systems, and they really kind of set
up what our behaviors in society will be. And so I'm trying to get in between the gap of our Earth system is changing, our planet is not doing so great, and all of these dimensions of ecosystems are responding to that change. But what is it about these particular systematic inequalities in society that brings about the conditions to let those changes be possible? What about the lab?
Could you tell me a little bit about the Critical Ecology Lab and like what projects were important for you to start with, because I imagine you're just getting started. You must have a list of shit that you want to look into.
Yeah, so long and I'm playing like extreme patience game because it's like these things take a long time. Yeah, but thank you for asking that.
So.
Critical Ecology Lab is a nonprofit research lab. What that means is rather than being a lab group that is based out of a particular university or another research institution. I've chosen to form the Critical Ecology Lab independently. And the reason is because kind of along the lines of what you're mentioning, that histories of alienation and lack of opportunities for people of color, queer people in science have led to a real narrowing of the perspectives that are
included and supported and brought forward. And so that's part of the culture of academia, that's part of all universities and their histories for the most part, and it's true for science and museums as well. And so it's really difficult to be asking critical questions and asking questions about power when you're actually within the institution that has facilitated
those power imbalances. I don't know if folks like realize this, but science institutions, even though they're unfortunately not as well funded as they should be relative to the global poor like, science is as an institution super rich, and a lot of times that money that comes from grants, that comes from domnations endowments, can get funneled right back into the
power systems that Critical Ecology is trying to question. An upend So that's a really roundabout way of saying that critical ecology is a nonprofit and independent laboratory because we want to operate outside of these really entrenched cultural norms that we see in academia and so forth.
So doctor Pierre explained that a lot of systems environmentally are built on the notions that some people's lives are more important than others, and that some people's lands can be exploited while others are protected. So she is drawn to a multidisciplinary approach, kind of like using a microscope and a telescope and a UV light to look at what is happening and how it happened.
And so the whole idea of critical ecology is saying, could we take ideas from critical theory, which is kind of a social theory that holds that the world is unequal and that much of the world is shaped by that inequality, and that our work should be towards making the world more equal, Like fundamentally, our academic work should not just stay in the ivory tower, that it should go out and make the world more just Can we take those theories from the humanities and apply it to ecology.
And I wasn't seeing that being done elsewhere. So I'm not the first person to use the phrase critical ecology, but I am, i guess, the first person to talk about it when it comes to actually measuring global change and the massive climate crisis that we're experiencing right now. How do you determine what questions to chase first? Such a good question. So okay, it's it's actually like so hard because I feel like I'm being pulled in a
lot of directions. Because some of this is about the past, right, Like, inequality didn't start yesterday, and has it always existed? Yes, So critical ecology is drawing me towards asking questions about patterns of inequality in the past, patterns and systems of oppression of the past. But it's also happening right now,
and so there are these contemporary issues as well. Sue says that a community of researchers is stronger working together, and that collaborators inspire questions that she never would have thought to ask. And so an example of that is in twenty nineteen or so, I had the pleasure of meeting some archaeologists who study plantations, so they do archaeological digs on former sugarcane plantation sites. This is an amazing team of folks associated with the Society for Black Archaeologists
and the organization Diving with a Purpose. And so these folks, including doctor Justin Dunnovant and doctor Ayana Fluellen, they were just incredible speakers. I met when I was a postdoc at UC Berkeley, and I was like, wait a second, you're doing archaeology on plantations. I want to do ecology
on plantations. I want to ask questions about how the ways that colonizers stole people, put those people to work on plantations and completely transformed landscapes, completely transform nutrient cycles because of that forced labor. That is what I want to study in ecology, and y'all are already doing it in terms of understanding where these people lived, how they lived,
how many people were brought on these ships. And so through a collaboration with archaeologists, we've started looking at the ecology of plantations through a critical ecology lens, and right now we're focusing on the US Virgin Islands, Saint Croix in particular.
So this project is called the Ecological Scars of Slave Plantations, and the work is being done on a former Danish sugar plantation called a state Little Princess, And part of the reason work can be done there is that the land was gifted to the Nature Conservancy in nineteen seventy one, and several different research projects are underway on that land, from archaeological to nidariological which is corals, thank you very much,
and of course critical ecological. And if that land hadn't been given away to an organization using it for this research, a lot of the science and the history of that island would go undiscovered.
So that was just one way that I got drawn into a particular place and a particular set of questions, kind of by happenstance and like the fortune of meeting really awesome archaeologists.
What kind of data gets collected and analyzed if you're a critical ecologist, because I'm sure that there are people being like, I didn't know this was an ology, I'm all for it, signed me up.
Yeah, it matters what kind of ecology you're interested in, because critical ecology is just really a framework for folks who go out and ask questions about ecosystems in general. Right like, right now, I'm working on a project where I'm asking about how the Transatlantic slave trade has been influential in shaping the structure and chemistry of soils in the Caribbean, and soil is really important for vegetation, right, like what plants grow, where, how well they do, and
how they change over time. In like a traditional kind of soil ecology and biogeochemistry framework, I would be like, okay, soil erosion is a function of land use. Right, we would just say land use blanket term, and we would say, this is the duration of time you know that this
land was used to grow sugarcane. And we would say, let's look at how soil structure, soil carbon and nitrogen and so on and so forth were affected by this particular land use given this amount of time that it was happening.
So some ecologists might tackle the whats of the data, like what is growing here and what kind of vegetation took over after that land use, which is great, it's good to know, But.
Critically ecology would say, let's start from the premise of this island was colonized for the express purpose of producing a certain quantity of sugar for Europe that had an economic value, and how many enslaved people were required to make that happen. So there's this component, this variable of free labor, right, and that land use goes hand in
hand with it. So there's this consideration that we can make that says, this amount of freedom had to be taken away from this number of people over a certain duration of time to produce the particular biophysical outcomes on
this soil. And so if I'm looking at a field right that used to be a plantation, which is what I do now, and I know based on records from the Danish who colonized Saint Croix, the island where I'm working, I be able to say, these people, these enslaved Africans, had to work this amount of time for us to see the particular change in soil carbon, which we can kind of compare to a control right where the land was not used for sugar cane production, which was left alone, right.
And so critically ecology adds this variable and looks for different variables that express a level of oppression or freedom that would not otherwise be accounted for pretty much. And so then we can say, why do Caribbean forests look the way they look? Right? Why are Caribbean forests structured in a particular because so much of the Caribbean was colonized right cut down completely, and then monocultures were put
in place and worked by enslaved people. So we can start to look at whole regions differently, and so I want to start to get ecologists and other environmental scientists to to think about that when they go in and make a plan to understand a changing landscape or seascape, depending on depending on where you work.
It reminds me almost of if you were looking at tracks or footprints and the idea of just saying there's a footprint here or there's a track here, and not asking what kind of animal is it?
How big is that? Like where is it going? What? You know? Like, yeah, how often does it come here? Will it come here again? And if it stops happened, what grows back where the tracks used to be? That's exactly right.
Thank you so much. Well, speaking of footprints too, the carbon footprint fallacy promoted by oil companies or something that everyone should take, yeah, very very seriously, especially if they're living in a society and a culture that over consumes resources.
How important is it? Oh my gosh, So I think that the carbon footprint, like the first thing that you said. Is it a fallacy? Is it just like made up by companies? Yes? Also no, wait, what two things can be true? I think that if individuals pay attention to their carbon footprint, it's an opportunity for behavioral change, right as individuals, like we need tools to think about what our day to day behaviors are connected to on a bigger scale, it's really hard for us to do that.
That doesn't mean that individuals are all the way responsible for the massive changes that we're seeing in terms of the way the climate is changing and the way that ecosystems are responding to that climate, be it fire or drought or flash floods and so forth. I think that we, as individuals, as part of a culture and a society, are responsible for nudging our culture to be different, to be mindful and to be responsible, and to feel more
connected to what's happening on earth. But also like, let's hold those fuckers accountable. I'm actually so sick of it, and I think that, like the actual manipulation and gaslighting has to stop. And so the fact that you ask the question is amazing because it's like, let's like remind one another that we are being gas lit by corporations that have known as long as, if not before independence, University scientists have known that the activity of extracting fossil
fuels and burning them will cause climate change. They knew that shit, Okay, so that's been part of their backroom conversation forever.
You know, what's fun is that when someone gaslights you, they're metaphorically burning fossil fuels. Lol, Like at least make me question my own perception with like an LED bulb, you know.
And so I want there to be like the edge of resistance, but have that edge of resistance hold hands with like our culture on a fundamental level needs to change.
And you mentioned something about being so interested in both the past and the future. Do you feel like a lot of what people suppose you do is just about, hey, can you figure out how to fix this?
Points to Earth, to Earth, what happened here? Yeah? I think folks often make this like totally reasonably, Like they think that what I'm talking about is just like environmental justice, which is a really important area of work, but is different from critical ecology. Environmental justice is responding to really
immediate harms that people are experiencing in their communities. Right now, and they're trying to say, like, first of all, this is happening, this isn't right, And environmental justice is trying to transform the conditions for those people as well as for the planet.
And doctor pr says, environmental justice is it's more forensic. It's more about redress or setting things right, like with compensation. And for example, one environmental justice issue is the disparity between asthma rates in black and Puerto Rican children versus white kids. One study found that black children in New York were forty two percent more likely to have asthma and that asthma related illnesses increased school absences in those populations,
which has lifelong effects. And there was a twenty seventeen Princeton study titled is it Who You Are or Where You Live? Residential Segregation and Racial Gaps in childhood Asthma, And those researchers found that it's not race, but neighborhood pollution and ongoing effects of segregation that can nearly double the risk of asthma and lead to higher asthma related deaths later in life. So that would be environmental justice work and epidemiology. But what's the even bigger picture?
But Critically ecology is saying that's super important, and that's influencing humans, it's influencing ecological patterns. But what about if we zoom out. Critical ecology is asking questions about systems of oppression, and that gets to the heart of the ideologies that will allow certain patterns of unfair treatment to unfold.
And then we're interested in, well, what are the environmental consequences if we look at plant communities, if we look at the quality of soils, if we look at nutrient cycles. Our ecosystems today in twenty twenty two really being shaped on this larger scale by forces that we couldn't even notice if we weren't thinking about these patterns of haves
and have nots right that come from unfair systems. That's a little bit about redress, like getting people their justice, but it's also about everyone right because it's saying the way that ecosystems are evolving and changing into the future depend on either us getting it now and really seeing these patterns and figuring out what about us drives it right ecology and then course correcting like what can ecosystems start to look like and patterns of nutrient cycling and
vegetation assemblages and animal trophic interactions look like when we course correct towards more equitable interactions with nature and patterns in society.
So if you clicked on this title of this episode and thought critical ecology, here we go. It's going to be controversial. Just know that in the US there's been blowback of the word critical in favor of more quote patriotic education. But just the word critical and critical theory pretty much means how is old stuff still affecting new stuff?
And how can we make things more equitable? But by making it this hot button topic and contra cosial, some states have passed laws restricting even education about race in classrooms. If you're like, is that cool, consider the fact that Germany isn't forbidding schools from mentioning the Holocaust because that would be terrifying and a big problem. Right, we have to learn from history and examine systems that are harming people.
It seems like that's what schools for. But this episode is about the science of critical ecology in an era of significant climate impact. What do you wish was taught alongside high school science classes? What do you feel like is so glaringly missing?
Oh my gosh, my dream. The best thing that I could ask for is if history and social studies teachers had biology and chemistry and environmental science teachers that would sit down with them and that there was actually a framework, a language that let these different teachers talk to each other and come up with lessons and labs that relate
to one another. Right, Like, imagine if we were teaching students about plantations in the US Southeast and they're learning about how cotton and tobacco and sugar cane were being grown, and then they go into their biology class and got to look at, well, let's learn about the actual physiology
of sugarcane, right, like it's a grass. I don't think most high school students get to learn that when you process sugarcane, there's all of this refuse that's left behind after you harvest the sugar, and where does that go? And what if you could teach a biology lab or a chemistry lab that gets students to think about, like, what are the physical consequences of the fact that our
country was run economically by plantations? And what if students had this holistic understanding, how much better would we actually understand the dicament our countries in like everyone's just kind of baffled about, like it's just so unfair and the world is unequal, and you know, slavery is bad, and now we're experiencing climate change and I'm kind of just like yeah, but if you put them all together, it really tracks like it all kind of adds up. The math is good.
And as long as we're talking school, let's play a quiz game for fun. And please note the word fun is in air quotes. What other questions do you want to ask or answer about? Things like fish and so many I know, like name a thing, name a thing. We'll do a pop quiz. Tell me if this involves critical ecology? Okay, logging deforestation.
Hondo p I'm one million percent. That's not a percent. Don't come for me. Logging deforestation. If we think about who had access? Okay, I love this question so much. Start from the basics, whose land was it right? Someone had to come and steal land from indigenous people? The fundamental principle of critical ecology would be start with that. And so if you're interested in forest succession, and you're interested in why we have secondary and tertiary forests in
certain places that were logged. Why don't we start by asking the question whose land was it and what allowed it to be taken away from them? And that would go to the basic principles of removal of indigenous people, either by murder or by giving them reservations and moving them to parts of the country that were not their homes.
So, in a May twenty twenty one Atlantic article titled Return the National Parks to the Tribes, a Jibwah author David Troyer writes, quote, the American story of the Indian is one of staggering loss. In fourteen ninety one, native people controlled all of the two point four billion acres that would become the United States. Now we control about fifty six million acres, or roughly two percent. Speaking of stealing things, and then.
We think about like one critically qualite, don't scoop me you out there, But I'm so shady, don't scoop. I'm so interested in patterns of forest re growth throughout North America as they're related to the removal and movement of Indigenous people. And I'm sure that there are indigenous scholars
who are maybe listening. Shout out to y'all who are like, yeah, girl, we already think about this, But until I have that conversation, I'm really curious about how does the cover of forest in the United States or in North America reflect the pattern of removal of Indigenous people and the accessibility of permits or deeds to land that were basically given out
for fucking pennies. And I would love to do this kind of tandem analysis of the financial value of for rists now that are going to make somebody roll rich, and how they were given to people essentially for a comparably minuscule amount of money. But alongside this really unfair transaction is also just carbon and nitrogen, And so what is the amount of carbon and nitrogen that are stored in these forests relative to the amount of money that unfairly traded hands.
So, as we discussed in the Indigenous Fire Ecology episode, the loss of knowledge and agency to practice cultural burns another land stewardship has led to catastrophic damage and increasing wildfire losses because that land was taken from a populace that knew how to.
Care for it best.
So, now as the nation finds itself in this ecological pickle, science is going back to that indigenous knowledge for answers. Speaking of answers, let's keep this quiz of sart going. What about this one over fishing air quotes for the consumption that we are demanding?
Oh my gosh. Yeah. So what if I think of that and through like a critical ecology perspective, I think about consumption in terms of where demand is coming from and what is making that demand possible, Right, Like, people don't want things that are too expensive to want. People want things that are affordable, if not cheap. And what
makes things cheap, What makes fish cheap. There's people who have to do the fishing and then access to the fish, and so it's a matter of who's doing it right, the cost or value of their labor, and then who's giving out permits right.
In the Oceanology episode, doctor Ayana Elizabeth Johnson pointed out that for many coastal cultures, fishing is their livelihood and has been their core diet for tens of thousands of years. But the indigenous folks who are fishing there are likely not the same demographic as those who own the fisheries doing the least sustainable practices and catches. So from the mountains to the seas, to the air, to the ore
in the earth. There is critical ecology everywhere, and doctor Pierre's Critical Ecology Lab has also helped facilitate a study on air quality and urban and rural settings, research on using incarcerated laborers in fighting forest fires. And because of so many factors, from rising temperatures to the loss of these regular cultural burns, these kinds of issues are likely
just going to be on the rise. And just this week, the US Department of Energy reported that in the next thirty years, Californians will experience triple digit temperatures for four months out of the year. So right now you may be sweating for many reasons and wondering do we even have a chance. You know, we're talking a little bit about just environmental nihilism and just the idea of when do we give up? And is it equitable for anyone
to give up at any time. But if we look at ourselves as a species and say, as a species we are doing not great things to the planet that might endanger all of us, how fightable is it or how much do you just have to say, well, I guess we're one of the ninety nine point nine percent of species to go extinct in this case because of a percentage of people who over consumed.
I mean, I think it's unethical for us as human beings to like hang on in that way if we're not also actively and earnestly interested in being different.
Doctor Pierre likens this like to an abusive partner that knows they're doing harm but has no interest in accountability or change. And maybe the resistance or fear of critical theory is kind of like a partner who's suffering with a problem in harming others but doesn't even want to go unpack that in counseling. Also, if you're just shrugging, thinking, well, we're all going to die, so what TikTok I thought?
That was just called despair, But when taken to an extreme ideology, is that seek to just hasten our own extinction for the sake of the planet. That's actually called eco fascism. So there's a word for that, and it's not a good thing. So Sue says, to try to get involved on a human to human level, examine the power structures that keep things bad for some people, and don't shrug yourself into inaction.
If you are just saying like woe is me. We are bad for the planet, bad for other species, and I'm just going to kind of wait for this like shit show to kind of play out. Then you are the harm, right, But if you allow the depressing reality to kind of make decisions for you about what you're going to do, like I mean, yeah, and you're probably more harm than good, then it is a toxic relationship on the story front. But yeah, totally don't just sit on your hands.
Yeah, but yeah, do you ever just lay in bed at night and the like the jiff of the woman who just has.
Like I hate my life for that, do you know what I mean?
Like the no geometry I'm thinking, like staring off thinking just when it comes to the not only consumption that we have, especially in a capitalist society, but just also the hoarding of resources. Gosh, another harmful thought that we have been fed, the too many humans one. I know that overpopulation is looked at a lot as like there's
too many of us. I thought that for a long time too, And we have enough resources to sustain the number of people, but a lot of folks maybe are hoarding the resources.
Absolutely, and so this gets at like I love that you asked it because it gets at the question of scale. There are critical ecology questions that can be asked like very hyper local. But then they are like you're saying, like if we really zoom out, like when we think about global population, that there's this misconception, and I don't
think it. It's just like an accidental misconception. I think you're kind of alluding to like we thought, but actually it's this line that overpopulation is like one of the main reasons that we're in the particular ecological crisis we're in, and that's simply not true. If all people had even access to the resources available, and if those resources were managed sustainably, we would not be in the predicament that
we're in. Given that, I know, it's such it's a real bummer when you're like, oh, it's just what we're doing. It's just like because we like to be fucking assholes. Yeah, yeah, it is. Unfortunately it's really not much more complicated than that. But yeah, I think a lot about where resources get hoarded, and I mean, like the countries that end up having like global wealth and wealth like though it's money is an idea, basically it represents stuff and stuff is made
of carbon. Stuff is made of all of those nutrients I study, and stuff takes energy right to create. And so if we think about the fact that who keeps those resources and how they were collected in the first place, it really takes us to asking questions about racial capitalism. It takes us to asking questions fundamentally about colonialism and imperialism.
And so if we're not able to do our science and study the distribution of resources or lack of resources and the ecological consequences of massive wealth or massive poverty, we're really kind of missing the point, if that makes sense. But I think that really proves that I am that woman and that meme, Like that's my brain, Like I'm constantly just like I really need to find the actual words that are useful for human beings to know what
the fuck I'm talking about. And I'm working on it. People, I have a lifetime out of me.
This meme side note is known as math Lady, and the actress with the furrowed brow and the pensive gaze is often mistaken for Julia Roberts, but it's a Brazilian telenovella Superstar for not a Sora, and she's playing a scene in a jail, and then later that footage was overlaid with mathematical equations. But Sue gets to make all of these complex connections and ask questions that have not been asked about not just what is happening, but why and how?
And honestly, the.
Biggest takeaway about critical ecology in a nutshell is this.
I don't think that I'm asking these magical, brilliant questions. I'm literally just like y'all. Have y'all ever noticed? Yeah, but the thing that's awkwardly like controlling all of our lives,
shaping biology and chemistry and ecology. And then once I say it, everyone's like, girl, Yes, So what I think of critical ecology is actually just you know, when you see like a detective show or like a crime show, and then there's the wall with the lines and all the thumbtacks and it's just like a lot of string
people are mired in. They're just like, it's all connected, but we don't have one approachable and reproducible system of thinking that helps us to guide us to then ask these questions all over the place, just like you're asking me. So critical ecology is like we're only confused because it's really hard to make those connections when science and social
science and humanities don't talk to each other. And if we can figure out how to make them talk to each other and do it in such a way that we can pick it up and apply it in all these different areas, finally we're going to be explaining why we're at where we're at in a way that that might actually lead us out the door towards a better planet, a more equal and liberated society. Can I ask you patreon questions? Questions from people on Patreon?
Of course they know you're coming on, And before your questions, a quick break, And before that break, we donate to a charity of the cologies choosing and naturally, this is going to the Critical Ecology that's Critical ecology Lab dot org and Critical Ecology Lab is a space to investigate and explain how the natural world, from soils to the atmosphere has been shaped by racial and cultural supremacy, natural resource exploitation, and social exclusion. So you can learn more
at Critical Ecology Lab dot org. There's a link in the show notes. Thank you to sponsors for making our donation possible. Okay, so this first question was asked almost verbatim by so many people, including Amy Naramatsu, Michael McLeod, Riley Allison, Francesca Huggins, Lucy Kenny, Gabby Sweet and Mark Hulette and more. The most thumbed up question we got.
I think it's a good one, Okay. Amy Naramatsu wants you hi, Amy wants just simple how fuck are we? Oh? I mean I appreciate Amy asking that question because a million, and by a million, I mean, like several hundred climate scientists have been asked that very question and their answers probably very and you know, like for the most part, like we're like fairly fucked. Like I'm not going to split hairs about that, but my real answer is that we are as fucked as people are unwilling to change.
We are as fucked as individuals, like not just the systems of oppression, but we're as fucked as individuals are willing to look closely at how they behave and treat other people and admit that they are wrong in their regular individual lives. Because it is like our behavior and our ways of thinking and our ways of treating other
people that metastasize into systems of oppression. And those systems of oppression have allowed us to indiscriminately toss people off of their land, to pull fossil fuels out of the ground at rates that make no fucking sense. And that all comes from like, yeah, people's willingness to just pause and be like, what am I willing to change about the way that I operate?
So living in a state of inquiry, curiosity and the notion that all things are connected and maybe it's not a bizarre coincidence that the systems in place have the planet in a bind. That's a great start, So help other humans out think about the impacts of the system.
Question it.
So many choices we make seem to be justified in the moment, but in hindsight can be appalling, from the way we treat the land and the plants and the animals and the fungi on it to the most horrifying abuses of humans that continue unchecked today. And that brings me to operating Nelson's question, seconded by Kelly Brockinton and a lot of people.
Obviously, there are small steps.
That individuals can take to help reduce their impact, but really, how can we make a bigger difference with so much seeming outside of our control. But there are so many eras of the past that are so shameful as a human and we're living in one of them. When it comes to the goal of critical ecology and how that work gets disseminated to the public, what things can people do, i'd be such a big question, such a big, giant, terrible question.
No, it's a great it's a great question. And I feel like the answer is that when you see injustice, or when you hear or know about something happening that is a form of oppressing people for whatever reason that someone is oppressing a group of people, use critical ecology as a framework to think about how the harm that's being done to those people is enacted on the landscapes
that we live on as well. That when you then go to vote, or when you then think about contacting elected representatives or going out and protesting, like right now, it's really hard to talk about related systems of harm, and I think that's kind of on purpose.
Speaking of elected officials and such environmental policy student Ali Vessels and Natalie, an undergrad student in political science who's looking to make the switch into ecology, as well as first time question asker Maya Tcherobic all had policy questions, and in Maya's words, quote, even with the most progressive governments at all levels, we're not able to enact systems of change at the pace and scale needed, indicating that political systems need an overhaul or reorganization. What can we
learn from ecosystems to help with this reorganization? So we're not all fucked quote, So it's kind of nice to see that across the political spectrum in the US. Literally no one is satisfied with environmental policy. We're all just united in being pissed, no matter what side you're on.
So that's not.
Good because I've talked to so many ologists who are like, the best thing you can do for the planet and for other people is vote, vote, vote small in local elections as well as the big ones. We have a majority of one party in the House and Center, we have a president in one party, and we just had some EPA things rolled back by the Supreme Court. I'm so sorry to.
Bring it up.
N It's real when people say vote, vote with the planet in mind. Is there anything, as a critical ecologist that you have faith.
In that sounds so bleef the way I asked it. But yes, there literally anything to believe, doctor Pierre. Our beliefs relevant. Now, no, Ali, come on, where can I put my shred of hope in your podcast? Oh god, So that's a big, huge question. But I really like that question because like this gets at what we actually believe needs to be different in society, which I keep harping on. Right, I'm not going to be the person that says, like, put your faith in voting. That's not
me saying don't vote. I cannot imagine a reason to not vote. It doesn't matter if you think it makes a difference or not, Like, do the thing. Let's go vote. However, the most threatening thing to the systems in our society, right, the economic systems and the political systems and the social systems that are unfair and unequal and make this country and make our environment threatened, right, you know, less strong,
less safe, and more divided and less sustainable. The most threatening thing to all of those things is solidarity, is care, is compassion. If you look at all of these things, it looks like I'm just opening like a giant Mary Poppins bag of death of just like, look at all of the bad things. But they all share something, which is they rely on division. And I don't mean like we all have to kumbayan be together, but I mean like people helping other people, people being in in genuine
community with one another despite their differences. People saying that at a base level, everyone should have the things that they need, the safety that they need, the assurance that they will not be suffering in one way or another.
And when we do radical things on a very like micro level to make make sure that compassion is available, that that mutual care is there, those little behaviors and those little decisions in our regular lives spiral up to become very problematic for the systems that want us to be divided, oppressed, confused, alienated from one another, and alienated
from ecosystems full stop. When you make resources, care and support more available to people, it builds solidarity across groups of difference right, racial, class, and gender, where the division would have been very useful. Right to keep us kind of scrambling.
Yeah, so it behooves exactly the wrong people to keep everyone at odds, driving humanity further apart.
And at the end of the.
Day, the polarization is getting less done faster, and the less that.
We scramble the more that we join together in the sense that we're not the same and we don't need to be, and that is fucking fine. And actually, I'll still support you, and I'll still make sure that you're okay and your family's okay, and I will vote in a direction that makes sure that you're okay and your
family's okay, regardless of our differences. That starts to really crumble the thing that the things that really suck, and critical ecology for me is an exercise in that, which is to say, ecology is fascinating and so thrilling and like I could cry talking about it. That is why I went to school to do it. That is why
I'm here. But if I am an ecologist and this is my toolkit, and I also believe that solidarity is the only response to an increasingly divided, confused, and suffering society and ecosystem, then I have to use that tool belt to start making sense of why this is happening and what has happened in the past and what will
happen in the future. So I'm trying to kind of throw this rope across from basic science to understanding how society assembles itself and how we can do that better and better and better, and how eventually I think ecosystem sustainability, functionality, and health can reflect what's going on in our society. So critically, ecology is saying, if you don't start with the ideology, you're never really going to explain this story fully.
That's a great way to look at it. It's like a color on the spectrum that you've never seen before. And it's like, have you described something that you've never seen, you know what I mean?
Yeah, thank you for saying that. That makes me feel like less crazy because like seriously, because folks are like, oh, you're a scientist. You can't be fighting for our lives. You're only concerned with like measuring and publishing. And on the other hand, it's like you're not a real scientist. You're only concerned with wishy washy like being a do gooder or like you know, into social whatever. And it's like you said, it's this color on the color wheel
that we haven't looked at before. But I think that like I didn't make that color up. It's just there and it's been really hidden from us. And so it means so much to me to be able to have this conversation and try to get to a little bit more of understanding of what it really means and what it could mean for changing society.
Oh what a what a great and maddening game to think of literally anything and think how does this the fall of critical ecology?
Literally anything you look at you're like, oh, there's a critical ecology in there. Yeah, how about that? But also exciting?
Yeah.
And one thing I mean I always ask, but I don't even know how you're gonna answer this. But the hardest thing about your job, where are you gonna start?
One of the really hard things is because because like you're saying, it's like, oh, yeah, that makes sense, but it's not something that's been like really named before. It exists in these little pockets of different fields, different ologies, but it's not like unified in one place. And all of that. There's not a lot of sources of support because folks are like, that's really cool. I hope that works out for you, and I'm like, no, but money.
So the thing is about the thing that actually money, and so funding my research and getting the kind of institutions that normally give you the big amounts of money that allow you to do the scale of work that I want to do. They're not quite there yet. They're like, that's not a color what And I get why, but
it's going to be slow going. I spend a lot of time talking to people and basically getting groups of the right people from different disciplines to get together and articulate a question and then go, what is the funding institution that is most likely to kind of understand what the fuck we're talking about, and let's go for that. Oh, they didn't like it, Let's let's take out the science and add up, you know, increase this. And it's just
like pulling these levers. So that's one thing that's really like, god damn it. And another thing I don't know if you've talked about this on ologies, but there's this idea that white supremacy culture has these characteristics or norms that are invisible but are so normal in corporate culture, in government, in academia, and our day to day interactions basically recreate those systems and uphold those systems. So culture change is
super important. And in my little cocoon of folks that I work with in critically ecology lab, shoutout Kunalpolawat they are an amazing graduate student that I work really closely with,
along with a number of other team members. You know, we show up in our little container of the lab, but we also have full time jobs in normal institutions, and so when we're together, we have these like basic principles of how we interact, how we have conflict, how we care for each other, even though we're colleagues and professionals, and those principles don't hold up when we go out into our regular paid nine to five jobs. Now, one day I want to be fully employed by Critically Collegy
Lab knock on wood. But until then, it's like, how do I hold up those values wherever I go. Meanwhile, we're thinking about this, and we're also just like I have to collect data. I have to do stats. So it's a lot to be like conscientious of who you are and your values while also like just doing regular science.
Yeah side note, just big news. As of August ninth, she is full time at Critical Ecology Lab.
She did it.
And it also must be like working really hard to dismantle the grind culture.
Yeah, so I was napping. For those of you who can't see me, I'm like air snapping because literally you got I'm so happy that you said that, because a huge part of the idea of white supremacy culture is grind culture is like busy culture is valor, the idea that you don't ever sleep and you publish so much, and you know, it's really great if you're publishing a lot, but at what cost and for whom? And so it's really hard to live by these values while also still
being seen as a productive, hardworking scientist. When it's like, I want to be seen as a productive, hardworking scientist even if I do not answer emails at you know, one am, and even if I'm not publishing all the time, and there are good reasons for that, including rest, including self care, including care for my community. So yeah, it's a clash of cultures. That's very awkward. And I've just gotten comfortable being like, that's all right, y'all, don't get me yet.
What about your favorite thing? What do you get so excited about?
Oh my god, that's even harder to answer because there's so many things I'm going to say that. Ever, since I was in undergrad and then grad school, I was like, I feel to be a scientist, you have to be like reading the literature that is in your discipline, and
you need to be on top of it. You need to know like all the most recent papers, the most cutting edge techniques, and I care about all of that, but my job, Basically, I created a situation where I gave myself this area of research and it requires me to read outside of my discipline. It makes me talk
to archaeologists and sociologists and black feminist theorists. I think at one point it felt like I'm doing the wrong things, and I've kind of just let myself accept that, Yeah, you're going to be wrong in some people's eyes, or it might feel a little uncomfortable that you're doing these things that are not normal. But there's so much growth
and richness in just letting myself do it. So I'm so grateful to just get to like have these conversations and read the books that are never going to be associated with biogeochemistry until I make them associated with biogeochemistry. Shout out to Christina Sharp, black feminist theorist. Side note.
Doctor Christina Sharp is the author of In the Wake on Blackness and Being, which uses the word wake in many meetings. From quote The Path behind a Ship Keeping Watch with the Dead and Coming into Consciousness and in the Wake is about the history and imagery of the slave ship and how that haunts contemporary black life. And it's about a social climate that quote produces premature black death as normative. That is in the Wake on Blackness and Being by Christina Sharp.
So I love that. Also, if we are going to spend a lot of time working hard on something, we should do it with people we love. And I'm so lucky that Critical Ecology Lab is really like individuals who see me for who I am. There are people who like actually love me as as like a person as well as respect me and work hard with me as
a colleague. And that's just like part of our culture that in every meeting we check in and make sure that everyone is well and if not, we talk about it, even if that cuts into like the work part, because we're better at doing our jobs if we are happy and well and cared for. Shout out to everyone working with Critically Ecology Lab right now or thinking about it. It's really a joy and like a privilege.
I mean, oh shit, that's like a healthy ecosystem business wise that you're creating.
Yess exactly exactly that and if you'd like to join that team. We're looking for someone who's interested in social media management and so that I can like let my brain alone and not do that. But so we won't be tweeting until we get a person. But I'm more on Instagram, So we're at critical Underscore ecology and you can follow us. Many of my ramblings and ideas are there, and you can also donate money if you want on the site. Hell yeah, I have a feeling you're gonna
have a full inbox after this. I mean, help, can I help? Can I do something? Can I do something that I do that? I need all the help currently, I I'm so like, woefully bad at social media. It's so devastating. I'll post once and be like I'll post again next week and then you'll hear from me a year later. And so if anyone loves to think about social media strategy and messaging, amazing, like talk to me.
And also I am looking to be on the committees of graduate students, master students, PhD students, And that's a role that can be a lot, but I'm willing to take on if the fit is right. So I want to support folks academically as activists and in their education, So lots of stuff coming down the pipe. But yeah, any support that folks want to offer, I can definitely consider.
How exciting to get to interview you when you have launched an organization and a field that is so needed for this time in this place.
Thank you so much, Alie. Of course you're the best. You're in the best.
So if you are now amped up and you want to reach out, you can check out Critical Ecology lab dot org. They're also looking for someone in an admin role, so reach out links are in the show notes, and there's more links at alleywar dot com, slash Ologies, slash Critical Ecology. I'm Ali Ward on Twitter and Instagram and at ologies on both say hello. Links to sponsors are in the show notes, and alleyward dot com also has
a list of all the organizations we donate to. If you'd like to put ologies merch onto your body, you can go to ologiesmerch dot com. Thank you Susan Hale for managing that and doing so so so much else to keep the show going. And Noel DILWORTHWO who handles scheduling. Aaron Talbert admins the Ologies podcast Facebook group with assists from Bonnie Dutch and Shannon Feltis. Kelly ar Dwyer is on top of our website and she can help you with yours. Emily White of the Wordery makes our professional
transcripts and Caleb Patten bleeps them. Those are up for free at alleyward dot com slash ologies, dash extras, and if you have small ologites, you can check out smologies episodes in our feed. Those are short, condensed and filth free episodes for all ages. There's more of those up
at alleywoard dot com slash somologies. Thank you Mercedes Maitland and Zeke Rodriguez Thomas of Mindjam Media for being on top of those, and of course thank you to lead editor Jared Sleeper, who has the finest mullet in all of podcasting, and Nick Thorburn who wrote the theme music.
And if you stick around to the end of the episode, I tell you secret, and this week's secret is that if you need to get right the fuck up in your course, Let's say maybe you have a problem with the contact lens, or you are on a tweezer chase with an errant whisker. Maybe you need to have a word with a black head. If you have one of those camping flashlights that straps to your forehead, wow, put that on your head, point that in the right direction,
and the world will be revealed to you. I put on a headlamp to help get a thorn out of Grammy's paw, and then I looked in the mirror and turned it on and.
Wow, it was is illuminating. So you're welcome by bye.
Somehow, some way, it's all connected.
H