Oh hi, Hey, it's still your brother in law who rais his coffee beans, but in a cool way.
Ali word, And not only is this.
A day late, baby, but also this is the bonus episode that I promised you last week. So what I turned around the neuropathology episode on concussions last week so fast. It just gave me additional whiplash. So I came to my senses and I said, word, go back to bed, sleep a little more. You bashed your skull and that's a great excuse use it. So here is the CRISP Sunny follow up episode about concussions, about mTBI TBI CTE
in the natural world, in animals. And if you're like, I don't know what any of those acronyms are, they don't make sense. And you're also like, wait, dude, you recently sustained a severe hospital grade concussion, then you're going to want to be be mosey. Back to the neuropathology episode from last week. It's a really, really great one. Lots of asides about why I ended up in an ambulance a few weeks ago and consequently why this episode
is two days late. TBIs man, no joke. So this ologist reached out after mine because she's a researcher in the field and in the lab, and because severe neurological damage like CTE can only really be.
Detected on autopsy.
Thus it's a very controversial diagnosis in living people. A lot of folks butting heads about it, So she studies butting heads about it in bighorn sheep and musk oxen and all kinds of stuff. So she got her undergrad degree in the biology of organisms, populations and ecosystems in France. She went to Antwerp and Vienna for her masters in.
Comparative vertebrate morphology.
And then went and got a ding dang doctorate in evolutionary biology in Zurich, studying toothwear on animals. And we recorded this a week or so ago, and she was rounding out her postdoc in the lab of your favorite functional morphologist, doctor Joey Eidenberg i' Mount Sinai in New York City. Great episode, I'll link it on my website, But her postdoc is wrapping up, so use the links in the show notes to also reach out to her.
If you are hiring someone rad because she is. You can also use the links in the show notes to join patreon dot com slash Ologies, where for a buck a month you usually get to send questions for me to ask ahead of time, except for this one, because like a goat brain on a lab slab, it was supposed to be all cut up and used for last week's episode. But whatever, it was weird and fun and
you deserve to hear the whole thing, so for zero dollars. Also, you can support the show and my very fragile sense of self by leaving a review.
I read all of.
Them, and here's a still moist, freshy one. It's gross from someone by the name of Random Mattox who wrote the review. I gobble up almost every episode like a raccoon hits marshmallows. Also thank you to the reviewer who said that their whole family watches Brainchild and Listenologies and to get well soon.
They wrote please take care of yourself, Alley, which.
Was so sweet that made me cry, and it was signed huge Fangs, and I don't know if they meant huge fans or not, but huge fangs honestly better more fitting.
Let's talk about while we're.
On it, animals showing off by acquiring brain damage.
Let's get into it.
We're going to talk about covid neuropathology, So get ready for the life of a retired ox, the sliced and stained brain, How to build a better helmet using sheep skulls, and how not to do that. Twitter, Flame Wars, Wild boar Wars, How a bunch of tangled proteins can really mess up a melon? What a melon actually is? And see Creature Gossip and the Coolest Cooler you will ever crack open with vertebrate morphologist, evolutionary biologist, and bovid neuropathologist
Doctor Nicole Ackerman's. Oh my gosh, doctor doctor Headbut hello, hi Elly.
It's doctor Nicole Ackerman's. I go by she her, but everyone calls me.
Nikki doctor head, but it is.
So tell me a little bit about how you ended up in I guess would this be functional morphology? Would this be like traumatic osteology? What would you call this field?
So I'm in my post doc I'm combining functional morphology and neuroscience. So the functional morphology part is the skull, horns and head and movement part, and the neuroscience part is the actual cellular brain damage part.
And how do you even do this?
Work. Do you have to go out in the field.
Do you have to find cancussed big horn sheep?
How do you start?
Yeah, so I asked myself the same question because obviously this no one kind of looked at this before. A lot of people are like, bighorn sheep don't get concussions. Turns out no one's checked, so I figured out I should probably go check. And unfortunately I started all this in twenty twenty, so there was no field for me.
But I had about a month where I started in January, so I had a few months before the pandemic to call up everyone I could possibly get a number for it, fish and wildlife in any state where there was a big horn sheep and say hey, if you have a dead sheep, can you send it to.
Me totally normal so I can look.
At their brain. And I actually got like six sheepheads from them, and they're all like natural deaths or like cougar kills, or one of them broke its legs so they had to euthanize it, so no sheep were killed for the purpose of my study.
Nice.
So the neuroscience part, they have a big walk in fridge full of random animal brains, and they happen to have Muskox brains in there, so I just added those to my studies.
Well, and what have you found looking at those brains? Do you have to put them in an MRI in a CT scan?
Yeah?
So, actually, first we did MRI scan them, because if you have a very very bad brain trauma, you might get regional shrinkage of different parts of your brain. I mean at that point in a human you have behavioral problems. But I just wanted to first check, okay, is the brain intact on the MRI. All of our MRIs were clean.
And if you listened to the neuropathology episode last week, you might remember that even though I did concuss myself falling down a flight of stairs and then collapsed and then convulsed and then collapsed again, my CT scan was clean and an MRI would have been totally fine. Look in a plus two. So those hospital machine big boys are helpful for seeing life threatening emergency brain bleeds, but
they don't tell the full microscopic story. For that, you need rest, and you also to see it need either psychic wizard or a scientist with a hacksaw.
Then once we had our pictures, I could go cut up the brain and take out a piece where I thought that there would be maybe some trauma if it was even there at all, and look at that under the microscope.
What did you find?
Okay, here we go.
So it was a very long process. I don't want to make it sound like simple, like it took me a year to first troubleshoot the technique to stain the bighorn cheap brain because surprise, surprise, no one had stained a bighorn sheep brain before. And it uses immunohistochemistry where looking for a certain type of protein that kind of shows up when your brain gets damaged. And so I had to troubleshoot this this immuno histochemistry technique for about
a year, but I figured it out eventually. This paper is actually currently under review, so it's a little bit breaking news, but it's gonna come out eventually. I found a few neurons. Actually, first in the musk oxen, which also butt their heads extremely hard, there were dead neurons and there were some sort of clumped up dendrites or like the neuron tails. And first of all, I was just excited to see just one of these. I mean,
it's beautiful. It's like a big spider web under the microscope and it was perfectly stained.
I was so happy.
Wow, it takes a special and divine person to get giddy for musk ox head trauma.
And we found her.
And when she described the spider web of dead neurons, I was like, yes, spiderweb patterns. I think I know what she's talking about. She's probably talking about these subrachnoid hemorrhages that I read about. So I went to go see what they look like stained under a microscope, and it turns out she was not talking about subarrachnoid hemorrhages at all. Those are totally different things. They both just happen to look spiderweby and the iracnoid layer is a
layer under the skull between the brain and there. It's kind of webby and it houses fluid that floats your brain. She wasn't talking about that at all. So a bleed there is what.
CT scans are looking for.
But what doctor Ackermans is talking about is zooming in and in way past the scope of a CT scan to see little knots of insoluble tau proteins.
And then you know, after that one single one. I kind of went further and did a really large amount of stains and counted them all by hand to see if there was sort of grouping of these dead neurons or dying neurons in certain areas, because if it was just like Alzheimer's, it could be sort of more dying neurons on the surface, going deeper and deeper as the
disease gets worse. But if it's traumatic injury, the forces that are applied to the head when there's an injury kind of go into the folds of the brain and rip the cells at the bottom of these folds. And I actually found groups of they're called neurofibrillly tangles, but pathological neurons at the bottoms of these folds, and so that showed for sure that it was brain trauma.
Actually, so after a life of headbutting or tackling or just thumping your skull on stuff, I guess, like me, those tiny tube filled towels ball up and Nikki says that she's finding them kind of like you would necklaces at the bottom of your purse. Just these delicate clocks of problems. But why, why and how do you think evolution kind of selected for this behavior in especially breeding males, even though it might lead to brain trauma.
Yeah, this is my question to myself as well. I have some theories. I guess you know, the goal of life. This is gonna seem really simple. But the goal of life is just sex. It's reproduction, right.
Yeah, Okay, maybe not you personally, but mother nature is just a tunnel vision, horny ghost inside each and every one of us.
So once you get to that point, if you're able to reproduce and pass on your genetic material, if you have dementia or if you're a bit you know, damage in the brain, it doesn't really matter anymore. So one of my theories is just that, well, it doesn't matter. They don't live that long anyway. They might not develop dementia or Alzheimer's like we do in relation to these
kind of illnesses. And I'm sorry, I know you just got a concussion, so I want to freak you out, although I'm sure the other experts you talk to freaky out enough already. But yeah, my theory is that maybe, first of all, maybe they don't live long enough to actually have really bad side effects. And second of all, maybe it just doesn't matter because like their life is not really really complex. I mean no disrespect to bighorn cheep.
I love them, but they eat, they you know, evade predators, and they reproduce, so you know, they don't need to do puzzles and memory games.
What about How do you think that those type of neurological impacts. How do you think it does affect them? Do you think that there's any loss of coordination or balance?
You know, I would love to know it's We barely have a behavioral scale for mice, like it's established in mice, but almost no other species has a scientific behavioral scale, so we don't have a baseline to say this is normal behavior, and then based on that, what is different behavior. The only sort of hint that I have that something might be different is when I talk to the folks
at the Musko's farm in Alaska. They have a bowl muskox who's like twenty seven years old, which is like twice his normal lifespan, and apparently he just hangs out in his field and stares into the distance all day. Okay, buddy, So I'm guessing there might be a little bit of something going on there, But I would love to have, you know, someone go out into the field and observe and see if they're you know, over the years, if
they act differently. I'm assuming it would. It would show like in humans, you'd kind of have memory issues, you'd have yeah, loss of coordination. But one thing is for sure is that if they had a human head, they would not survive. It is actually their big skulls and horns that help. Even though they do get brain trauma, it helps protect them for long enough.
So horns and skulls ultimate helmets for hoofed and cud chewing pugilists.
Who are motivated by sweet love making. Are there animals that aren't ruminants.
That do that? Oh my god?
Yes, Okay, so exciting, It's really exciting. Okay, this is going to blow your mind. So I actually wrote a little bit of a review about this last year during quarantine. So wales wal's headbutt what? We're pretty sure? Yeah, And like almost every group of whales has been either observed or just written about headbutting. The review that I publish has a picture of two bottlenosed dolphins jumping out of the air and headbutting each other mid air.
What the fuck?
So that blew my mind that had just suffered a blow. So a little more on that. What other ocean animals being each other with their literal melons? A melon apparently
is a squishy part of a whalehead. And we're going to get to that in one second, but first we have to take a really really quick break from our sponsors, who allow us to donate to a cause of Nikki's choosing, And she selected the Society for Women's Health Research, and she said, as a biologist, I'm constantly running into illnesses that are poorly researched in women, if even studied at all. Concussions fall into that category, so I hope it's fitting.
So the Society for Women's Health Research promotes research on biological sex differences and disease to improve women's health through science and policy and education. So thank you for helping us slam some cash into their hands. There's more at SWHR dot org and I'll linked in the show notes.
So thanks sponsors.
Mom, why did I call it Scottish cheese?
Scottish cheese honey? And I'm not sure.
Did the dogs in other countries speak different languages?
Yeah?
I think so?
When when we get there.
Well, we've got to fix the car first. But there's someone coming to help us. Is it the man from Geneva? Not Geneva, he's from a Viva. Oh, there's the van.
Now.
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Okay, back into it. Dolphins and whales who butt each other in the head.
Like they're in a vin Diesel movie.
So in her paper, doctor Ackermans cites that the ramming behavior has been observed in sperm whales, nar walls, humpback whales, bottlenose whales, bottlenose dolphins, and orcas, and she writes quote in pilot whales, unusual skull structures may even act as
a form of antlers inside the head. What so we need so many satology episodes given that these things evolved out of the water to dry land, hung around on dry land, hoofed around, romped around, munching on grass, and maybe like deer eating birds.
Michael, he ate a bird.
And then they bounced back to the water and they modded. They're already motted fins from legs back to flippers, and dolphins have bigger brains than us, four to five times larger than we'd expect them to be for their size, which, by the way, did you know that dolphins can be like eleven feet long? I feel like no one has ever told me that anyway relative to that body size.
They are the second most encephalized animals on the planet, which is a sentence I read recently that was written by the most encephalized species on the planet.
But yes, why the headbutting? Why why? Why? Why?
And one of the ideas is that this is maybe a conserved practice between all of the audiodactyls, because whales, you know, are part of the ardiodactyl hoofed animal family. So that's super exciting.
Why do you want any idea why they might do that?
Same as with the big horn sheep and the other male animals. It's fighting for females and showing like which male has the superior genetics to be able to survive that basically wild, there's a type of wild forest hog that headbutts and it makes a crazy loud noise, and there are hornbills. They fly into each other's heads in mid air. So I wanted to name those guys because it's pretty cool.
So Nicky's twenty twenty one paper is titled Unconventional Animal Models for Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, and in it she notes that this clash has been described by other researchers watching hogs and it produces a loud cracking sound, and she even included and cited a YouTube link, And naturally, I did as fast as my fingers allowed, and let me set the scene. Okay, We open on a springtime hillside serving as a verdant arena for two
shaggy tusked contenders. They look like a cross between a farm pig and o war hog, but also wearing a Gillie suit, and they scratch at the soil beneath them and then run at each other's skulls over and over, and the weirdest part is that their tails are wagging so much. And I don't know if that just means they're excited or amped up, or if they love it. Whatever,
They're relentless. And in her paper, Nikki writes quote on rare occasions, these head clashes can result in skull fractures and even death, raising the question of the cost that these fights take on the hog's neuro anatomy. Perhaps, she continues, similarly to the thick fat pad found between a sheep's horns, the giant forest hogs facial pads serve both as a
means of protection and as a sexual signal. So in the wild, with a fatty, sexy brain cushion and some bony helmets, individuals prove their merit before a hopefully receptive and I guess ovulating audience. So next time you're out there and you're witnessing a soggy, beer soaked kerfuffle at a bar, just be glad no one in there is growing knives out of their temples.
Can get real gnarley.
I mean, is it so impossible for you to watch like a boxing match or like a UFC match with friends and not?
Yes, I cringe every time something happens, And because every time you get a concussion or a brain injury. It's an exponential curve towards potential future problems like dementia, Alzheimer's PTSD seizures.
It's like, why doesn't anyone fight by just bumping butts together?
You know?
Why can't they do it where they We've got so much flesh and no brain.
There might be some species of sea slug that does that. I don't know.
Do any animals pierce each other's heads with their fallacies in dick to dick combat? You ask, of course they do. This is Earth, But just be glad that it was Twilight and not the twenty fifteen paper cephalo traumatic secretion transfer and a hermaphroditic sea slug that inspired fifty Shades of Gray. Because slugs are out there and they are stabbing each other in the head with their dicks and
putting secretions in there. Babies. Is there anything that you have to kind of cross reference at all with human impacts or is it just impossible to even extrapolate this information into Oh yeah, yeah, a.
Lot of the cellular stuff is really similar to humans. And honestly, that's all I have to work off of, because like I said, not a lot of other people are looking at this. There's a lot of artificial induced traumatic brain injury and cheap to study the development. But it's really hard to study in humans too, because a lot of the data comes from post mortem brains. You
can't really take a brain biopsy while someone's alive. So we're developing new techniques as you know, as technology gets better. But the actual overall data out there is not a lot. But I do use a lot of the human stuff to try and compare and prove that that is indeed what's going on.
Do you have to put a call out on like the worldwide sheep brain Web where you've asked more people? Do you think the more that your information becomes public or when this paper gets published, you'll be able to get more samples.
First of all, I think we need to trademark that because I need a worldwide cheap web because I wish it was that easy to get samples. I don't know, I don't think there really is a system to get samples like that. I just called fish and wildlife because I happened to be in the US, But I don't know.
It's really interesting for this topic because it's something that everyone internally thinks, Oh yeah, bighorncheap headbutting concussions like that totally makes sense, But it's not something that a lot of people are willing to investigate because there's not a huge, like financial gain behind it. I mean of it is for me is like understanding headbutting and all animals helps the human science and maybe we can learn from big
horn sheep to help humans. But it's not like I'm gonna sell a helmet to the NFL right off the bat. I mean, NFL, please call me. But like, I don't don't know if that's gonna happen. So I'd love to get more samples. If there are people out there with big old cheap samples, send them to me. But it's a it's that's the hardest part.
Yeah, I bet.
Do you find that there's a lot of controversy when it comes to concussions.
Or TBI or mTBI or CTE.
I didn't. I was not plugged into that subculture at all before I ate shit down the stairs. But yeah, like, what is there a lot? Are there a lot of differing opinions based on what is making money?
I have opinions, Yeah, I know there's a lot of sort of pseudoscience people that freak out about it. Actually, on our Twitter thread, I think that happened.
It was weird.
It was weird, and we had one tweeter keep popping up in the replies like a fucking marmot with comments about how football should not take the blame for any CTE and that all the impact athletes with post mortem evidence of CTE likely just.
Happen to get it elsewhere.
Like coincidentally, this person also had the emoji of a football in the bio. Anyway, Doctor Ackerman's Nicole a wonderful person to follow on Twitter so you can tweet and ask her about how woodpeckers have more accumulations of tau proteins compared to non pecking bird species, and doctor Ackermans will even do things like treat her followers to a twenty five part thread on how to deflesh a skull should you need to.
But I try to avoid that. I like stick to my sheep so I don't have to deal with the human part. I understand why people freak out. It's scary. There are some people. For me, it's really frustrating. Is the biomechanics area where they use this sort of bioinspired materials. They think, like I said, big horn sheep don't get concussions because sheep are amazing and like they are perfect.
And then they don't actually look at a biological background, but they create devices based on this without you know, looking at the basic science. One example is the que caller. I don't know if you've looked into this yet, so do take a look at the controversy behind the queue collar.
It's this collar that goes around your neck and sort of tightens around your veins and arteries, and it's supposed to Okay, the basic idea is that it's supposed to increase the pressure in your head similar to the arterial pressure of a bighorn cheap because they live in altitude and they have higher pressure and this causes less concussions. In theory, if you didn't know any biology, this would
be a great idea. Unfortunately, no one's arterial pressure increases that high, even if you're on the top of Matchupeachu. I guess they didn't google that. Oh no, I mean yeah. So the problem is this made it to the Popular Science, and the actual paper got a lot of traction and without people you know, think this could actually be dangerous to football players and youth athletes because it's based on
a faulty premise. Although I will have a sort of other thing to say about this is that it may work for other reasons, including maybe a sort of placebo effect that you feel protected because you have this on that but we don't know. They're like testing it, but there's a I don't know. This really frustrated me because it could be dangerous and people didn't bother to look at the real science behind it. This is my own
personal vendetta. Yeah, every time I see a paper when they say big horn cheap don't get brain trauma, I'm like, no shake for computer. But to their credit, I haven't published yet.
So and how are they when when people say that bighorn sheep don't get brain trauma, obviously you know from looking at it firsthand that that's false. But also from what I understand, concussions have to be clinically diagnosed. So unless you're a bighorn sheep's doctor asking about symptoms, you can't diagnose a big horn sheep with ausion because you can't have them fill out a form right ali, that.
Is exactly correct. And you know sometimes in humans they get up and walk away and you think they're perfectly fine. So how would you even tell in a sheep where yeah they look fine, But like, I don't know, what does a fine sheep look like?
Yeah, oh yeah, yeah.
You can't ask them if they're experiencing any disneys or tingling in the limbs necessarily, you know. Yeah, what do you think is the hardest part or the most frustrating part about the work?
I mean we've just talked.
About, you know, flimflam and making a helmet and safety gear that are not sound, but anything else that's just gets your goat.
I get really impatient when it comes to writing grants because you don't have a success rate, but it takes a really lot of time, and people kind of think that your ideas are dumb because like, for my stuff, it's not immediately saving the world, so obviously no money is coming my way, and the job market kind of sucks when you're an academic. I know you've covered this with a lot of other guests before.
Ah, yes, the broken system of academia. Do you suffer and help change it or do you take care of your mental and physical wellbeing.
Let's look at the bright side.
What about the stuff that gets you really excited about your work.
Oh, I'm obsessed with evolution. I think it's so crazy like that it works, like basically that the world is just random chaos and eventually if you throw enough pasta to the wall, it like sticks and that makes an animal.
Like that's so cool.
And every day even actually from your podcast, every time I listen to a different expert, I found out some weird thing that I think I wasn't going to care about about, like spider claws or something, and then the whole new world of awesome things that are going on. So I'm just excited about it every day. And animals are awesome.
It's just so cool to think that we're just a collection of successful mutations. You know. Yes, yeah, it's just like something mutated. It happened to work for the time and the place we're at and go. You know, I always think about that when you think about luck or success, it's just a lot of mutations on mutations on mutations.
And then when you look at something like comparative evolution, where you have like a Tasmanian tiger compared to a dingo, and they look exactly the same. They have almost the same tooth pattern, the same size, the same limbs, and they're not related at all. Ones a mammal like a placental mammal, and ones a marsupial, And meanwhile, they look almost exactly the same. I proof that evolution is pretty cool. I don't know it's like formed by the different habitats,
but I don't know. It's just fascinating.
Oh and one more question. When someone sends you a sheep head, what kind of box does that come in?
I'm so glad you asked. Usually it's in a cooler filled with ice and really tightly duct taped. It actually worked really well. I got it FedEx over night last time, and it was still fresh when I got it. Because brains have an expiration date, you want them fresh. If you freeze them, the crystals can kind of damage your sample depending on the technique you're doing, so under thirty six.
Hours is best. What so I got.
It shipped overnight and it worked, so that's not what I do know.
It was a whole head.
By the way, did the Fish and Wildlife Department just say, like we happen to have like a freshly dead one, like right here.
I just gave them all my number and I said, when a sheep dies, call me, And then they did. And I was at the met at the time. I think it. I was like, okay, so send.
Me the sheep.
It was.
So this is exciting.
I love the idea that the FedEx person has it on a dolly, just getting it up to your floor.
Yeah, that's I mean, we have a pretty wild zoo of brains that come in and out. We work a lot with whales as well, as you know. Joy is a whale specialist, and the problem with that is the thirty six hour timeframe because once they die and they beach, it's usually quite soupy in there. So we're looking at explosions for brain trauma and whales too, but it's really hard to get good samples for those guys.
Oh my god, never use whale and explosion in the same sentence again. So ask big horn experts big horny questions about why they destroy their brains for sex. The bighorns do that, not the experts, but honestly, the experts love talking about it. So learn more about doctor Ackerman's at Nicole Ackermans dot com, which is linked to the show notes learn more about systems biology guests doctor Emily Ackerman not related, whose episode is also linked to the
show notes. Nicole's Twitter handle is Ackerman's Nicole, where she goes by doctor Sheep, which should definitely be doctor headbutt whatever. She also has a monthly podcast interviewing older folks about their unexpected life stories, and it's called Granny Stories. You can find out more about the Society for Women's Health Research at SWHR dot org. We are on Twitter and Instagram at Ologies. I'm at Ali Ward with one L
on both. Thank you Aaron Talbert, who admin's Theologies podcast Facebook group with help from Bondi Dutch and Shannon Fealtis of the R That Podcast. Thanks Noel Dilworth and Susan Hale for all the behind the scenes help from social media wrangling to scheduling and merch Thank you you to Emily White of the Wordery for making our professional transcripts,
Caleb Patten for bleeping them. Thanks to Kelly ar Dwyer for making my website she can make yours too, And to Steve Marray Morris and of course Sek cordoguez Thomas for helping edit Smology's episodes, which are short classrooms save versions of the classics. We just posted number nine, which was Litology with doctor Jane McGonagall. So that is up in your feed in case you have kiddos or you
don't like asides. There's fear asides in it anyway. Of course, Thank you to lead editor and Fresh mullet har and Jared Sleeper of my Jet Media for sticking it all together every week, sometimes many times a week, often on sit Deadline. Happy birthdays to doctor Sarah mcattack McNaulty. You can listen to her episodes on squids. You can tell her you love her. On the sixteenth, Happy birthday mccurn's
and sofalof as well. Nick Thorburn wrote and perform the theme music and if you stick around until the end of the episode, I tell you a secret, and this week it's that when it comes to doing skincare routines, I'm horrible at it. I hate it, I resent it, I don't like it. Oftentimes I don't remember what order to put things in. You got to use a toner
and a serum and a moisturizer. I don't know what goes on when what about retinal I guess you don't use the sunscreen and night anyway, I don't know, and I was just thinking it would be dope to have a sticker kind of like the ones that go on bananas and with like a sun and a moon on it, and you can write a number, so at a glance you could just remember what things go and what orders
at what time of day. Anyway, it's only a secret at the end because I will either never do this and I just wanted to tell someone about it, or I will do this immediately and maybe I'll put it in the merch store if other people are like I could use those I don't know. Also, thanks for bearing with the lateness last few weeks as I readjust to life when things are expected of my bruisy brain. Totally
feeling better. I'm just kind of slow moving. So maybe algae will begin to coat my hair like a fine mossy halo.
We can only help. Okay, bye bye, saw my head, but hum