The trochlear nerve is one of 12 sets of cranial nerves. It enables movement in the eye's superior oblique muscle. This makes it possible to look down. The nerve also enables you to move your eyes toward your nose or away from it.
The oculomotor nerve is the third cranial nerve (CN III). It allows movement of the eye muscles, constriction of the pupil, focusing the eyes and the position of the upper eyelid. Cranial nerve III works with other cranial nerves to control eye movements and support sensory functioning.
The optic nerve is a bundle of more than 1 million nerve fibers that carry visual messages. You have one connecting the back of each eye (your retina) to your brain. Damage to an optic nerve can cause vision loss. The type of vision loss and how severe it is depends on where the damage occurs.
The olfactory nerve is the first cranial nerve (CN I). It is a sensory nerve that functions for the sense of smell. Olfaction is phylogenetically referred to as the oldest of the senses. It is carried out through special visceral afferent nerve.
Gray's anatomy:Cranial nerves & Pharyngeal arches. 12 cranial nerves Pick your favorite study tool Videos Quizzes Both 12 cranial nerves Author: Jana Vasković MD • Reviewer: Nicola McLaren MSc Last reviewed: March 03, 2022 Reading time: 23 minutes  Facial nerve (lateral right view) You know when someone mentions cranial nerves and you roll your eyes all the way back to your midbrain? We know that cranial nerves have always been a challenging subject among anatomy students. So we’re here ...
Subdural haematoma Separation of the arachnoid and dura mater requires little physical force, which means that damage to small bridging veins in the space can result in subdural haematoma after even relatively mild head trauma. In cases of chronic or subacute subdural haematomas, the accumulation is of relatively low pressure and seldom presents as a medical emergency; even sizeable accumulations may be tolerated on a chronic basis with mild or no symptoms, and can be surgically drained through ...
Cavernous sinus : Gray's anatomy The cavernous sinus is part of the brain's dural venous sinus and contains multiple neuro-vasculatures. It is situated bilaterally to the sella turcica and extends from the superior orbital fissure anteriorly to the petrous part of the temporal bone posteriorly, and is about 1 cm wide and 2 cm long.The cavernous sinus is located on either side of the pituitary fossa and body of the sphenoid bone between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura. It spans fro...
ll iabetes mellitus is the third leading cause lJ of death (after heart disease and cancer) in many developed countries. lt affects about 2 to 3% of the general population. The complications of diabetes affect the eye, kidney and nervous system. Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, renal failure, amputation, heart attacks and stroke. (The term diabetes, whenever used, refers to diabetes mellitus. lt should, however, be noted that diabetes insipidus is another disorder characterized by large v...
f nvironment constitutes the non-living (air, Lwater, land, energy etc.) as well as the living (biological and social) systems surrounding man. Environmental biochemistry primarily deals with the metabolic (biochemical) responses and adaptations in man (or other organisms) due to the environmental factors. A healthy environment is required for a healthy life which is however, not really possible or practicable. This is mainly because of the atmospheric (climatic) changes and environmental pollut...
A cquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Awas first reported in 1981 in'homosexual men. AIDS is a retroviral disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HlV). The disease is characterized by immunosuppression, secondary neoplasma and neurological manifestations. AIDS is invariably fatal since there is no cure. In the USA, it is the fourth leading cause of death in men between the ages 15 to 55 years. No other disease has attracted as much aftention as AIDS by the governments, public and sc...
l-h" supply of oxygen is absolutely essential I for the existence of higher organisms. As the saying goes too much of even the best is bad. Very high concentrations of 02 are found to be toxic, and can damage tissues. The present day concept of oxygen toxicity is due to the involvement of oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). In fact, the generation of reactive metabolites of 02 is an integral part of our daily life. A free radical is defined as a molecule or a mof ecular specie...
The term detoxication or detoxificafion refers to fhe series of biochemical reactions occurring in the body to convert the foreign (often toxic) compounds to non-toxic or less toxic, and more easily excretable forms.Knowledge of the metabolism ol xenobiotics is essenfial for the understanding of toxicology, pharmacology and drug addiction. The bodV possesses the capabilitg to get rid of the foreign subsfonces by conuerting them into more easily excretoble forms. Detoxit'ication is not necessaril...
prostaglandins and their related compounds- I prostacyclins (PGl), thromboxanes (TXA), leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins are collectively known as eicosaniods, since they all contain 20 carbons (Creek : eikosi-twenty). Eicosanoids are considered as locally acting hormones with a wide range of biochemical functions. History : Prostaglandins (PCs) were first discovered in human semen by Ulf von Euler (of Sweden) in 1930. These compounds were found to stimulate uterine contraction and reduce blood pre...
T h" plasma membrane is an envelope I surrounding the cell \Refer Fig.l.l). lt separates and protects the cell from the external hostile environment. Besides being a protective barrier, plasma membrane provides a connecting system between the cell and its environment. The subcellular organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes are also surrounded by membranes. Chemical cormpcsitron The membranes are composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. The actual compo- sition differs from tis...
By Rabbi Ezekiel Isaac Malekar Swami Vivekananda always stood for harmony of religions. He spoke about acceptance of all religions as true and appealed to religious and spiritual leaders to shun all forms of religious fanaticism, persecution, and violence – this he said in a speech at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago 125 years ago, and it is urgently needed even today. Swami ji believed that Hinduism is a way of life and in no way related to any political ideology. He also said that ...
Faith In God, The Self, And In The World Around By: C L Gulati Jan 10, 2022, 17:08 IST Whenever we require something in life, we acquaint ourselves with its known attributes and characteristics for an objective test to affirm our faith in its genuineness. Once the attributes are testified, it becomes all the more reason to pin faith on it and accept it to serve our purpose. Faith does not work apart from intellect but gives soul to the intellect; it gives a power that the mind can never measure....
By Inder Raj Ahluwalia. His entire life a saga of selfless sacrifice, nobleness of thoughts and actions, and supreme belief in justice and dharma, Guru Gobind Singh was a guru and apostle. In his life span of merely forty-odd years, the Guru left behind a priceless legacy of beliefs and principles that have shaped Sikh thinking and behaviour and are of great relevance today. Guru Gobind Singh’s life was one big struggle. His father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was martyred in Delhi to save Kashmiri pandi...
By Sant Rajinder Singh:As we reflect on how we can better our lives in the new year, here is a blueprint to help us lead the kind of life God wishes for us. Our lives should be centred on love – love for God and love for our fellow beings. When we open our hearts to them and take time to be with those we love, think more about others, and try to show them how we feel. When we radiate warmth and love to all around us, when we are more patient, more tolerant, more compassionate to others. When we ...
By Ullhas Pagey Isaac Newton was not only an eminent mathematician and physicist but also an erudite philosopher, a deeply spiritual person and a theologian known for Biblical literalism. To most of us, Newton is known for his laws of motion, and there appears to be a striking similarity between these laws and some tenets of Indic philosophy. Newton’s first law, also known as the law of inertia, states that if a thing is at rest, it will continue to be at rest and if it is in motion, it will con...
Jesus Says Through Struggle Centring Happens By: Osho Dec 22, 2021, 13:13 IST Jesus says: Men possibly think that I have come to throw peace upon the world, and they do not know that I have come to throw divisions upon the earth – fire, sword, war. Whenever a man like Jesus comes, the world is immediately divided between those who are for him and those who are against him. You cannot find a single person who is indifferent to Jesus. Whenever a Jesus-type is there, immediately the world is divide...
By Osho You don’t know the usefulness of the useless. In fact, the useful is only useful so far. It has a certain utility, but the useless has no limitation to it. What is the use of a rose flower? No use, but life would be very empty without rose flowers. What is the use of laughter? It is not a commodity; it does not feed people. If you are hungry, it will not help. If you are ill, it will not help, it is not medicine. If you are fighting with somebody it will not help, it is not an atom bomb....
When Prized Possessions Gain Immortality By: Sudhamahi Regunathan Jan 06, 2022, 16:04 IST One of the side effects of the pandemic has been that every one, at some time or other, has ‘cleaned’ their house. Looking at all the stuff they have collected they have asked almost innocently, ‘How did we manage to collect so much?’ Suitcases and cupboards full of clothes and other things that one had not even seen for the past few years but could still not be thrown away. “Our desire to possess says a lo...
In an interview a few months ago, when asked why he chose to write fiction in an age when there was so much misinformation being propagated both in mainstream as well as social media, Salman Rushdie replied, in effect, that the art form called literature, at its best, creates not falsity but a reality that is truer than many ‘facts’ which dominate present-day discourse, fissured as it is by ideological antagonisms of all kinds. Apart from the virus of fake news that has infected public life, cou...
A Genuine Hug Could Make All The Difference By: Narayani Ganesh Dec 14, 2021, 17:41 IST For those who are grieving – either over the loss of a loved one, loss of, or on hearing news of a tragic copter crash that killed all on board – nothing one says can alleviate the pain and suffering they are going through. In fact sometimes words could have just the opposite effect, of aggravating the state they are in. But there is something in a hug that makes the aggrieved feel less pained, less stressed ...
Recently I chanced upon a quote, attributed to the German philosopher Martin Heidegger, which intrigued me: “Every man is born as many men, and dies as a single man.”A disciple of the phenomenologist Edmund Husserl who sought to interpret the in-built ‘intentionality’ of human consciousness which makes us invest meaning in the world – an artist will see a mountain as a painting, a tourist as a selfie opportunity, an entrepreneur as a location for a profitable ski resort – Heidegger broke from hi...
Saguna Brahmn, Qualified Consciousness, is the cause of the creation of the universe. In other words, the universe has originated from Brahmn. But if Brahmn or Bhagwan created the universe, a very pertinent question arises about the availability of the material or stuff from which the universe was made. Saguna Brahmn also needs some material to create the universe just as the potter needs clay to make his pots. A potter obtains his clay from the earth. So then has Brahmn also obtained the materi...
By Narayani Ganesh The essence of being human is illustrated beautifully through an Ubuntu proverb in Zulu culture, and this was often recalled by Nobel peace prize awardee and archbishop, Desmond Tutu: “I am a person through other people. My humanity is tied to yours.” He would explain it as follows: “One of the sayings in our country is Ubuntu – the essence of being human. Ubuntu speaks particularly about the fact that you can’t exist as a human being in isolation. It speaks about our intercon...
Ghalib’s Poetry Reveal His Spiritual Radicalism By: Sumit Paul Dec 27, 2021, 11:01 IST One of Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib’s couplet that showcases his 'spiritual radicalism' goes like this: ‘Na tha kuchh toh Khuda tha, kuchh na hota toh Khuda hota/Duboya mujh ko hone ne, na hota main toh kya hota’ -- When nothing existed, Khuda did exist, I'd have been Khuda, had I not existed/ My very existence sabotaged that possibility, my non-existence would have made me Khuda. To the uninitiated, Ghalib was...
By Sant Rajinder Singh As the world enters another holiday season against the backdrop of a global pandemic, vacationing in distant lands may not be in the cards. We usually seek places that are relaxing, enjoyable and beautiful. Yet going on an outer vacation is often stressful. We have to earn money for the trip; book tickets; undergo the rigours of travel, find the right accommodations and food service. Often, we return from a vacation more exhausted than we had left. However, there is still ...
Is there a God or not? If there is, give some evidence for its existence. " Admittedly this question dilated upon here, there and everywhere, is not only a difficult question, but strange also because this is asking about something in which millions of people rest their belief and normally, inability is expressed to prove or disapprove scientifically the existence of God. Watching the ways of the world, everyone deplores the animosities that have plagued the society at large merely on the basis ...
