Liberal Fascism

The EQ for this show is different than the one for five four, so you're like six percent sexier on this show. That's all me. You're welcome, Peter. I've never had a girl like email the five four podcast saying that they have uh crush on me. But it's happened like twice now. And every single one of our reviews is like, who's this sexy guy? And why is the woman he's with so hysterical? This is these are the comments that I get. Who's that sexy jock and his data obsessed female friend?

Okay, tell me if this uh zinger is bad. Alright. Michael? Peter. What do you know about liberal fascism? Is that the kind where there are mass graves, but they're only full of gas stoves? seen the cover of this book? Oh god, isn't it like the the smiley face?

with like a Hitler mustache. That is right. I gotta say, it was a good idea. It stops being good after the cover, but the cover kind of rolls, I have to admit. Um yeah, it's a smiley face with a little Hitler mustache, and that is Jonah Goldberg, the author, telling you that liberal fascism is sort of fascism with a polite face.

Fascists are known for being like too nice, too accepting. Now this book in the broadest strokes is about how it's actually liberals who are kind of fascists and not just that, but Fascism itself is a liberal project more than a conservative one. Ooh, history teaches us. So if you've ever heard someone say, like, did you know that Nazis were socialists?

Right. This book is sort of like the origin story for a lot of those arguments. Oh yeah. You can sort of infer based on the basic description of the thesis that

This is not a real history book, right? Right. Jonah Goldberg is not a historian. He is a pundit. The project of the book is not to explain history. It is to provide arguments for modern conservatives who are being called fascists. Right. And he opens the book. By talking about that, by by saying that conservatives are sort of recklessly targeted with accusations of fascism, and like his whole project.

is just turning those guns around and pointing them back at liberals. This is ammunition for the arguments in your head that you're having with like fake college sophomores. Right. The purple haired feminists that exist exclusively on right wing websites and not in the real world. This is how to own those little chipmunks. Yeah, a lot of our books are super popular with the public, but

ignored by the serious people. This one is basically the exact opposite. It's not a mega best seller. It sells well, but it's very popular among conservatives and especially like conservative elites. Uh Paul Ryan, the former speaker of the house and Mitt Romney's running mate, cited it as an influence back in the day. Okay. Uh Ted Cruz. Said that he was a big fan in the twenty sixteen campaign. It is a grueling book to experience, Michael. Just like arduous to read because every page

is political philosophy, which you know I hate. Yes. And also history that you read and you're like, that doesn't sound right. And you have to look it up and you're like, no, I guess it wasn't really right. Right. It was a nightmare to to try to like debunk this book. My indicator of how infuriating a book is is how often I'm doing alt tab

to go over to like another window to be like, okay, I gotta fucking Google this now. Right. This seems like a uh a very frequent alt tabber. Do you know anything about Jonah Goldberg himself. He's just like a a generic national review guy. That's right. Uh he's still I think an anti Trump. Republican to this day, which I guess Adorable shows some some level of intellectual honesty or steadfastness relative to his peers. He's only against the liberal kind of fascism, though.

That's right. It's not really animated by like the fascism fascism. He's working on like his Trump is a liberal book or something. He is a Nepo baby. His mom was a literary agent and Republican activist who Uh fun fact. was the person who told Linda Tripp to record her phone calls with Monica Lewinsky. God, if only the never Trumpers could harness like one percent of the energy of the never Clintons.

It's like fusion versus vision. All right. So let's talk about the thesis here. He says that, quote, fascism is and always has been a phenomenon of the left. Yes. Many of the ideas and impulses that inform what we call liberalism come to us through an intellectual tradition. that led directly to fascism. Oh, okay, so I'm already seeing The pattern here where it's like the ideas, the impulses, the tradition, and not like the outcomes. Yes. He uses the term echoes.

Quite a bit. A huge percentage of this book is him being like, look, obviously this isn't the same thing as, you know, the brown shirt Nazis, but it echoes. A lot of the same ideas. When you think about it, me asking your pronouns and me putting you in the gulag.

are roughly the same thing. He I mean it's it's incredibly funny how often he gives that caveat of like, I'm not saying they're the same, and then we'll make a direct analogy to like Nazi Germany. So a couple of big caveats up top When he says liberalism, he is referring to modern progressivism, not like classical liberalism, which he considers to be like Conservative. Right. Like libertarianism. He considers that to be functionally conservative. Right.

So and that's important because like Mussolini expressly said that he's anti liberal and what he meant was classical liberalism, so obviously Goldberg has to make sure that that's not what he's saying. He's talking about you, right, our democratic voting listener. This is an extended subtweet of Rachel Maddow. Yeah. Let's be clear. Right.

The whole book is very kitchen sink. He's constantly drawing every parallel he can between liberals and fascists, and liberalism and fascism. He will find associations between historical progressives and historical fascists. Some of which are legitimate, some of which are a stretch. And then he'll also just try to connect these ideals in like very

Very abstract ways, right? Do you know who else was a vegetarian? I'm expecting that to come up. That will come up, yes. So that's that is that is not a small part of this book. Impossible to satirize. The argument he's making in advance.

The single biggest issue with this book is that if you want to draw connections between liberalism and fascism, you probably need like coherent and accurate definitions of both terms. Or do you Thank you. So I'm gonna send you his definition of fascism, and I'm sorry. I'm sorry that we are now reading a definition of fascism. Fascism is a religion of the state.

It assumes the organic unity of the body politic and longs for a national leader attuned to the will of the people. It is totalitarian in that it views everything as political and holds that any action by the state is justified to achieve the common good. It takes responsibility for all aspects of life, including our health and well-being, and seeks to impose uniformity of thought and action, whether by force.

Or through regulation and social pressure. Everything, including the economy and religion, must be aligned with its objectives. Any rival identity is part of the quote unquote problem and therefore defined as the enemy. I will argue that contemporary American liberalism embodies all of these aspects of fascism. It actually says liberal sim, but I'm assuming that's your typo and not his. You assume incorrectly that is a typo that is present.

in the definition of fascism in the first edition of this book. Yeah, I'm willing to forgive a couple typos. But the thing that sticks out to me is this, whether by force or through regulation and social pressure. Right. Because like what people object to about fascism is the force part. If it's regulation, then we're just talking about like Yeah, the government has like food safety laws. And then we all don't get sick.

You can see that he's sort of like creating a definition such that he can bring in like really mundane government regulation changing and things like that, right? And also social norms are just irrelevant to this because like a social norm like I don't know it used to be cool to smoke and now like it's a lot less cool to smoke. There's no way that that's fascism. That's just like changing. Oh, there's there's no way that that's fascism, Michael. You're gonna learn. He says

Fascism is the religion of the state where any action by the state is justified to achieve the common good. I wanna dissect this a little bit nerdily because there is a problem here. which is that it's missing what most scholars agree is like the key component of fascism. Trains. Roger Griffin

scholar of fascism defines fascism as palingenetic ultranationalism. Palingenesis essentially means a national rebirth. The idea that we as a people were once great and have somehow lost our way, but that we will restore our former greatness. And then there's the ultra nationalist part. which means that the national rebirth will center around a specific identity, a specific

In group. Wait, so Make America Great Again is like the perfect encapsulation of this, basically. Jonah does get a little bit owned by the fact that. Trump's messaging is like relatively fascist. We've lost our national greatness. Let's restore it. He's also leaving out a lot of smaller things like nativism, militarism, heavy reliance on the police. Right. And I'm not trying to

say th this as like a gotcha to be like, he got the definition of fascism wrong. I'm bringing it up because this is why fascism is considered right wing, right? It's about hierarchy and tradition, authority and order Um but he leaves all that out of his definition because then you might start to realize why every scholar on earth thinks that fascism is right wing. Right. He's basically leaving out all the parts that would make him sound like a fascist.

Right, right. Fascism is obsessed with tradition and hierarchy and the use of force. And also, you're a fascist if you don't honor our brave first responders. Another little Slight of hand here is that Goldberg says that fascism is about using the state to achieve the common good. Oh yeah. Um but as some scholars pointed out when this came out It's distinctly not about the common good.

in group domination. It's the the good for one group of people. Fascism is very bad for some specific groups of people. Uh the whole point of Goldberg's definition is that it's designed from the bottom up so that he can basically say that like

Anything the government does, or any attempt to do anything for the common good, is a little bit fascist, while also leaving out the elements of fascism that are just very obviously right wing. Right. Throughout the book he sort of defines conservatism as like Laissez-faire libertarianism, which is like a very convenient way to define it if you're trying to avoid accusations of fascism, right? So he's clearly backfilling this to fit his conclusions. He's basically like

The dictionary defines fascism as a woman with short hair with a talk show where she talks about the Russia investigation. Just just doing Merriam Webster here. Maybe the single wildest part of this book is that despite it being half of the title He does not at any point just sit down and clearly define liberalism. Oh. He says that he's referring to like modern American liberalism.

But he never concisely defines what that means to him. Um, which again just allows him to evade the fact that like he if he just listed out the tenets of modern progressivism You might notice that many of them are not compatible with fascism, right? Commitment to egalitarianism, pluralism, democracy, all parts of modern progressivism.

Right. And I think all things you'd have a hard time squaring with fascism, which is distinctly anti egalitarian, anti pluralistic. Right. Because again, uh fascism is about the ascendance and domination of the in group, right? Right. That's just like big picture philosophy words. There's also like human rights. What if not torturing prisoners goes too far? Fascist much?

So yeah, uh uh right now we're like twenty five pages into this book. Uh he we are starting off with a definition of fascism that does not align with any scholarly definitions of fascism. He does not define liberalism at all. And uh Yet I am contractually obligated to continue reading. How many pages was this, Peter? It's like five hundred. Jesus Christ, really? I don't understand why this keeps happening to me.

How do you stretch an argument this bad to that long? It's kind of impressive, honestly. One one big feature of this book is that Goldberg is constantly saying like Liberals and the mainstream media never talk about this. Oh yeah, great. But he like doesn't actually ever provide any evidence of the information being ignored or suppressed or whatever. Right. And it often seems like

Stuff that's either common knowledge or at least well known to people who are loosely familiar with history. For example, a huge part of the book, a big theme throughout, is pointing out that the early progressive movement had ties with the eugenics movement. Yeah. Uh, which is entirely true. Yeah. And also something I learned in like junior year history. Yeah. It's like when someone says like

Did you know that it was Republicans who freed the slaves? And it's like, Yeah, I paid attention in tenth grade, you fucking dumbass. And like did anything uh relevant happen in the hundred and fifty years since then that you want to mention, or we're just gonna do that and then skip to now? Now I I wanna send an example. It's a nuanced one. Uh and I'm sort of genuinely interested in your reaction here. Oh my god.

Consider the infamous Tuskegee experiments, where poor black men were allegedly infected with syphilis without their knowledge and then monitored for years. I have some comments already. In the common telling, the episode is an example of Southern racism and American backwardness. In some versions, black men were even deliberately infected with syphilis as part of some kind of embryonic genocidal program.

In fact, the Tuskegee experiments were approved and supported by well meaning health professionals who saw nothing wrong or racist with playing God. As the University of Chicago's Richard Schweeder writes, The study emerged out of a liberal progressive public health movement concerned about the health and well-being of the African American population. If racism played a part, as it undoubtedly did, it was the racism of liberals. Not conservatives. But that's not how the story is told.

Bye. Uh Peter, let's let's let's break this down because I think this is a nice archetypal Goldberg anecdote. He sort of like ascribes a pre existing liberal narrative to this. Yeah. He's like, everyone blames this on Southern racism, but it was actually liberal institutional racism. And it's like Whoa, whoa, whoa. The way that it's taught, in my view, in my experience

has been that it's an example of institutional racism. Like he's just sort of being like liberals might have taught you that this was the fault of racist southerners and It's like no, I don't think that they did, dude. I don't think that anyone who genuinely learned about the Tuskegee experiments viewed it like this. You've just sort of like ascribed a narrative to it and then debunked that straw man narrative. I realize he's saying this before Twitter, but it's it's

very similar to a lot of conservative arguments now where it's it's basically people on Twitter are saying this, but that's not true. It's like, well, what's the authority that you're pointing to? And then you throw it on top of that.

His references to how maybe these men were purposefully infected with syphilis. Which isn't true. Which is in fact a common myth. You know, me and Sarah did two episodes on the Cheskigi experiments, and they were like basically inspired by like this liberal idea of like we have to help

black people, like this was before there were any effective treatments for syphilis and like it was done by large scale philanthropy. So like you could say that it was liberals, but also racism was so fucking bipartisan at that point. Yeah. It's not like the liberals were like, let's do this to black people and there were conservatives being like, No

Yeah. That's against like Frederick Hegel or whatever. Everyone thought that syphilis was different in black people than it was in white people because black people were like less evolved. Yeah. That was like a universal fucking belief at the time. I think this is a really good example of like a bunch of his an how a bunch of his anecdotes work where like there's a real truth in there. But He frames it in a really dishonest way. But that's not how the story is told. Yeah. And then also

He mentions like maybe maybe these men were purposefully infected with syphilis, which is a myth, and just sort of like unveils how hollow his commitment to the actual truth is. Right. Right. It's like Wikipedia level mistake. Right. Yeah.

So one of the first substantive chapters is about Mussolini. It starts with a similar sort of framing, which I will send you. Mussolini was bad and liberals don't want to talk about it. I feel owned, I feel pre owned, like a Toyota by this quote that you're

He says, if you went solely by what you read in the New York Times or the New York Review of Books, or what you learned from Hollywood, you could be forgiven for thinking that Benito Mussolini came to power around the same time as Adolf Hitler. Or even a little bit later, and that Italian fascism was merely a tardy, watered down version of Nazism. What? Does the New York Times ever say that? Has the New York Review of Books ever published?

that Mussolini came to power after Hitler? Yeah, the the liberal media doesn't want to admit, like, the basic timeline of when people became the heads of state. It's very it's very baffling to me, but again, He needs to insert this framing such that he is like telling you the real version of history. Right. I I would be shocked if he could find a single example of either the New York Times or the New York Review of books

Implying or saying outright that Mussolini came to power after Hitler. Right. That basically Mussolini was like in sync to Hitler's Backstreet Boys. Worse, a B version. That is a real I I actually don't know.

which one was technically first. Uh, even though I I view the Backstreet Boys as the OG. The if someone told me actually Instinct InSync was founded first, I wouldn't know that that was wrong. Well that's because you can't read it in the New York Times or New York Review of Books or Hollywood. They don't want to tell you they don't Backstreet Boys. were first. They won't admit it. The Mussolini chapter is actually like a really good microcosm of how the book operates in general.

A lot of it is just describing a smattering of progressive people and institutions who showed various affinities. for Mussolini in the nineteen twenties. So Goldberg is naming journalists and politicians and educational institutions, etcetera

that admired Mussolini in some regard, uh which is not inaccurate. Uh Mussolini was actually quite popular in America in the nineteen twenties. Now, there is no actual data, nor is there an effort to show that Mussolini's popularity was something limited to liberals or even predominantly liberal.

And so I went to his source, and his primary source is John Patrick Diggins, a historian who wrote a seminal book in the early 1970s called Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America. Okay. The heart of Diggins's book. is just giving examples of literally hundreds of American people and institutions who were either supporters or opponents of Mussolini. Diggins makes it clear that this was from across the political spectrum. To give some examples, he talks about how

the largest pro fascist outlet in the nineteen twenties in America was probably a conservative paper, the Saturday Evening Post, massive circulation. On the other hand, The Nation, the Liberal Magazine, was one of the most vociferous anti fascist publications of the decade. And the New York Times was one of the first major publications to identify Italy as a dictatorship.

What Goldberg is doing is going through that book and handpicking out the progressives who supported Mussolini and just ignoring the conservatives. Yeah. And it's clearly intentional because there's no way you could read Diggins in good faith and just miss them. One of the most notable pro-Mussolini figures in the country at the time was Richard Washburn Child, a Republican political operative who would go on to help ghostwrite Mussolini's autobiography.

Then there's the fact that the conservative Coolidge administration coordinated with Mussolini's government to prosecute anti fascist labor activists in America and then only back down after a campaign of pressure from liberal media outlets and labor. I could just

Cherry pick a few anecdotes like this and write a whole book called Conservative Fascism or whatever, and it would be just as dishonest as what Goldberg is doing. He's casting it as accepted by one side, but it's actually accepted by everybody.

Oh god. I've been sitting on that. I haven't been listening for the last couple of minutes. I've just been sitting on that. I don't know. I'm always I'm always struck with these arguments that it's like it's so much less fucking interesting. That's the thing. I ended up reading Dagens' book almost in full and it's it's fascinating. People should read it. You're not gonna learn anything from Goldberg because Goldberg is sitting down

trying to get from point A to point B and that means expressly ignoring a shitload of the history that he's reading. I like that you do retain the capacity to enjoy books. I was reading it out of anger. The best reading. I went to the source and I was like, I knew he was lying. This this motherfucker. And then I continued to read, being like you I got you, you motherfucker. You lying piece of shit.

I can only read if I'm doing it with the purpose of trying to feel smarter than the author of another book. Yeah, the uh the way to get Americans reading again, spite. I'm gonna hit you with uh another chapter title here. Okay. Chapter two, Adolf Hitler Colon, man of the left. Hell yeah. Other than the vegetarianism, how the fuck is he getting there? What do you mean other than the vegetarianism, Michael? So

Yeah, this chapter is dedicated to the idea that Hitler and the Nazis were leftists. He has a few different discrete arguments. He says, quote, Hitler deserves to be placed firmly on the left because first and foremost, he was a revolutionary. But broadly speaking, the left is the party of change, and the right the party of the status quo. Uh for the left. Revolution is always good. Again, who? Where? A lot of the chapter is just about how Nazis in Germany often adopted anti-capitalist rhetoric.

especially early in their rise to power, which is absolutely true. Yeah. But again another instance where it's instructive to look at what he does not talk about. Uh he doesn't talk about how both the Nazis and the Italian fascists led violent campaigns against labor unions from their inception. Yeah. He doesn't mention that Hitler abolished trade unions in nineteen thirty three. He doesn't mention that the first death camps were for socialists.

He also does not talk about the fact that like the Nazis were adopting, for example, religious rhetoric early on before they abandoned it and in fact. you know, became much more expressly anti religious. Another thing that makes fascists bad is that they fucking lie to get into power when they have no interest in doing any of the thing. That's the thing is that There are scholars who point out that The heart Of fascism.

is attaining power. Yeah. And therefore you should be looking at their actions much more than their rhetoric, because their rhetoric is like necessarily dishonest. Right. Yeah. One of the most interesting things I read about fascism when I was doing the research was that it's not actually inherently authoritarian either. It's just a over time in order to retain power, it will almost inevitably become

Become authoritarian because there is no other way to hang on to power. No, that's another reason why these regimes oftentimes become really conspiratorial, is because they make all these promises that they don't actually intend to keep. They get into power and then eventually their voters like, Wait a minute, you promised us all this great shit Right. And they're like, oh, there's a conspiracy against me, right? This is where we get the deep state stuff. This is what

Milosevic did as soon as he was in power, he's like blaming ooh, the the people around me can't be trusted, blah, blah, blah. They're just saying again, they're just saying what they need to say to stay in power. They don't actually have like a coherent description of what they want. I'm gonna send you something. God, I'm getting fired up, Peter. I'm like sitting up in my chair. I knew that

Philosophical discussions of fascism would get you going. I know. You mentioned the Tuskegee experiment and Hitler. Like I lived in Berlin for seven years. Like I feel very strongly about this stuff. All right. I I just sent you something.

He says, Consider the explosion of health and new age crusades in recent years from the war on smoking to the obsession with animal rights to the sanctification of organic foods. No one disputes that these fads are a product of the cultural and political left. But few are willing to grapple with the fact that we've seen this sort of thing before. Oh fuck.

Heinrich Himmler was a certified animal rights activist and an aggressive promoter of natural healing. Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy, championed homeopathy and herbal remedies. Hitler and his advisors dedicated hours of their time to discussions of the need to move the entire nation to vegetarianism as a response to the unhealthiness promoted by capitalism.

In profound ways, the Nazi anti-smoking and public health drives foreshadowed today's crusades against junk foods, trans fats, and the like. A Hitler youth manual proclaimed nutrition is not a private matter. A mantra substantially echoed by the public health establishment today. So as the co host of a health and wellness podcast, I'm interested in your thoughts. Well the thing is is is A lot of people don't know that Hitler actually coined the phrase, don't mess with Texas.

as an anti-littering campaign. He was also wearing against littering. That's how you know he's a liberal. God, this is fucking bleak though, dude. I mean, it's just the thinnest guilt by association sort of reasoning you can comprehend. Yeah. I mean, there were generally like like relatively aggressive health and wellness campaigns in Germany. Um there were animal rights protections that were uh relatively progressive, shall we say? So there's truth here.

Hit Hitler became a vegetarian in something like nineteen thirty seven, nineteen thirty eight. There are mixed reports of how dedicated he was. One of the most consistent reports across multiple sources is that he continued to eat liver dumplings. Ew. However, it does seem to be true that Hitler was a vegetarian and the that his primary reason eventually became

Uh animal rights to some degree, that he really did not enjoy uh that he really struggled with the idea of animal suffering. Very uh sort of Tony Soprano, you know, uh the animals are are innocent and pure uh and human beings are corrupt and debased. Yeah, it's uh what's interesting is all of this stuff. Is based on this weird sort of hierarchical view of the world, right? Hierarchies of species and hierarchies within humanity, right? That people who are like,

Strong and masculine are like the most superior humans. And this this is where we get the stuff about like killing people with disabilities. And this idea of sort of like weakness and like scrawliness. being like the next group that was going to get targeted by these fucking purges. Because the whole thing is about establishing a ladder of superiority. So like after you wipe out one group, you just start looking at who's left. Right. The whole thing comes from a a fascistic

worldview, not from like a liberal worldview. Right. So he says that this is all about like the fascist obsession with the organic order. But like is his position that there is no public interest in health at all. It's just sort of convoluted. Not to mention that like he he mentions Hitler Youth multiple times when talking about health. And like membership in Hitler Youth was mandatory. You know what I mean? Like this is not the same thing as like

a commercial telling you to eat your vegetables or some shit that's like put out by uh some government funded health organization. Right. You know, the book is about collapsing these distinctions and making it seem as if this is all on one side. Spectrum.

acting as if any public health measure would be fascist. This is one of the themes of the book. And I remember I I mentioned that he sort of defines conservatism as like libertarian essentially. Right. Anything that involves The conception, even like the contemplation of the public sphere and and the common good, he would categorize as being like a little bit fascist.

Right. If you categorize basically all large scale government efforts as an echo of fascism, then like, yeah, liberals are extremely fascist. Right. If that's if you're defining it in this totally incoherent way. So let's talk about

racism, which is part of his Nazi section, and he also has a separate chapter about liberal racism. Again, it's just this idea that like the recognition of racial differences Is Either racist or upstream of Nazism in some way. Sure. I do feel like this is one of th this argument comes up all the fucking time in like reactionary centrist things now. And it's literally like, aren't the people trying to eradicate

minorities the same as people trying to empower minorities? Like it's the dumbest fucking thing. When you when you recognize that racial differences are real You're doing step one, right? That's their that's what their view is. Yeah, it's like step one is you say, those people are different than me. Right. Step twenty five is the camp. Right. That's that's how they're conceptualizing it. Whereas like the obvious retort is like n it's not that we are recognizing racial differences per se

We are recognizing that people are treated differently based on these perceived differences, right? That is not the same fucking thing. Right. He's conflating the anodyne, like generic first step of a process. With like a very specific odious outcome. He's basically saying, like, oh, uh, a guy drove to a place where he killed a bunch of puppies. And so when you drive, You're echoing. The puppy killer. Right. Like I don't know if he realizes

That this framework would essentially invalidate all human behavior? So Goldberg says, uh well, first of all, brace yourself, uh content warning. Quote The Nazis played the same games against the Jews that today's left plays against whiteness. Oh my fucking God. Later he goes on to say, quote, the white male is the Jew of liberal fascism. Later in the paragraph says, quote Now, this is not a genocidal movement.

No one is suggesting that white people be rounded up and put in the camps. But the principles Passions and argumentation have troubling echoes. I told you. I told you this should be echoing. Oh my god. In the same way that Like Thomas Friedman did not understand metaphors. It's not clear to me that Jonah Goldberg understands. comparisons? Like it would be really weird to be like

Mike and Peter are just like Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Now, I'm not saying they want to shoot up a school. Like, there are specific reasons why historical figures and events are well known and if you're going to make the comparison, then you have to be drawing a parallel to that

Central reason. Like, I would not compare Jonah Goldberg to Ben Shapiro unless I was talking about his inability to make his wife wet. Even putting aside how dumb the comparison is, it always cracks me up. And people on the left do this too. When people say something like, This is a less severe version of Nazism. Because like it's the severity that really made the

Nazis unique, wasn't it? They're not the first racists or something. Right? Like that's not what was happening with the Nazis. Also, if we're doing slippery slope arguments, isn't he saying that like the identity politics people Are similar to the Nazis. Isn't he also on the same slippery slope? Oh shit.

You got him. You got you're right. He's he is saying that we need to be stopped like the Nazis were stopped, right? I hate how talking about his book is making me as stupid as his book. The Nazi parts of this book and like the discussions of racism. are so fucking tiring because he's always weaving between these like abstractions and these cherry picked anecdotes to show vague ties between Nazis and the left. But like Nazis still exist.

And when they have rallies, they don't call them the Unite the Left rally. You know what I mean? Not only that, but there are tons of historical American fascist groups, right? There's the silver shirts. Who were Nazi supporters who were active during the 30s? Uh, the American Nazi Party from the mid-century, the National Alliance.

You'd think that if you wanted to do like an actual survey of the landscape of American fascism, you'd want to take a look at the groups that openly identified as fascist. Right. But Goldberg does not mention any of these groups. Um nor, by the way, does he mention the fact that National Review, the publication that employs him, was founded in the nineteen fifties and immediately took up the cause of segregation. Right. Uh very famously writing that whites were the advanced race.

Which does feel like an um a glaring omission when the whole premise of the book is that liberals are obscuring their problematic history and need to start being honest about it or whatever. Yeah, you can go and just ask Nazis like which ideology are you aligned with? And they're not Gonna be like, ooh, vegetarians and feminists. I consider myself a modern progressive in the vein of Hillary Clinton. Did you see Madow last night, bro? Great shit. Hand me that tiki torch.

Uh one of my pet peeves is people speculating about things that we have actual data on or that are like at least measurable. Right. Right? Like we We know which political party's more racist, Michael. Yeah, I know. There are a couple of ways to measure this. Um one is by surveying what's called Racial resentment, which inquires into whether you think racial disparities are the result of systemic causes or work ethics.

Right. And then there are surveys of what's called old fashioned racism, which is just measuring express forms of racism by surveying things like opposition to interracial marriage. Right. By both metrics. Republican voters are more racist. Yeah. The interesting thing about this Is that it actually wasn't really true until the Obama era and it has intensified since then. Goldberg publishes this in 2008.

So in a sense you could say at the time he couldn't have known better. In another sense you could say that he wrote this and then was immediately proven wrong by history. Right. There again, this is another another situation where there's there's some real nuance. Right. This is not a situation where expressed racists were always more conservative Republican, for example. It's something that did not align along partisan lines so cleanly until the mid aught.

When you have a combination of debates about immigration and Obama. You won't read about that in the New York Times, except for like the fifty fucking times you've read about it in the New York Times. Yeah, the actual place that you find this data is in the work of liberal scholars for the record. But whatever. I can't cover everything in this book as we've discussed, but I do want to give you a sense of like what I'm skipping over. Okay. There are

extensive arguments that Woodrow Wilson was a fascist and in fact that the United States under under Woodrow Wilson was briefly a fascist state. Wait, what did what did W Wilson do that was fascist? I don't even know anything about Wilson. Well, so part of the reason he gets away with this is because no one knows anything about Wilson. Okay. Wilson exercised a lot of aggressive uh war powers. Okay. He

had some authoritarian impulses. Uh and so did so did FDR, who of course of course, Jonah Blockberg believes is a fascist. There are bits of this that are um about how the New Deal and Great Society are fascist. And the art the sort of idea behind that is basically what we've discussed, right? The idea of like A like the common good the subjugation of like the individual to the will of the state. Those are like the themes that ride through these portions of the book.

In like two thousand ten I started to notice conservatives talking about Woodrow Wilson. And I was like, Why the fuck is everyone talking about Woodrow Wilson? And this is why Jonah Goldberg has did that to us. Yeah. For sure. I mean, he he sort of like was making this case that like Wilson is like the first progressive. You can trace modern progressivism to him, and he's also like an evil fascist.

And I yeah, I had some acco conservative acquaintances who all of a sudden started bringing Woodrow Wilson up in arguments and I was like What the fuck is going on? The most shocking thing about this is that you have conservative acquaintances. I did back in two thousand nine, two thousand ten, uh'cause they were just people I went to high school with. That is over.

Absolutely. Uh I have lost touch with them, not invited to the wedding. So that's the shit that I'm sort of skipping past. Uh And if uh someone wants to say that I am not giving him enough credit on those points I don't give a shit. This is the fundamental challenge of this show is that like if you debunk everything, it'll be really fucking boring.

Yep. And then if you skip over stuff, they're like, Peter didn't even address the Woodrow Wilson fascism. No, I I will I will just concede all of these points. I agree that Woodrow Wilson FDR, the New Deal, and the Great Society are all fascist. Okay. That is the official position of the podcast. Giving people jobs, giving people salads. So I do want to talk about a couple uh emblematic digressions in this book.

One is What can only be described as light apologetics for the Ku Klux Klan? Okay. He says that quote, the second clan was certainly racist, but not much more than society in general. What? And then he repeats later that it was

quote, less racist than we've been led to believe. Oh no. Well we've been led to believe that they're like level one hundred racism. So anything under that like oh they were only like level ninety nine. Yeah. Okay. So there is there is like Again, something resembling truth under this. To give some historical context, the first clan of the Reconstruction era was almost exclusively an anti black terrorist organization, right? Mm-hmm. The second clan arises in like the nineteen tens.

and is much more complex. It's anti black, yes, but it is anti immigrant, anti Catholic, pro prohibition. Um, but it's still extremely racist. Right. Right? They carried out racist lynchings across the country, severe enough that they were like prominent fights over federal anti-lynching legislation. Yeah. I maybe I shouldn't have to say this.

But the Ku Klux Klan was racist. I mean, they weren't as bad as like vegetarians. Well no, there were tears. They weren't as troubling as people that like animals. He says it was a misnomer that the second clan was rural and fundamentalist. And he says that it was actually quite cosmopolitan and modern, thriving in cities like New York and Chicago. He is doing a little bit of like, well, maybe it was like the big city lives. Right. Right.

Now, in reality, the second clan was largely Midwestern. Uh 40% of their membership in the early 20s was in Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois. I spoke with the historian Kevin Cruz. He said that about two thirds of membership was located in towns with populations under a hundred thousand. So no, it was not particularly cosmopolitan. It was actually rural and fundamentally. Right.

in here is because Robert Paxton, a very prominent scholar of fascism, has basically said that the Klan was the first fascist organization. And so I think that Goldberg sort of felt like an obligation to address them. And he didn't he didn't really know what to do with them. So he's like, Well, they weren't that racist and also maybe they were liberal. I don't know. Right. Right.

It's sort of a bizarre digression in this book. It's also amazing this focus on like the echoes or like in the tradition of Yeah. And he's like, oh, banning trans fats is somehow fascist, but also like the KKK, which is just straightforwardly conservative. He's like, Oh, I don't know about that, you guys. Right. It's just like one methodology he's aiming at the left and a completely different methodology he's aiming at the right. Another dishonest portion of the book.

His vignette about the Willard Strait Hall takeover at Cornell. The basic story is that in nineteen sixty nine there are disputes at Cornell between black students and administration. The disputes were about black studies programs and about some black students who were being disciplined for their involvement in a protest.

In the midst of that, someone burns a cross in front of the black girl's dorm on campus. And in response, members of a black student association seize Willard Strait Hall, forcibly removing occupants. and occupying the building for about thirty six hours until a settlement is reached with ad administration. The way that Jonah tells the story He doesn't tell you who or what it's about. Mm-hmm. And he tells a story of a group of thugs armed with rifles and shotguns

who were demanding an ethnically pure educational institution. Oh, so he's not telling you this with the race of the participants. He does not tell you the details at first and then he's like Does it sound w what does it sound like? Does it sound like Berlin in nineteen thirty-three? Well guess what? It was Cornell. Did you see this coming? You must have known. It's like so clunky when they do this shit. I had like by coincidence, just read about a bit about this a couple weeks ago.

And so he started saying this and I was like, This is Cornell. Yeah. There's only like five of these anecdotes too. That like they always recycle the same fucking anecdotes because there's actually a very finite number of these like little events on college campuses that confirm their worldview.

So it's like it's this weird sort of like greatest hits, like a cover song. You're like, oh, it's Alleluia. I fucking know this one. So he also says it was later revealed that the cross burning was a hoax perpetrated by the students themselves.

And Goldberg then compares it to the Reichstag Fire. Oh yeah. Wait, is that true? Great question. Michael, we'll circle back in a in a quick second. That doesn't sound true. On top of the facial absurdity of these characterizations, comparing this to the Reichstag Fire. There are some key omissions here. It's true that these students were armed. Uh, that is because after they occupied the hall they were aggressively confronted by a white fraternity

And so they went to arm themselves afterwards. Uh within the next year or so, one of the black studies research buildings that resulted from the agreement with m administration was burned down. Right. So I'm not going to say that I condone the tactics of these students or whatever they're you know.

Twenty year old radicals in nineteen sixty nine. I don't I don't know. But if you're going to accuse them of being fascist because of their use of violence, it might be worth pointing out that their opponents were also quite violent. Right. And it sort of makes sense. that they would anticipate needing to violently defend themselves. Right. And to your question, Michael, it has never really been revealed that the initial cross burning was a hoax.

As far as I can tell, there is one source for that and one source only, the speculation of the local police. Oh, okay. Another sort of like emblematic Goldberg anecdote. Leave out the key information that sort of like explains a lot of what's going on here. Make a direct comparison with Nazi Germany and move on. But what if I told you that the armed radicals later tried to ban trans fats and bring smoking rates down? What about then? I don't know. I I if there were a picture of like

A black nationalist with a gun eating a salad somewhere in like the public domain. It would have been the cover of this book. That's a place of the emoji. Yep.

All right. We're in the final stretch here. Most of the latter half of the book is him sort of like just trying to squeeze his modern political grievances into the context of like this liberal fascism idea that he's now created. At one point he says that Che Guevara killed more people than Mussolini. What? That just seems unlike like Mussolini had a notoriously brutal military campaign in northern Africa. So I was like, I don't are you counting that? Also, Che Guevara's body count is

widely disputed and debated. Yeah. It would be very unlikely that that is true. But also the context of that complaint was that he was mad that college students wear chirts. You're like, what's the point in debunking this? Right. It wasn't like a substantive complaint about Che Guevara per se or about like the revolution in Cuba. It was a cultural complaint about college students and how he's mad that college students wear Chase shirts.

and yet call him the fascist, right? Right. His goal of like giving this grand explanation of political philosophy and history is actually subjugated to his goal of winning a cultural argument. So you get a lot of complaints about affirmative action, like a shocking number of complaints about affirmative action, which of course he thinks is racist, abortion, which uh of course Eugenics adjacent in his mind.

What? And then you hit this chapter, I will send you the title. Oh no. Uh Chapter nine. Brave New Village Colonel Hillary Clinton and the Meaning of Liberal Fascism. This is the Hillary Clinton chapter of this book about fascism. Oh my god. Brave New Village is a combination of the title of uh Brave New World. And Hillary Clinton's nineteen ninety-six book, It Takes a Village. One of the most like anodyne, tedious.

political books. I read that when I was in high school. It's so fucking boring. The Audacity of Fahrenheit four fifty one. Most of this chapter is built around his claim that Hillary Clinton wants to abolish the legal distinction between children and adults. What? Oh, you're skeptical? Wait, is this even a thing? I've never even heard of this as like even like a weird right-wing myth. This is basically all built around a wildly dishonest reading of a paper that she published.

on the state of children's rights in the early nineteen seventies, right after she graduated from Yale Law. Oh my god. She published this article titled Children's Rights Under the Law, which basically laid out the current state of children's rights law and advocated for clarifying the legal status of children. So she talks about like balancing the protection of children against the rights of parents, the need for clear legal standards in cases of abuse and neglect.

Nothing particularly outlandish, but it was portrayed by conservatives as her belief that like government should replace the family unit. He says that her proposal for employer provided daycare is fascist. Uh he says that she wields children as ideological weapons. And generally that she believes in like usurping the family and the individual with her conceptions.

of like the common good. But that's what's so ironic about that too is that like that's actually anti fascist. Fascists are all about like the traditional family. And so to actually upend that and do this like it takes a village thing

That's actually anti fascist. I th well this is the thing, is that this shit is so fucking abstract that if you just try to like pull out individual political positions, you can make the case that anything is fascist or not fascist, you know? Maybe this is like the core problem with the entire framework is that Fascism is like more of a methodology than a coherent set of principles. It's like narcissistic personality disorder. It's a combination of things.

And everyone thinks Donald Trump has it. But no one actually knows. But I I I am being somewhat serious in that like fascism has all of these different components. And if you cherry pick your components You can say that anything anything is fascist. Right. Yeah. But it's you know, it it it needs to be a critical mass of those things before you can realistically call it fascism. This is actually why

I nope out of the debate about like whether Donald Trump is fascist or not because if people wanna say that, I don't particularly mind. Like I don't do a lot of scolding about that, but also If people don't want to use that term because they reserve it for very specific circumstances, I also don't really mind that. Yeah. You can just look at the situation and see that it's so self-evidently bad. Right. If we can all agree that it's bad, then like we can easily move forward on that basis.

Yeah, and people are gonna differ on the terminology, but like I just don't care that much what people call it. It's just very bad. It shouldn't matter except as a matter of like scholarly interest, right? Um which is it's fine. It's fine to be nerdily interested in that. Yeah, I love that. I I honestly love this shit, but I don't like

care. I don't I don't even want to talk about it because I'm so fascinated by the debate about whether Trump is fascist and that it make me feel like a big fucking loser. The final chapter of this book is called The New Age, We're All Fascist Now.

And it's about how liberalism is trying to impose its cultural agenda on conservatives. Oh here we go. This is mostly just rambling about culture war pet peeves and he's like almost entirely dropping the pretense of talking about fascism. Hell yeah. I've picked out some choice pieces here. He says quote Hip hop culture has incorporated a shocking number of fascist themes. Oh my god.

I know you're excited. I got excited too. He actually does not extrapolate on this at all. He just moves on. Oh. He's just riffing. He's just like, Oh, you didn't like my chapter about Hillary being fascist? Uh fuck you, hip hop's fascist. Yeah. Uh like I'll s I'll say whatever. Ugh. He talks about Hollywood. Of course, of course. He says quote

Is there any doubt that a young Hitler would have given Dead Poet Society a standing ovation? What? Dead Poet Society? Of all the movies he could get mad at, he gets mad at Dead Poet Society? I w I was like, Is there any doubt that Hitler would give it a standing I was uh uh Yeah, I think there's some doubt that young Hitler would give Dead Poet Society a standing ovation. I don't

I wouldn't bet on it either way, I don't think. Yeah, I mean look, Dead Poet Society is about this like stuffy conservative institution and some kids that like poetry. Yeah, but the whole thing is like reifying like Shakespeare being good and shit. That movie's like profoundly conservative.

Now we're just debating whether Dead Poet Society is conservative. He has like literally he talked about Dead Poet Society for three pages. No way. I'm not kidding. And I was just reading the whole thing being like, I couldn't possibly give a shit. I'm not gonna do fucking analysis of Dead Poet Society, I'm sorry. Is there any doubt?

that Hitler would love minions if he was around now. Chapter 11, The Fascism of Despicable Me Too. Why are it's this is like the doubt that thing too. Conservatives are so obsessed with like movie shit. I don't get it. He calls He calls 300 Fascist. Which is probably the only correct diagnosis of fascism he makes in the entire book. I was like preach Jonah. Yeah, fair.

Fair. You gotta give him one or two things. That was his broken that was his broken clock hit on uh on fascism. Okay, there's also a portion of this chapter where he tries to argue that Nazis were not as anti-gay as people generally think. But we're actually kind of gay themselves. Wha that's both of those are true. He says.

Nazi attitudes toward homosexuality are also a source of confusion. While it is true that some homosexuals were sent to concentration camps, long pause, it is also the case that the early Nazi Party and the constellation of pan German organizations in its orbit are We're rife with homosexuals. Read a book, Jonah. Read any book about minority groups. His citation for this section is a nineteen ninety five book.

Written by a couple of anti-gay American activists called the Pink Sastica, which was a famously pseudo historical piece of anti-gay propaganda that claims essentially that Nazi crimes were driven by gay men. And perhaps like linked to homosexuality in some way. What the book claims, just to give a taste, that Hitler, Himmler, Goebbels, Goering, Rudolf Hass, All gay. What?

Yeah. But there was the one high up wasn't it Ernst Rome was gay and was killed in the night of the long knives. So Ernst Rome was gay, uh and was killed in the night of the long knives, um, presumably because he was sort of maintaining a power center of his own in in uh different factions of the Nazi Party. And on top of that, twenties Berlin, for example, was a place where gay people operated with a relative amount of openness, uh compared to a lot of comparable cities around the globe. Right.

So, uh, were there people who were probably more open about their homosexuality in the Nazi Party in like the twenties than you might have seen, for example, in the United States, perhaps? Maybe. was the Nazi Party notably gay by population? Almost certainly not. There's no real evidence. Um, and the people that have tried to make that case are

Out and out homophobes. But that's just like any time you have like demonic little white twinks making life worse for everyone, some of them are going to be gay, partly statistically and partly because of like internalized homophobia. Of like if I'm Really aggressively trying to fit in, they won't come for me. Like some of the biggest opposition within the FDA during the AIDS crisis to like fast tracking medications was from gay, closeted gay men in the FDA.

This is something that happens wherever you have like invisible minorities, right? They will push back against minorities who are fighting for visibility because they're like, if I can do this, you should be doing this too. Again, he's citing this insanely homophobic book and he Sort of knows that? And so he creates a little bit of weird disinclusion. He quotes that book, and here's the quote.

The National Socialist Revolution and the Nazi Party were animated and dominated by militaristic homosexuals, pederasts, pornographers, and sadomasochists. Oh my fucking god. That's the quote he uses. Then Goldberg says, This is surely an overstatement. But it is nonetheless true that the artistic and literary movements that provided the oxygen for Nazism before nineteen thirty three were chock a block with the homosexual liberationist tract.

clubs and journalists. What does that mean? Provided the oxygen? I mean, he wants to quote that insane book. Yeah. But he knows that you can't quote it without some sort of qualification. So he's like, Well that was probably an over Yeah. Are gays solely responsible for the Holocaust? That's probably an overstatement. Right. But but like come on. Let's pick a middle ground between like historical reality and like these deranged

Psychos. Elsewhere in the book, he sort of acknowledges that gay marriage is like likely inevitable in the country. And keep in mind this is, you know, 2007, 2008. And says like, And that's probably a good thing. Uh so these are your Republican allies. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Gay marriage? Look, I'm uh I'm a bit of a libertarian, so I say yes. Right. Gays did cause the Holocaust, however. Gays putting gays and pederas

In the same sentence. Uh, maybe a little five percent too much. It's a little too much. Let's turn it down a little bit. The Holocaust echoes gay. So Essentially the book. As I mentioned, I have I have condensed and uh cherry picked my favorite portions, just like Jonah did. Isn't debunking the worst parts of this book an echo?

of the book burnings that the gays did? I have never claimed that I was intellectually honest. So I in the in our bonus episode about the the success sequence, we discussed how like There are no serious conservatives. Yes. They complain about being left out of academia, but they have no real interest in academics.

per se. Like there are all these serious scholars of fascism, many of whom popped up to be like, this is not correct. Right. And Goldberg like responded to them basically just accusing them all of being dishonest and taking very few of their critiques. seriously and you know, ba dishonestly framing the responses as if they were like, you know, ignoring what he was really arguing, et cetera, et cetera. This reminds me of in twenty seventeen, I spent a year and a half

working on a long article about how millennials are screwed, like the objective economic conditions of millennials are worse than they were for our parents' generation. And after it came out, Chris Rufo wrote an article in the National Review just being like, No, it's not. And like he didn't he didn't do any work. He was like millennials are lazy. Right. And then he won he like challenged me to a debate. I was like, Well, no, I did work and you didn't do work. This is not

This is not serious. And I and it's certainly not limited to conservatives, right? There are there are liberals who are just hacks. It but what continues to jolt me about the modern conservative political movement is the absence of non hacks. Yeah, yeah, that's wild. That's not to say that there's none, but there appear to be very few to the point where the leading conservative scholar on fascism is probably fucking Jonah Goldberg. Like

I don't I don't get it. Um and I also am I I am intrigued by the sort of like widespread project on the right of whitewashing history. Yeah. I have like different little half baked theories bubbling around in my head and one is that If you're like a reactionary, you're a status quo defender, you are anti-progress. Over the course of your life

you will almost by definition be viewed negatively by history in certain regards. Right. This is true of a a of anyone, but sort of sharp reactionaries more than anyone. Progress will march forward and your views will appear increasingly antiquated. And so if you want to preserve the image Of their movement.

They need to be engaged in constant historical whitewashing. Right. They need to be constantly reframing history. Otherwise it will be obvious that they are history's antagonists to some degree. Right. It does feel notable to me that there are liberal historians who will very readily confront the fact that that progressives had deep ties to the eugenics movement. Yeah. Yet Republicans are just crafting elaborate lies about how they are history's good boys. Right. And

Uh liberals have actually always been the bad guys. And if you find bad guys that are conservative, no, they're actually liberal. Right. Right. Right. It it it's just So transparently dishonest that it's hard to take seriously. It's hard to confront. It's hard to like dissect. I think the the core problem is that conservatism isn't an outcomes-based or values-based.

Ideology, it's methodologically based. It's I don't want change. Yeah. It would also be equally incoherent to just be like, I want society to change. Even though that does appear to be what what Jonah Goldberg thinks progressivism is. Yeah. That that's a satire of progressivism because it's like, well, some directions of change are good and some directions of change are bad, but you have to actually view them on the merit.

But the problem with conservatism is that you can't view things on the merits. Right. It doesn't rely on like values other than preservation of existing society. It's an impulse more than an ideology. Right. Um it's uh quite literally a reaction in like the sense of a almost physical chemical reaction to the prospect of change, the po the prospect of disruption to your status quo, which um which you feel safe and protected in.

Something that I'm resenting more and more as we talk about this book is the way that his stupid framework makes us be like, No, you're the fascist because Going back through history and saying my political enemies have been the villains of like every historical atrocity of the last 100 years is like kind of fascist. And like I don't actually believe that. I don't I don't think that like he's doing a fascism.

But also like he's the one that set up this asinine framework where it's like we should look at the echoes. and the rhymes of fascism. Yeah. Well okay, Jonah, looking at the echoes, whatever you want to say about the philosophy of conservatism? Like organized conservatism as it exists. Today in the United States. is engaged in a large scale history revision project. You can read more about this in my book, Liberal Fascism Fascism, about how this book is fascist.

There's something weird about like fascism is a very abstract thing. What's really happening when scholars are studying fascism? Is that they are looking at this era of political history? And trying to identify exactly what this was. And they've sort of identified a set of phenomena because they are engaged in a good faith effort to try to understand what happened.

What Jonah is doing is then being like, actually fascism is something else. And it's like, well, no, it necessarily isn't something else, because all that they're doing is putting a helpful label on a set of phenomena that that we're all witnessing. Right. It it there's something so inherently dishonest about the approach here where he's just like, I actually have my own definition of fascism. Right. Who the fuck are you, dude? It's it's such a great cheat code. Like we could write a book

Called like books are dumb. Yep. And we could we could provide examples of that. Like there's plenty of dumb books in the world. But like the central pr you couldn't debunk the central premise because the central premise is just like So fucking stupid and broad. Well well let's think about a better title because I wanna do this. Uh

What about the last book you'll ever read? Ooh. The whole concept is like you books are stupid, y they're making you dumber. Let this be your final one. Now you're I mean, now you're just like pitching a book that we should write together. Yeah. Is where this podcast is going. And then we can it should be like twice the price of your average book. Because like we're actually saving money longer. It's actually an investment. Yeah. You're paying yourself