The Future of Weather: Part Two

woulden bathtub, not barrel boat. Completely my mistake. I apologize, but we have in his absence, welcomed our wonderful coworker Julie Douglas and to speak with us. Hello, how are you doing today, Julie, I'm doing well. Yeah, you know, I feel like I got a little something in my step. I think it's all this weather control talk. So this is going to be part two of a two part series.

We did part one last time with Julie talking about some of the history leading up to the present of weather control, and today we're going to focus on some potential future technologies for weather control. So if you haven't heard part one yet, you should go back download that listen to that one first. That was the podcast that

was released directly before this one. Ah yeah, because we we've been through some of the concepts of why weather is is such a problem, to to suss out why controlling it is difficult, and what kind of projects people have been working on up through today to try to do that kind of stuff. Also, you will miss out on a story about Buddhist monks fleeing from the rain,

Kurt Vonnegut's brother, and some other choice bits. Yeah, okay, but if you're here and you're like, no, I'm not going to do that, don't You're not going to tell me what to do. I'm gonna listen to this part this one first. Maybe we should do a sup for quick rundown on what we covered last time, just to bring you up to speed. So, so we did talk about, uh, the proposed strata shield. It was a solution, a geoengineering

solution for combat and global warming. It's essentially a hose that goes up into the sky held up by balloons where you can pump some particles into the atmosphere that will reflect back some of the Sun's light and cool the earth. But it has been also pointed out that if we were to invent something like this, a side effect would be that it could be used for weather warfare, Ain't that right, Julie, Yeah, it's kind of like part

of that. Yeah. Then we also talked about essentially some of the main problems with with the human relationship with weather and human weather modification efforts in the past, like why it's so difficult to control the weather. A couple of the principles we touched on where that weather it involves vast amounts of energy, way more energy than we realize. Even though it seems like it would hurt more to get hit by a truck than blown by the wind, there's a lot more wind than truck. Wiser words I

have never spoken. I'll never forget it long and those will stick with me for the rest of my life. And then the other thing being, of course, the mathematical complexity and chaos of weather, how small variations and perturbations can become magnified over time that makes weather systems inherently unstable and difficult to predict. Yeah. Then we we talked about a few of the attempts that have been made to control weather through hail cannons, which is, as far

as we can tell, pretty much just garbage. Uh. Scientists don't seem to think there's any evidence they work. But one that's where the jury is maybe still out a little bit would be cloud seating. Yeah. In cloud seating is something that has been used for decades and so, I mean the idea behind it is that it does have an effect on the weather. Perhaps it does create rain, but to what extent we just don't know yet. That being said, there are many countries that are invested in

weather management systems lie cloud seating. And then we talked about how how predictive modeling. If we can figure out how to accurately predict the weather, we can at the very least get people to safety and get them full of fried chicken when when a storm is coming. Yes, man, you keep out doing yourself for them. Wise words. And that's that's about where we wrapped, uh. And so yeah, so let's let's go into the the potential future of

weather control. One thing that I think you're going to notice is that in this discussion there are going to be a lot of maybees, which is not all that unfamiliar if you're a fan of forward thinking and discussions about future technology. I mean, if there were no maybes

left lingering, it wouldn't be future technology, would be present technology. True, But I think, especially in weather control, there's a lot of uncertainty about exactly what can be done, and so you're gonna hear that crop up a few times, and maybe we can talk a little bit in the end about why that is. But but I do want to talk about some of the coolest proposals we have come across for using technology to manipulate or protect ourselves from the weather. Now, one that you mutter about at our

office windows basically every day. This is actually a very intricate intervention for you, Joe is lasers. You're constantly just face pressed against the glass talking to clouds about lasers. Do want noise? Oh? You should see the world from my perspective. I mean, when other people open their mouths, words don't come out. I just hear pup you like

Morse codes. This explains a lot, actually, But know that there are real proposals on one thing I do want to talk about that I think was really cool, and we'll see how applicable or not this might be to real weather control. But but is experiments about summoning clouds with lasers. So like, what if the problem is I don't have any rain clouds and I want rain clouds? Could do it? Yeah, you could do it with lasers,

that's the proposal. So so I came across an interesting May two thousand ten article and New Scientists about this, and what it mentioned is that researchers in Europe have found a way to use lasers to trigger the condensation of water in the atmosphere. In other words, they can cause the formation of rain clouds under lab conditions, and they claim under natural conditions, all via lasers. So here's how your experiment goes. You start with a container of

very cold, very humid air. So this is gonna be water saturated air, like negative twenty four degrees celsius, sort of the conditions of of the atmosphere when it might start raining. Sure you want you you wanted to be very cold and very humid. Uh so these are sort of ideal conditions for the cloud to form. And then you fire short pulses of this extremely high energy infrared laser into the container and along the path of the laser you can see the formation of clouds. Now, why

does that happen? Well, the explanation given is by one of the researchers involved, and that's Jerome Casparian from the University of Geneva. Explains quote that the laser pulses generate clouds by stripping electrons from atoms in the air, which encouraged the formation of hydroxyl radicals. Those convert sulfur and nitrogen dioxides in the air into particles that act as seeds to grow water droplets. So actually this has a little bit in common with the cloud seating we talked about,

so just a different method. Yeah, if if what you do in cloud seating is you fly over or through a cloud, uh, and you disperse little particles into the cloud, for example silver iodide, or you fire silver iodide particles into a cloud with the rocket. What you're hoping will happen is that water will coalesce around these tiny particles. The particles will act as nuclei for rain drops or snowflakes.

And here you're sort of doing the same thing, but instead of shooting particles into the cloud, you're creating these little particle seeds in the air. Yeah, you're manipulating the particles that are already there and changing them so that they will become these seed capable. Yeah, and so they found that in these in the experiment, after they fired lasers into the chamber, the volume of condensed water droplets had increased by fift in the chamber. And so that

that's good under lab conditions. But the big question is is this going to work in wild skies? Right? Because the chamber is very easy to create those conditions and control them, right. So the author of the article spoke to one scientist who is skeptical that it would work in wild skies. But to counter that, Casparian claimed that the team had tried out the experiment sixty meters over

the skies of Berlin and they said it worked. According to Casparian, weather lidar showed quote, the density and size of water droplets spiked when the laser was fired, and this was over the open air. Where do you file paperwork to get permission to shoot a high frequency, high power laser into the air over a city? Berlin? May I modify your weather? I wonder what cities are the most lenient about weather modification, Like, which are the ones

where it's it's a pretty easy process. I actually wouldn't think that Berlin would be for that. Yeah, you know, I think that many places would not be for that, right, I mean that that city has many people in it. The government's pretty solid. Uh. But of course they're not claiming that this is going to form like a volcano in the sky that you know. It's just like it's what they're saying is it's a rain cloud. I guess you could be worried, like, well, what exactly could happen

if something goes wrong? This is an extremely high energy laser. Oh and the laser had a name. It's it's a great name too. It was called the terramobile, which is from its terra watt power and its mobility. So you can wheel the terramobile through the streets of Berlin at night. So uh a, that's great. I want to name many things the terramobile be uh that that was. Are there any updates on our cloud laser since then? Yeah, it

looks like this general line of research is ongoing. So in I found that there was a University of Central Florida press release about research in the University's Optics and Photonics department about how to optimize known methods of laser cloud formation, and their suggestion was you add a buddy beam, So instead of just having one laser beam, you sort of dress the original beam in a surrounding, lower intensity laser beam that would extend its range higher and farther

into the atmosphere. So I'll always approve of the buddy system. Um. Yes, and it's a good system even for lasers. But it looks like this line of research is ongoing and and this is not the only weather related laser research going on. No, I want to get into even slightly more bond Villany territory. So in March, new research published in a I P Advances show that you can probably in principle, use lasers to attract and direct strikes of lightning. This one is

fascinating to how you like that? This is like straight up thar stuff. So yeah, normally what does lightning do? How does lightning choose where it goes from place to place? It finds the tallest object that it can strike. Yeah, it's the path of least resistance between two objects, and that usually means the shortest path. It's the nearest object, which when it's coming down from the sky is going to be the tallest thing. So there are extremely powerful

lasers that can ionize air along their path. So that means that the air molecules that are caught in the gaze of this cruel laser beam are ripped of their electrons and become free floating charged particles. They've become ions and you can use this principle to create pathways of

ionized air called filaments that electricity likes to follow. And so a group led by Andre Mssirowitz has done work on getting high voltage discharge, which is similar to lightning, to follow these kinds of filaments, and in they published findings showing that they were able to get this discharge under lab conditions to ignore its straight line from A to B approach and instead follow the laser ionized filaments

to their destination. So you can essentially plot a course for electricity to take through the air by using these, uh, these lasers, so you could reroute the lightning from unsuspecting golfers. That's true. This technology mainly applies to golfers. I thought so from the off association it was funded by. Yeah, no,

I mean this is very interesting because in theory. What it means is that if you have a powerful enough laser and you design just the right types of pulses of laser light, this principle could be exploited to use lasers to guide lightning wherever you wanted to go. And that could mean away from my house, or it could mean onto Jeffrey. So in a sense, it could be used for warfare as well. I think I think any time that you start talking about controlling the weather, you

have the potential for for warfare. Although directing lightning strikes is yeah, well it sounds way worse than rain. I on one hand, I think that's true. It sounds worse, but it's weird. It's weird keeping levels of violence in perspective, because lightning might strike one person and kill them in a very spectacular and shocking way. But if you can cause enough rain that an area of floods, you might

be able to kill hundreds of people. Yeah. Yeah, And I think you mentioned that in in Vietnam when when they were conducting the experiments, some of the flooding that may or may not have been caused by cloud seating

did result in depths there. Yeah. Yeah, there was a certain bridge that during the Vietnam War that they were just trying to bomb over and over again, but they cloud seated the area and lo and behold they you know, they created so much rain that began to flood and it destroyed the bridge and flooded the value and people died as a result. Okay, what about another avenue of what weather control that I know I've heard something about on them internet forums, and that would be high power

radio transmitters. Yeah. We we said, we said in our first episode on this topic that we've never really covered weather control on this show before, or on on this podcast before specifically, but we did once talk about a technology that does not control the weather as far as we can reasonably discern, and that's HARP, the High Frequency

Active Auroral Research Program. I'm stationed in Alaska. UH. One of the devices involved in HARP can send specific types of radio waves into the ionosphere for a whole bunch of different research and potential communication purposes. And fringe theories based in what seemed to be misinformed interpretations of not only the technology at hand, but also like the electromagnetic spectrum um. These fringe theories suggest that the facility could

be used to change and or control the weather. And Okay, in some applications, harp would heat and or excite small, controlled portions of the ionosphere for short periods of time. And this can move chunks of air soup around a bit, because, as we have talked about many times on the show, air is not thin. It is soup. It's a thin soup.

But at any rate, uh uh So, as far as we can tell, though, in the ways that HARP has been used, and even in the ways in which it could potentially be used, if someone was trying to do this, it wouldn't make an appreciable difference to either local or global weather. Yeah. And I think the grain of truth in this, which is I think you sort of mentioned it, is that some parts of the radio frequency spectrum can cause heating, like, for example, the way microwaves can cause

heating of water molecules. Oh sure, And and harp would heat portions of the atmosphere a little bit, uh of of the ionosphere specifically. I mean. The thing is is that the amount of radiation being applied to the ionosphere every second of every day by the Sun and everything else outside of the Earth is tremendous, and so these small, short disturbances or periods of excitement, you know, sure they

could have an effect. And we talked before about how the number of variables involved in in weather are what make it so tricky to figure out. So it's something that you would want to watch, but but it's not. It's not a super weapon. Uh and and it's being used to to strike down airplanes or anything like that. If you want to turn tune into the full episode that we did. Uh, it's called What Does HARP Do?

And it published in February UM. At that time, HARP had been shut down due to budget cuts and its future was was very uncertain. That there's an update there. Its ownership is currently being transferred from the Air Force to the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, which is going to operate HARP on a paper use basis.

Oh great, so they're going to rent it out to whatever supervillain wants it that week, right, But I mean okay, So, so we'll have to start taking data from from those experiments into account the same way that we do for for any technology and for for any bit of human civilization in general. Because because of course the cities that we build. The stuff that we do has an effect

on local weather. Uh. Yeah, And of course I wouldn't put it out of the question that that experiments in bombarding the ionosphere or any of the uf up there with different radio frequencies couldn't turn up knowledge that could potentially be used in, for example, microwave control of cyclones, which is something that we'll talk about in a bit.

Oh sure, sure it might turn out that that some of this could nudge weather systems in one way or another, especially if we built like a whole lot of these things in very key places around the world. Uh. For right now, it's nothing that certainly that anyone needs to be worrying about. Um and and it's uncertain whether it will ever come to fruition. So what you're saying is there's still more wind than truck. There's still more wind than truck. Okay, Well, I want to talk about one

of the funniest weather control proposals I've come across. Uh and this, this I think falls more into the category of geoengineering rather than direct weather control. So these are two things we should sort of recognize or at different ends of a spectrum, you might say, whereas something like cloud seating is designed to effect have a temporal effect

a temporarily limb. It did effect on a specific weather pattern, like make that cloud rain now, whereas these other projects, like geoengineering projects, want to fundamentally change the climate in a particular ecoregion or something like that. And this particular proposition ties into a joke I've made on this very podcast before that we should protect ourselves from hurricanes by doing what we do best in the United States and building a wall along the southeastern coast of the United

States stretching up to the top of the atmosphere. I mean that do it, wouldn't it? But you're you're surely not just bringing this up in ingest again. You're you're unfortunately bringing it up because this has been an actual proposal. Yeah. Well, strangely enough, something kind of like this has been proposed in uh in the scientific literature, not to protect Florida from a hurricane, but to protect Tornado Alley from the

next spade of killer twisters. So in a Temple University physicist named Ronia da suggested in a paper for International Journal of Modern Physics be that you could build a series of three gigantic walls to stop tornadoes in the in the United States, in the tornado Alley in the Midwest and the southern central United States. So how how would that work? Because I mean, obviously it's not what you're thinking. It's not that you put up a wall around the city so that the tornado can't get in.

It's hard to envision just because I think about this, these vast planes, right, which I understand that the vast planes are, you know, part and parcel of the reason

why there are so many tornadoes. Yeah. So dal claims that the problem, the reason these tornadoes form is that the Midwest region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains is very flat, and that in this flat landscape, warm southern air currents from the Gulf of Mexico rush up and meet cold northern air currents coming down from the north, and they form these vortexes that turned into tornadoes.

And uh Too points out that in the northern China plane and the Eastern China plane, they're there's sort of similar areas in China. They experience mixing of air currents, but they have far fewer extreme tornadoes and and he claims that this is because there are three small mountain chains running from east to west, which act as buffers for the north south winds and prevent the formation of

these vortexes that become tornadoes. Tornado Alley doesn't really have any mountain ranges like this, but Too argues that if we built a series of three gigantic east west walls, each about three hundred meters highs so would be about a thousand feet and fifty meters wide about a hundred and sixty five ft, we could simulate China's mountain ranges and attenuate the circumstances that lead to the formation of tornadoes. What do y'all think? Uh? And I sore. First, I

don't know, have you ever driven through there? I would sort of welcome you could put up some really great art on those walls. It would it would spice up a lot of of coast to coast driving experiences. You know. Actually, the potential for graffiti is tremendous. Yeah, Um, I don't know.

I mean, I just think about the natural shapes of mountain ranges and the way that the air flows through, and it seems to me like this, in my mind, this is like one big, homogeneous hunk of concrete or I don't know what material, and you'd have, it wouldn't be able to replicate sort of the natural formations that mountains have. Yeah, I don't know if that's a factor

influencing it or not. But many experts, actually, I shouldn't even say many experts, All experts I could find who had commented on this proposal have expressed serious skepticism about it. I mean, just the cost alone. I mean, and I don't want to downplay that, the cost that these damaging tornadoes have on on livestyle, sucking crops and people's lives and all of that, and and I'm sure it's tremendous. I I find it difficult to believe that anyone would

greed light this project. Well, yeah, the obvious questions about the cost. Aside that the experts think that this is that this has been widely characterized as completely nuts. I don't want to be uh to be unfair to tell, like you, I'm not I'm myself not an expert, not a meteorologist who could comment on this, But all the experts I've read were just like, no, that won't work. For example, Professor Joshua Werman of the Center for Severe

Weather Research. He gave some comments to BBC News about this, and he said, for example, the model has a very oversimplified view of how tornadoes are formed. So so TAW takes into account the rushing warm air from the Gulf and then the cold air rushing down to meet it, and they sort of converge and create these vortex is. But the truth, like pretty much everything about weather events, as we've established, as much more complex and complicated than that.

There are other factors that determine how tornadoes are formed. For example, ground based structures of the size might be able to partially decelerate low lying air currents, but they wouldn't be able to affect the dynamics of high altitude air masses. Worman also claims that taos proposed walls would not be big enough and as big as they sound, wouldn't be big enough, but he says they deemed to be more on the scale of the Alps, so like

two thousand to three thousand meters high. Uh. But he notes that if you did that, that would essentially be a that would be a true geo engineering project where that would result in extreme climate change for the surrounding area you You would be altering what the climate in this region is. Like, yeah, I mean, and and that's

the that's the fertile basin of the United States. That's where we grow stuff, right, And I was thinking too, even with with mountain ranges, these natural barriers, you have ecosystems present on those and these walls, presumably there would be able to create or maybe you could. That would be the second phase two of the engineering project. Thou years in the future, the mountain lion has been replaced

by the wall lion. Yes, the steps of the wall, the wall lin, right, I mean, it just gets more and more fantastical the more you try to rationalize and

figure out how it would work. And it makes me think again of Redness's Book of Thunder and Lightning, and she talks about this microclimate that's been created in Mecca um and and and Saudi Arabia has been trying to figure out engineering wise, like here's this this walled area that is creating its own microclimate because the sun is beating down and there is no windflow, and so they're trying to figure out, like, how do you create weather

in this one very specific area. Imagine that on a grand scale of lanes and I I know dually you've done a little bit of research into the effect of urban heat islands, Yeah, which is it's interesting because we know that heat islands can um can kind of put some of the atmospheric conditions into overdrive, particularly on a hot day, right and trapped pollution for instance. But what we didn't know until recently is that some of that pollution is actually settling and then sort of burping up

even more pollution. Pollution doesn't doesn't just hang out on our buildings forever. Um, it can, especially in warm conditions, it can belch back out more pollution into the atmosphere. Yeah, because it's it's you know, it's still interacting with other conditions. And so I guess the point is it's the secondhand

smoke of atmospheric pollution. Yes, it is. It is. It's just like sitting out there belch and smoke again on you know, and and those and those conditions do lead to weather changes in the immediate area because because the air above your city is going to affect your weather there. Yeah. So the point is like, once you alter one thing, yeah, again, it's that cascading effect that why is it? Why is it so hard to control the weather to get it to do the good stuff we want reliably, but it's

so easy to mess up the weather by accident. Because everything that humans do is terrible everything that's not the spirit of this podcast. No, Okay, that's that's the short answer. The long answers is that if we're if we're not being uh kind and considerate to stuff, including ourselves, everything we do is terrible. And many people are continually doing kind and considerate things to to the planet and to

ourselves and etcetera. And we have seen people change these kind of conditions by planting more trees and doing more stuff, and there's there's lots of city engineering. Okay, well, let's let's look at one more proposal for for future ways of controlling weather, and that would be sort of related to what we talked about with HARP, which would be UH space based microwave control of extreme weather patterns like

hurricanes and tornadoes. And the connection it has to HARP, at which I didn't realize until I started looking into it, was that this concept was proposed by the same guy whose patents for potential weather controlling devices partially started the development of HARP. UH. Those patents are the reason why there's so many fringe theories about HARP, even though the Department of Defense's feasibility studies stated that the proposed design would not be powerful enough and would not be located

in an ideal enough location to change weather patterns. Um. But but this guy who proposed this stuff is Bernard Eastland, and he is a physicist, and in the early two thousands he began suggesting a system that would send microwaves from satellites into cold, moisture, heavy down drafts of air in in thunderstorms that looked like they could be forming tornadoes and that heat the area and thereby change the motion of the air in the thunderstorm, hopefully preventing that

the formation of a tornado. He calls the concept the Thunderstorm Solar Power Satellite, and technologically it's based in this research that NASA was doing into using satellites to collect solar energy and then beaming that energy to Earth using microwave transmission orbital solar That's one of the most interesting proposals for solar energy I've come across. Yeah. Yeah, it's a ludicrously massive project, or it would be in order to be of a scale that it would be useful,

like like you're talking like sixty geosynchronous satellites. Um. But but so so it's it's using that technology. Um. I

don't think that things ever going to happen personally. Um. Well, one thing that it has in common with orbital solar is the idea of transmitting very powerful microwaves down to the surface of the Earth from more of it, which is uh, you know when you think about being a resident of the surface of the Earth, you know, you think that they hope they get their aim, right uh yeah, yeah, And and part of the whole the whole point of the NASA project is to make sure that the microwaves

are not so focused that they would heat anything up to to specifically uh, disperse them in a way that would make them still useful but not bernie. Um. And but then again, wouldn't they would have to be able to heat to this This is one of the issues with the technology, right um. And and so so it gets back into that potentially, like you can you can see someone twirling and evil scientists twirling their mustache so easily when you start talking about creating satellites that that

heat up stuff on earth. Well, I think that's a great transition to a question I might want to end with, which is um. I don't know why this is such a particularly difficult topic in a couple of ways, one of them being that it just seems jam packed with pseudoscience and sort of iffy leads, even more than most of the areas of science we talk about. With these kind of crazy sounding proposals that you kind of get the sense that I don't think that would work, or

if it did, it might have really unpleasant side effects. Um. And then there there's also such potential for bad usage of these types of technologies, Like it would be a wonderful thing to control the weather reliably for good without having unintended consequences, Like if you have an area that's having a drought, if you're having a drought in California again or something, you could, you know, call use cloud

seeding to make it rain. And I think California actually has done stuff to try to control the weather, right they have? Yeah, I mean actually private companies have Cores Beer has employed people to cloud seed. Wow. Um, how effective did they think it was? I don't know. I just know that Ben Livingston, who um, who ran some of the flights during Vietnam War, actually ended up doing that as a career afterward and looking for private companies.

So there's a huge interest in it because again, I think there's this idea that you could play thor with with the world, play god. And yes, I think that it's fascinating for that reason. It's also a bit unsettling to people, because I think that we have this idea that we have this wild, natural world and to be able to uh just harness it for for our own reasons feels a little bit like, oh, are we really have we really turned that point? I mean we are

in the anthroposyne? Are we are we at that time in history where technologically we should could do this and are we uh ethically mature enough to handle that kind of power? Yes, yes, I say we are. No, I'm not sure either. I mean I think that's a big question we. I mean, we've seen a problem with our unintentional geoengineering. Right, so we've been geoengineering the planet unintentionally through add adding carbon to the atmosphere and causing climate change.

It's too late now to ask, well, you know, are we are we ethically ready to have the map the ability to massively burn carbon and put that into the atmosphere. You know, we just have it and we're doing it. Um. So Yeah, it kind of makes you wonder the same thing about doing intentional geoengineering and weather control, anything that can have massive effects on people who are not getting

to make this decision for themselves. Yeah. I mean you could argue that there's actually a moral imperative to do it, to to actually geo engineer. Now we are in a place where, um our future is sort of riding on our ability to mitigate some the worst effects of global warming. Yeah. Yeah, because we are seeing an an uptick and it's and

it's going to increase people people. Uh, every scientist who has looked into it says we are going to be seeing more more storms and more devastating storms in the future because because of the effective of climate change in global warming. Yeah, and that's a whole other area that we could get into. That the fact that our our weather patterns are stronger and have changed, and there is a good reason behind that. And uh, there're certainly scads of studies that will tell you that this that this

is the new normal extreme weather patterns. Yeah, and that that that we're experiencing an uptick in this because of human effects. Yeah, absolutely that that an uptick might have been on its way anyway, but this one in particular has been affected by human stuff. Which yeah, yeah, I don't I don't mean to, I don't mean to sound all doom and gloom about this because I don't think it is and I or I hope it's not at

any rate. And I think that the research that these lovely humans who we have kind of been tearing down a little bit in this podcast just because you know, these are all uh solutions to such an enormous problem um that it's it's hard to come up with something viable that can also get funded, that that we can be sure will work. But but it's it's an interesting thing to look into, and we certainly hope that more

people will look into it in the future. Well, I can say one thing we have talked about in this two part that I can certainly feel good about in terms of human scientific progress is weather modeling. Yeah. Oh yeah, definitely. That that's our that's our one really serious, definite wind that we can feel good about and we don't have to be so worried about the ethical effects of it. I think it's or the ethical concerns of it. I think, Uh, it's good to know what the weather is going to

be in the future. We've gotten better at it and we're continuing to get better at it. Okay, well, I think that's going to be it for today talking about the future of weather modification. But thank you so much for joining us the audience, and thank you so much for joining us, Julie. It's been so much fun having you on, Julie. Can you tell our listeners are wonderful, are wonderful friends out there about your new show? I can, And thank you again for having me today. It's been

great to hang out with you guys. The show is called The Stuff of Life comes out every Wednesday. Um. The first episode is about the power of Fear and Joe is on that episode. This second episode is Glass of Phobia the Fear of public speaking, and Lauren is on that one. And uh. You can check it out on podcasts providers like iTunes or really wherever you you get your podcasts. Yes, thank you for being here. Uh. You can also get in touch with you on social media. Heck. Yeah,

The Stuff of Life show on Twitter. And Facebook excellent. If you would like to get ahold of us on social media, our handle tends to be f w Thinking. We're on Google Plus, on Twitter, at Facebook. If you would like to send us an email, you can email fw thinking at how Stuff Works dot com. We hope to hear from you about any questions you have for us as Julie, anything about what a modification, any topics you would like to hear in the future, and either

way we will talk to you again really soon. For more on this topic in the future of technology, visit forward Thinking dot com. Brought to you by Toyota. Let's Go Places