Fundamentals of Economic Analysis: A Causal-Realist Approach

Joseph T. Salerno

Joseph T. Salerno and Peter G. Klein are two of the most productive micro-economists in the Austrian School today. This seminar provides an introduction to Austrian Economics. Presented at the Mises Institute, 11-15 June 2007.

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Episodes

10. Banking and the Business Cycle

We have today a hybrid of two forms of banking — loan banking (non-inflationary) and deposit banking (inflationary if not 100% reserve holdings). The cause of booms is the credit expansion by central banks that is not backed by pools of private savings. The longer the inflation-driven boom continues, the worse the inevitable clearing bust must be. Austrian policy is to leave everything alone to permit all the adjustments needed. Keynesian policy is to keep inflating. Theirs is a crisis of interv...

Jun 16, 2007•Ep. 10

9. Money and Prices

In the history of money, bartering was awkward because wants were not divisible. Direct exchange depended upon a double coincidence of wants. Demand for a medium of exchange grew until a general medium of exchange emerged, like gold and silver. A medium of exchange should display these characteristics: must be generally acceptable, widely demanded for non-monetary uses, easily portable, homogeneous, highly divisible and highly durable. Although it is beneficial to have more of any other commodit...

Jun 15, 2007•Ep. 9

8. Competition and Monopoly

Competition can mean rivalry or freedom. All firms must serve the preferences of consumers in order to exist. Monopoly has historically been an artificial privilege granted by the state. Monopolies do not last for long in free markets unless maintained by government interventions. Antitrust policies were generally not demanded by consumers, but created by jealous competitors. Antitrust laws are insensible and wasteful. The eighth in a series of ten lectures, from Fundamentals of Economic Analysi...

Jun 15, 2007•Ep. 8

7. Capital, Interest, and the Structure of Production

Time preference says that individuals prefer satisfaction now to later, present to future. This explains the loan market. In the structure of production, the capitalist pays wages now, despite the fact that he himself does not get paid until the final stage when the product actually comes to market. Consumption, saving, investment and spending occur in every production stage – across time. The interest rate is the rate of price spread. It is what the capitalist earns for time preference. The sev...

Jun 14, 2007•Ep. 7

6. Profit, Loss, and the Entrepreneur

Causal-realist analysis allows imaginary constructs like the ERE — Evenly Rotating Economy — in order to isolate certain factors like interest.  There would be no profit or loss in the ERE, because those can only exist under conditions of uncertainty. Klein explains profit as a category, not a line item. The entrepreneur’s function is to experiment with combinations of factors of production to find those that produce the greatest economic value. The sixth in a series of ...

Jun 14, 2007•Ep. 6

5. Pricing of the Factors of Production and the Labor Market

Factors of Production are economic goods: scarce means used to achieve an individual’s ends. They are land, labor and capital. Each is examined. Incomes are earned by factor owners as production takes place. There is no separated production and distribution. Consumer goods and producer goods are subjectively determined by how they are used. Factor pricing is by the Austrian theory of imputation. To Austrians, all costs are opportunity costs. The fifth in a series of ten lectures, from Fundamenta...

Jun 13, 2007•Ep. 5

4. Price Controls: Case Studies

As with all government intervention, price controls do not achieve what their originators think they will. Trying to maintain a supply of milk by putting a price control on it will cause shortages, which are the very situations the price manipulators said they wanted to avoid. Rent control seems great to the snug renter, but it will assure that no new building or renovations will be undertaken by entrepreneurs. Shortages follow. Agricultural subsidies, quotas and price support loans function as ...

Jun 13, 2007•Ep. 4

3. The Determination of Prices

What determines market prices? Buyers and sellers must know of feasible trades. They can learn from their mistakes. They prefer higher profits to lower profits. They think in discreet terms. Both participants win in market exchanges. Prices allocate resources to their highest uses. It is welfare-maximizing in any meaningful way. Prices are signals. Prices provide feedback to entrepreneurs about the quality of their forecasts. The third in a series of ten lectures, from Fundamentals of Economic A...

Jun 12, 2007•Ep. 3

2. Exchange and Demand

All action is really exchange. What the actor prefers less is exchanged for something he prefers more, including gift giving. It is a fallacy to say that the goods exchanged have equal value. Salerno also covers elastic and inelastic demand. The second in a series of ten lectures, from Fundamentals of Economic Analysis: A Causal-Realist Approach. Download the MP4 video.

Jun 12, 2007•Ep. 2

1. Scarcity, Choice, and Value

In this introduction to the basics of Austrian-school economic analysis, Joseph Salerno introduces a number of basic concepts including utility, exchange, psychic cost,  choice, value, and marginal utility. He also introduces a number of important topics such as Crusoe economics and the water-diamond paradox. Salerno lays the foundation for this series of lectures which will cover all the basics of Austrian analysis in more detail.   The first in a series of ten lectures designed ...

Jun 11, 2007•Ep. 1