Episodes We Love: How to Fight a Shark

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podcast for a preview. This episode is brought to you by you. Ben Brock Johnson here, director of digital audio at WBUR and co-host of the podcast Endless Thread. My team makes podcasts and other cool stuff. And if you didn't know, WBUR is a public media organization. Keyword there, public. That means your dollars keep our mics hot and your feed sounding, well, pretty interesting.

The bad news? Funding for public media is on the chopping block. You can head to wbur.org slash defend for easy ways you can make a difference. Hello, endless threadheads. It's the 4th of July weekend, and this year is the 50th anniversary of Jaws.

a movie that, of course, has made generations of summer swimmers terrified of sharks, to the species' detriment, I would say. So we're revisiting an episode from last year about the TikTok influencers who want to teach you what to do if you... encounter a shark, and some of the scientists who are not so sure about their advice.

And one of the influencers that you'll hear about, Ocean Ramsey, is the subject of a new documentary on Netflix called Shark Whisperer. So let's put on our goggles and our flippies and dive in. Oh, but wait, I do just want to say, you're going to hear Ben make fun of me at the top of this episode for not being a good swimmer. And I want you to know I've been taking swim lessons for about six months now. So... Kind of proud of myself, just putting it out there. Okay, here's the episode.

WBUR Podcasts, Boston. Emory, as an expert swimmer, I need to ask you a question. Reporting for duty. Yes. Reporting for doggy paddle. You know, I've tried to sign up for swim lessons so many times. They're all full. Sure they are. If I die at sea, it's the children's fault.

I don't think the guppy lessons are full. I feel like you could probably get into there. All right. My question is, how would you defend yourself from an attacking shark? Hmm. I feel like I've heard you're supposed to like punch him right in the nose, right? Yes. Yes, that is what you've heard. Okay. And I'd probably go for the eyes too. Okay. I'd go like a big scratch. I don't really have nails, but I'd...

Try to scratch their eyes out. So this is also the response I would give if you asked me this question. And, you know, like that feels like an obvious answer. It feels like a thing that we know, right? But our producer, Grace Tatter, did not feel this way. Yeah, I guess the shark. Lessons have been full whenever I've looked to sign up because I had never heard this advice before. But a few months ago, I was at a dinner party and I made a discovery.

You discovered that the main course was shark. No, thank God. Unless you consider it the main course of conversation, for a minute at least. We were at my friend's apartment in Brooklyn for a very belated Friendsgiving. Very, very belated, like into the next calendar year belated. That's just a friend's dinner. It doesn't need to be a friend's. Yeah. It's not.

I mean, you can give thanks for it, but it's not. Yeah, it's fair. But anyway, we're all gathered for this potluck dinner, and I overhear my friend Emily arguing that she can face off with a shark. And she was arguing with about as much concern and confidence as you seem to have, both of you. You can call it confidence. Get it in the eye. Scratch its eyes. It's no problem. Unlike you all, Emily knew exactly where she got her theory of shark defense. From TikTok.

Um, I mean, I think I've watched enough TikToks that I could just, like, send one off. I just could. I just think I could. You think you could have worn off a shark because of TikTok?

Yes, absolutely. I know what to do. So I asked Emily to cite her sources and she directed me to a TikTok account called Mermaid Kaylee, which I then shared with you all with the team. Mermaid Kaylee has all these tutorials about what to do in a shark encounter. And from the looks of it, Kaylee is telling people to do what I have always heard. You know, you just got to bop that shark right on the nose.

She calls it redirection. There are videos like this one from November, which show a tiger shark swimming toward a camera person who then reaches out and pushes it away by the nose. And this one. The music is that TikTok sound a lot of people were using to show off how cute their boyfriends were last summer. That sped up Lizzie McAlpine song.

You see a shark approaching a fellow diver. The text instructs you to stay calm, not splash, and to make eye contact with the shark. And then you see the diver push the tiger shark away by the nose. I was not convinced by this whole nose-bopping theory of shark protection. But these shark redirection TikToks seem to me like the latest evolution of conventional wisdom I have heard for years. And it sounds like, Amory, you have too.

But just because it's conventional wisdom, does that mean it's true? It's a shark fighting mystery. And to solve it, we're gonna need a bigger boat. Oh. Jaws reference. And Jaws, at least, is a part of the problem. But let's take a swim, a voyage into the known and the deep unknown of shark fighting. I'm Ben Quint Johnson. I'm Anne-Marie Amity Island-Sebertson. And you're listening to Endless Thread. We're coming to you from dangerous waters off the coast of WBUR in Boston.

Today's episode, how to fight a shark. How to redirect a shark, Ben. Grace Tatter, keeping our episode titles honest. And less fishy.

Is that a shark behind you? Yes. A few months ago, we spoke with the diver behind the popular Instagram and TikTok account that started this all, Mermaid Kaylee. Aloha, my name is Kaylee Grant. I live in Kona, Hawaii, and I own and operate an ocean safari tour called Kaimana Ocean Safari. Kaylee's main job is running tours, but she has 470,000 followers on Instagram and 2.2 million followers on TikTok.

I feel like a lot of people might also call you like an influencer. Do you identify with that term? Does that feel accurate to you? Influencer? Yeah, I feel like I guess I identify more with content creator. While I have brand deals every once in a while, a lot of my purpose is just to create content that is educational or

Helps people fall in love with sharks. Definitely not selling stuff on a regular basis besides just like love for the ocean. Kaylee might not be a constant influencer, but her social following is part of her business. In addition to selling her love for the ocean, Kaylee's Instagram has links and discount codes for wetsuits and a hangover cure she, quote, swears by.

Also, her social media helps her get more customers to go on her guided tours of the ocean around Hawaii. It is the year of our Lord 2024, which means the lines between how you make money and who you are and what you are into are blurred. Kaylee video chatted us from her home in Hawaii, and there was a shark right behind her. It was a picture, a picture of a shark. One of the many she has with her and her favorite animal.

Scroll through either her Instagram or TikTok account and you will quickly see that the woman hangs with sharks all the time. There are the redirection videos. I'm splashing and acting panicked to attract this tiger shark, but as soon as I stop, you'll see she turns away. And the ones like this. When you're inside a bait ball like this, you're surrounded by walls of fish and other predators can come out at any time.

These videos have millions of views, and maybe part of what makes them so compelling is the depths of the ocean for most of us are so unknown.

And terrifying, if I'm being honest. And Kaylee seems so confident and in control. And if you go all the way back to 2019, you'll see her biggest catch. An Instagram post featuring the shark from the photo on her wall. A great white Kaylee swam with that year, off the coast of Oahu. This was probably my favorite shark interaction of my life. Here's how it happened. Kaylee is out on the water on a boat.

She hears from a friend on another boat about a discovery. Hey, there's a dead whale out here and there's like some interesting shark species coming up. While humans aren't usually on the menu for sharks, whales certainly are. Whale buffet past the tongs. Their little shark arms. Their little fins holding tongs.

Oh, what an image. Okay. Kaylee's with a diving company she worked for at the time. They've got the gear. They've got an appetite for destruction. Time to suit up and check out this whale carcass. They pull up to it. And then next thing you know, we just saw that big pointy nose munching on the whale and just jumped right back in. Kaylee says forget any Jaws propaganda you may have in your head.

There was nothing to fear. She was very full. So imagine if you just eat like a really big cheeseburger or almost a whole pizza. You're going to be like couch potato mode, you know. This shark was blissed out. It was really, really special. Kaylee and her co-workers take a bunch of pictures and videos underwater. Put them on social media. And these videos caught worldwide attention, particularly a video of Kaylee's co-worker, a diver named Ocean Ramsey. Yes, that is her real name.

this video shows ocean swim right up to this behemoth of a creature a 20 foot long great white Like Kaylee, Ocean kind of looks like a mermaid when she's in her diving gear. She has long blonde hair. Her flippers move gracefully in sync, making her long legs look like a tail. In the video, Ocean swims up to this great white and holds on to her fin, a kind of handshake. A polite greeting, and one that went viral. Viral enough that Ocean ended up on the Today Show.

We are joined now from Hawaii by Ocean Ramsey, the marine biologist and shark researcher seen in those dramatic videos. Ocean, good morning. Thanks for being with us.

Aloha and thanks for having me. If sharks as a species had a PR team, this would be a big win for them. Huge. Because again, when most people think about sharks, they're thinking... A young woman killed by sharks while snorkeling in the Bahamas. A shark attack in Southern California. Two shark attacks today. A girl was bitten. She had three puncture wounds. It's unclear whether it was the...

Same shark in both attacks. Right. Most of the time when sharks are in the news, it bodes well neither for sharks nor people. And that's part of the reason Kaylee and Ocean say they post content about swimming with sharks in general. including these images of this great white.

Ramsay has traveled the globe studying sharks and has dedicated her life to their conservation. She hopes these stunning images will help protect what she calls the ocean's most misunderstood creatures. Great whites might be some of the biggest sharks and some of the They can live into their 70s, but they are just one of many, many species. Silky sharks, frilled sharks, goblin sharks, and cookie cutters. There are more than 500 in all.

Sharks are sometimes referred to as living fossils because they've been around for so long. Emery, I'm going to send you this photo of this old ass shark. Okay. I want you to take a look at this. Okay. It is a Greenland shark that is supposedly almost 400 years old. Wow. This looks like it's... Like it's stone. Like it's just a statue. This is the goblin shark right here. A very tired goblin.

Sharks have been swimming in the Earth's oceans for 450 million years. They coexisted with dinosaurs and have survived every mass extinction. But right now is a particularly bad time to be a shark. They're being killed by fishermen. Their habitats are being destroyed or disrupted by extreme weather events. Many shark species are close to extinction, which is bad for everyone.

When we lose these kinds of apex predators, entire ecosystems will be out of whack. Kaylee says conservation is a big reason why she got into sharks. She grew up in Pennsylvania, so no coastline. And when she became an adult, she moved to a place with a lot of coastline. And a lot of lava. And marine life. When I actually got to, like, see sharks and that.

Deep blue, crystal clear Hawaii water. Like, I just became infatuated, you know, because... Infatuation with a very specific subject matter, which is, of course, the fuel that powers the internet. Kaylee started working at Ocean Ramsey's diving company to spend more time around the things she loved. She started posting more videos of herself swimming with sharks, and then she started her own diving company and posted more videos of her swimming with sharks.

It turns out there is a big appetite for this kind of content, specifically sharks with people content. A video of a shark is not necessarily going to do numbers on Instagram or TikTok, but a person touching a shark? People devour it like a tiger shark eating a minnow. But like with anything that goes viral on the Internet, these kinds of videos have their backlash.

Christian Parton is a researcher with a YouTube channel called Shark Bites, as in B-Y-T-E-S. This is from a video responding to this genre of sharks with people content.

You don't need to get videos or pictures of you riding sharks to raise awareness about their conservation. Christian is, by the way, a long way away from the beaches of Hawaii. He is hanging out near the beaches of... cornwall england christian i love your um i love your neon shark light back there oh yeah i get a lot of comments about that actually i've had it for a few years now and i absolutely love it but i'm looking at it now going

Oh, it's a little bit small. I kind of want a bigger one. We're going to need a bigger light. You're going to need a different joke. Whatever the case, Christians take on swimming with sharks about as far away as Cornwall is from Oahu. In the last 10 or 15 years or so, scientists have learned a lot about the dangers of harassing or disturbing wildlife. Christian made the point that after the reports of this shark sighting off of Oahu, a lot of people wanted to go see for themselves.

which forced the Hawaii authorities to release a statement telling people to not get in the water because, of course, it would be extremely dangerous to get into the water around a whale carcass where a white shark has been spotted. And it wasn't only dangerous for the people, it had a negative...

impact on the sharks as well. Because that following day, all those boats and all those people in the water scared the bloody sharks away. But maybe a little tourist scrum in comparison to millions of people appreciating Kaylee's efforts is worth it? To see an animal of that size and us just like next to it. I don't know. I think it's a really like cool image to just show a different side to sharks.

Christian would respectfully like to take a massive bloody bite out of this idea and murder it forever. So violent. You know how Kaylee calls a lot of these video tutorials of how to interact with sharks redirection? Years ago, there wasn't any mention about redirection.

Where has that terminology come from? It's just sort of, you know, appeared. And I think it appeared because they got pushback because people in the scientific community didn't really agree with the fact that they were touching and pushing sharks. So now they've given it official terminology.

Christian would have had a lot to say at the dinner party when Grace's friend was like, I could fight off a shark, let alone redirect it. Because putting your hands near the pointy end of a shark? That is not good advice. For your average Joe, who's swimming in the ocean, snorkeling in the ocean, and may encounter a shark.

Christian says while some Hawaii sharks are used to divers. I would challenge them maybe to go and do that with a tiger shark off Reunion Island and to come back with both their arms. You know, I don't think that would happen. Reunion Island is in the middle of the Indian Ocean, and it has the most shark attacks on humans per capita in the world. Which still isn't that many.

There were 19 shark bites at Reunion Island between 2012 and 2021, 11 of them fatal. Apparently, Reunion Island is on a kind of shark highway between Australia and South Africa. Reunion Island is like a rest stop on that highway, complete with some fast food, a bunch of coral reefs, and a diverse source of prey. And when they're trying to eat a large fry, they might chomp down on a large guy on accident. Sometimes your order gets mixed up.

This is a good reminder that sharks are dangerous to humans in certain settings, so you might not want to stress them out, which is what Christian says is happening in these redirection videos. So I know that you're trying to demonstrate it to people, but it's a bit of an unnecessary thing to do, right? Because you've just sort of goaded that shark into coming a little bit closer to you, checking you out, when you could have just shown...

An interaction where the shark was just swimming by and ignoring you, right? This reminds me of Werner Herzog's movie, Grizzly Man. Have you ever seen this documentary, Anne-Marie? I have, yes. You're just like, you're just waiting. You're waiting for the inevitable to happen the whole time. Yes, you really are. And for, you know, listeners who haven't seen it, as Emery has, spoiler.

It's about a man who lived in a national park in Alaska who just loved brown bears, which includes grizzly bears, and was passionate about protecting them from poachers. Well, I'm here with one of my favorite bears. It's Mr. Chocolate. But he'd also interact with them a lot. He'd pet them, he'd touch them, and a lot of people actually thought he was doing the bears a disservice by habituating them to humans.

I kept thinking about that criticism while Christian was talking. We as humans, I think... in recent years have started to sort of impose ourselves on nature even more. And it boils down to the fact that these animals deserve our respect and deserve to just be left alone to do. what they need to do, what they were evolved to do, right? They're wild animals. Humans plus wild animals in close proximity can change behaviors, not in a good way.

Kim Holland is a research professor at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology at the University of Hawaii. He's been studying sharks for three decades. Kim looked at some of these redirecting shark pointy end TikToks. One video from Kaylee's former colleague and fellow shark social media star Ocean Ramsey stuck out to Kim. In it, a tiger shark lunges out of the water towards Ocean Ramsey with its mouth open. Kim is talking to Grace Tatter here. That is a behavior you never see in nature.

And that, to me, is all the evidence of a shark saying to itself, oh, here comes that boat. I recognize the noise. And pretty soon there's going to be some food around here. Does it put the shark at... danger to kind of have that reaction to boats? No, I don't think it puts the shark at danger, but it certainly puts people at danger. More putting people and sharks in danger in a minute.

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I grew up thinking that sharks were jaws, right? That's typically the image that often comes to mind. These big mindless man-eating machines. Alex McInturff is a marine biologist at the Big Fish Lab at Oregon State University. And she has a similar story to Christian and Kaylee, a landlubber who dreamed of the sea. Her childhood in Ohio predated Instagram, but she thinks she would have loved content like Oceans and Kaylee's.

I grew up without constant access to the ocean. I was really outdoorsy and adventurous. And to see someone who had the luxury of being in the water all the time as a 12-year-old, that would have been really fascinating to me. Alex does all kinds of marine research. Basking sharks in Ireland, spiny dogfish in Oregon, shark moms in North Carolina. She's keeping tabs on them all. But she also thinks a lot about science communication.

and how researchers can contribute to the messaging about sharks. It's a delicate dance. Swim. It's a delicate swim. Hmm, it's a delicate swim. You're much more likely to be killed by a coconut falling on your head than you are by a shark. That being said...

The other misconception is actually the opposite, that they don't want to hurt you and that they're animals that you can go out and touch and hang out with. That's not really true either. They are predators, and I think our fear of them is actually pretty healthy. And so I think that's something that you need.

to consider. They're not sort of these two extremes. They're somewhere in the middle, right? Alex says she really worries about people not being scared enough and trying to copy divers with a lot more expertise. It's not that a lot of the information in these videos about how to redirect sharks is wrong. It's just that a 30-second TikTok is inherently incomplete.

These videos also generalize shark behavior, when in reality, different species of sharks are going to respond to people differently. Sharks in different places are going to respond differently. Animals can be unpredictable. Sharks and humans. I think it's really important here to note that while we can't say the same for all shark influencers, Kaylee often has long, detailed captions noting that she's professionally trained and that sharks are apex predators and not to do. this at home.

But do people actually read those captions if she's not saying it in the video? No, we never read the captions. Do you read the captions, Anne-Marie? You don't read the captions. I don't pretend for a second that I could do any of this in reality, even though my brain knows.

to punch the nose. I'm thinking about Alex saying, like, I'm worried people are going to think it's too easy. And if there were a shark mouth open in front of my face, I think I would just straight up panic. But yes, even the people who do read the captions Maybe they take them out of context. We asked Kaylee if she worries about this.

For sure. I mean, that's something we have to be like really cautious about. And I've had like pages that want to repost or share my videos. And I'll be like, okay, like you can. share it with credit to me or whatever and they'll be like oh can you send me the video without the text on it and i'm like no like the text on the video is very important because it's showing you like it's not just saying the shark is chasing me

I'm such a badass. I'm going to push it away. Like it's showing you like the steps. Like if you're in this situation, try this. If it keeps happening, try this. So like context and not villainizing the sharks or promoting something that is. you know, harmful for the animals or the people. It's definitely a fine line. Still, as every content creator knows, you can't control what people do with your work once it's out there.

Like, how do you, as a person whose intentions are good, stay in control of what the outcome is of the things you're putting into the world? How do you think about that? I haven't really had any negative outcomes. So maybe one day. That's something that I'll have to deal with. I mean, we're working with sharks, so anything can happen to anyone, even myself. I could be bitten by a shark one day, you know what I mean? But is that going to stop me from...

seeing their beauty and like obsessing over them and wanting to spend time with them. Like, no. Kaylee is awfully casual about the possibility of a shark bite. Yeah, and I hate to say it, but this all made me think about Grizzly Man again. The documentary about the conservationist who hung out with brown bears in Alaska. I will die for these animals. I will die for these animals. I will die for these animals. Because, Amory, you remember how that ended.

Yes, and I'm so glad you brought up this example because I couldn't help but think about it from the beginning of this. Like, the guy who thinks that he is the one who has built the relationship with the grizzly bears gets mauled to death by a grizzly bear. Yeah, he and his girlfriend both get mauled to death. Oh, I forgot about that. I forgot about the girlfriend. And they were actually recording themselves at the time. So there's a recording, and it's pretty awful.

You don't see it, though. You hear it, right? Yeah, you hear it. Yeah, that's bad enough. And then park officials had to kill that bear. And this is where Jaws comes back in, right?

A shark hurts or kills a human, you get a bunch of news stories, and it feeds into this idea of sharks as man-eating machines. Yeah, and all of a sudden everyone's trying to kill them. It's an age-old story. Wolves, sharks, lions, tigers, bears. Oh my. Peter Benchley, who wrote the novel Jaws, was based on...

went on to vocally repent for the harm he feels his work has done on sharks. A few years ago, Steven Spielberg told the BBC that he also feels remorse. That's one of the things I still fear. not to get eaten by a shark, but that sharks are somehow mad at me for the feeding frenzy of crazy sport fishermen that happened after 1975, which I truly and to this day regret.

the decimation of the shark population because of the book and the film. After the book was published and the movie was released, there was a shark hunting frenzy. People thought of them as monsters to be captured and killed instead of animals to be protected. The large shark population off the East Coast was cut by half. The stories we tell about sharks matter. Now it's illegal to kill great whites in all U.S. waters.

But some people want to change that in places like Cape Cod, where shark sightings have become far more frequent over the past decade or so. 26-year-old Arthur Medici died Saturday after being bitten by a shark. Accompanied by a lot of scary headlines that continue to be a part of the tricky nature of how we tell shark stories. Listen as the beachgoers panic, screaming, running out of the water. And how that storytelling influences

our behavior. Screaming like a lunatic, call 911, there's been a shark attack. Suffice it to say, it's important to keep thinking about how we talk about sharks. Because shark encounters aren't going away. We've seen headlines about shark attacks in Texas and Florida and a fatal attack in Hawaii all just within the last couple of weeks at the time that we're recording this.

And how we talk about these incidents, and about sharks in general, influences our behavior. Which is why some of the scientists say that social media can be a powerful tool to get people to care about sharks. But you have to do it right. You have to redirect it. Oh, I like it. I'm picking up what you're putting down, Johnson. I'm chomping what you're chumming. So there hasn't been much research on social media and how it affects our behavior around sharks.

Yet. But there has been research on ecotourism, like the tours that Kaylee runs and promotes on her social media, and how that shapes conservation efforts with mixed results. Some studies have found that shark-focused ecotourism makes people much more likely to engage in shark conservation. While other studies have shown that ecotourism can negatively affect sharks by disrupting their behavior.

Maybe TikTok and Instagram can be a less disruptive way for people to get excited about sharks. Alex McIntur from Oregon would love to see more researchers wade into the social media waters. More often than not, though, I think it's really critical for scientists to be online and doing outreach and being on social media because It's better to have folks get information directly from us than try to interpret what's going on in the media, which for sharks is often a little sensationalized.

The problem is we know that the most accurate content or most informative content isn't always what travels the farthest. That's not only a problem for sharks. It's also been not great, to say the least, for democracy. containing pandemics, etc., etc. The list goes on. Alex says that scientists need to adapt their communication to audiences on social media. Research Paper Ease isn't going to cut it on Insta. Just like diving or research practices, this is something people can be trained in.

We might tell you generally, oh, this is a specific type of shark and this is what we're trying to learn about it, right? We're not going to go into the statistical analyses that we're going to use to do that because that's not super interesting to people. But in science, that is interesting. And so we have to learn to...

cater our message to different audiences. And sometimes I think that translation doesn't work super well for social media if you're not well-versed in using it. And here perhaps is an opportunity. We need scientists to get better at influencing. But we also need influencers to get better at sciencing. In other words, Christian and Alex might say that Kaylee and Ocean are a little dangerous in the way they're putting things into the world. Could they be cordially, gently, purposefully redirected?

You don't need a degree to help the sharks. Maybe there's a way some of these influencers can join forces with full-time researchers and train them up in viral content. This is an animal that has been... villainized for decades. And it's really affected actually support for their conservation and their numbers, which I think influencers also state. So any way to sort of combat that negative stigma, I think is a good first step.

So while some maniac might make the argument that Amory, you and I are influencers, we are definitely not scientists. So we did what we could do to do our part. We didn't even have to get out the chum bucket. Or maybe we did, in a way. We called up Kaylee, and we called up Christian, and we threw some food for thought amongst the waves. And we stayed on the boat and got some rays while they settled the shark-touching TikTok debate once and for all.

I've swum with loads of shark species before and filmed sharks while I've been out in the ocean. And people have filmed me when I've been with sharks in the ocean. I've never felt the need to go and touch that shark just to try and prove to everyone else that these guys aren't mindless serial killing machines. I totally understand that mindset. why that is important especially for research but at the same time when humans don't have a connection with animals

I think that they care a lot less about them. In general, we protect what we love and getting to have some sort of connection or interaction with an animal like can be the difference between that.

animal getting saved, protection. Okay, we didn't actually get Christian and Kaylee on the same boat. We tried to at least get them on the same video call, but we couldn't get their schedules to align. Kaylee did say, though, that she'd be down to work with Christian and other scientists in the future to talk through their differences. And she told us she already works with some researchers, including SharkTagger, an effort led by a group of researchers.

studying shark behavior in Hawaii. And for his part, Christian said he's down for collaborating. I'd be open to seeing what happens. I'm happy to have a chat with Kaylee and hear what she has to say. Do you remember how Jaws ends, Anne-Marie? It's anti-shark propaganda for sure. The ending is a very, very bad one for the shark. Explosive. It's a huge explosion, too. You'd think the shark was like 100 feet long.

It's true. But hear me out. The final scene is of a scientist and a layman swimming off together, having found mutual respect in pursuit of a common goal. I think the tie's with us. Keep kicking. That's our show, folks, in honor of Shark Week 2024. If you're wondering, by the way, about initiatives you can support to support sharks, the shark experts we spoke to for this episode said that there are policies you can push for. Regulating industrial fisheries to reduce shark bycatch.

making shark hunting illegal, or in the case of Cape Cod, keeping shark hunting illegal. Devoting resources to cleaning the seas of industrial debris that sharks get stuck in. All things that help sharks just be sharks without us getting in their faces. Oh, and speaking of the experts, a quick note that an earlier version of this episode misidentified Alex McInturff as a marine biologist at the University of Oregon instead of Oregon State University.

We do not regret the error. Go Ducks! Just kidding. We hate to get it wrong. We gotta own it when we do. Go Beavers! This episode of Endless Thread was produced by Grace Tatter and our podcast news fellow, CCU. It was co-hosted by Ben Brock Johnson and me. Mixed in sound design by Emily Jankowski. The rest of our team is Paul Vykus, Samata Joshi, Dean Russell, and Mia Giuliani. Endless Thread is a podcast about the blurred lines between online communities and being shark bait.

If you have an untold history, an unsolved mystery, a bucket of chum that you want to throw at us, just send us an email at endlessthread at wbur.org. And I guess that's all. We're going for a swim. Want to keep your personal number private but still stay connected? With Line 2.

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Support for this podcast comes from Is Business Broken? A podcast from the Mehrotra Institute at BU Questrom School of Business. Listen on for a sneak preview of a recent episode on AI safety and regulation. Here's Massachusetts State Senator Barry Feingold.

All I think about all day long is how to keep mass users competitive. The last thing I want to do is have us not competitive in AI. Per capita, we have the most venture capital funding anywhere in the world. We have a golden goose here, so I don't want to blow it up. However... About a mile from here, 20 years ago, there was a young kid with this great idea called Facebook. And no one understood how powerful it could be. But now, Mehta will admit that one out of three girls...

Because of their algorithms, we'll say they have body image issues because of what Meta puts on there. We should have stepped in. We should have put guardrails in. So I do believe we can have it both ways. I do believe that we can set up. guardrails, what you should and shouldn't be doing. And we can have a thriving economy that embraces AI. I don't think it's a zero sum game where it's either one or the other.

Find the full episode by searching for Is Business Broken wherever you get your podcasts and learn more about the Mehrotra Institute for Business Markets and Society at ibms.bu.edu.