Welcome, I hope this is working. Welcome to neural link up live update. We're going to tell you about the progress of the first patient with neural link and sort of your recap of of the progress there. Then talk about what changes we were making for the second patient, which we're hoping to do an implant in the next week or so. And this is for our first product, which is called Telepathy, which enables you to control a computer or a phone just by thinking.
So let's in fact. So we'll start off with just some introductions. DJ you want to start? Hi everyone, my name is DJ Saul. I'm an electrical engineer and a chip designer. By training I led the design of first several generations of the neural link implant. Currently I was on the founding team and currently a president. I'm Matthew McDougal. I'm a practicing neurosurgeon and head of Neurosurgery at Neurolink. Yeah, go ahead. Yeah, head of branding interfaces applications. And I'm bliss.
I'm a software engineer at Neurolink trying to figure out how to turn brand activity into cool stuff in the world. All right. Thank you. Well, let's see. So we'll just get going into the presentation. So our first product is sort of like I said, we call telepathy, which is enables the person with Neuralink implant to control their phone or computer just by
thinking. And once you can control your phone or computer, you can essentially control almost anything just and literally just by thinking. So there's no eye tracking or anything. It is purely, purely your thoughts. So this is really quite, quite a profound device that can help a lot of people who have lost the connection between their, their
brain and body. So imagine people like Stephen Hawking, who you know, if imagine if he, if he could communicate at the same speed as someone who had still had the connection to their brain and body. So it's really something that can help millions of people around the world. And it's a, it's part of our overall goal of enabling a very high bandwidth connection between the brain and, and your and the rest of the world and
your computers. The long term goal to which sounds a little esoteric, is to mitigate the the risk of, of the civil civilizational risk of AI by having a sort of closer biosis between human intelligence and digital intelligence. But that, that'll take many years along the way, we're, we're going to help solve a lot of brain injury or spinal injury issues.
So, and then with our first product apathy, that's, that's going to be really quite profound that there is also potential long term for bridging the gaps or if there are damaged or severed neurons being able to span the gap between the brain's motor cortex to the spine to enable someone to use their body again. I think that would be very exciting. And it's, you know, that that is something that is possible in the long term.
And then our second product, which we've demonstrated to work with monkeys is Blind side, which would enable someone who is completely blind or lost both eyes or completely lost their optic nerve to be able to see. So that's that's something that we hope to demonstrate in the future. So let's just give you a sense of what the device is a way to think about the neural link device is kind of like a a Fitbit or an Apple Watch with with tiny wires or electrodes.
Those those tiny wires are implanted in the in the brain and they read and write electrical signals. So a lot of people think the brain is incredibly mysterious thing. It's it, it is mysterious in a lot of ways, but but it is actually, it does operate with like electrical signals. So if you can read and write those electrical signals, you can interface with the brain and the devices is sized so that it is the same size as the as the
piece of skull that is removed. So if it's like a few centimeters diameter of skull that's removed. We replaced that with the device after implanting the tiny wires with a surgical robot and that enables read write capability to the neurons. Completely wirelessly. Yeah, yes, exactly. It's completely wirelessly. So like, I, I could, I could have a neural link right now, you wouldn't know. And it it charges inductively. So you could just basically have an electromagnetic ad that that
you charge the device with. So yeah, it's like an Apple Watch. Exactly so. Except that it's actually a much harder technical a challenge to solve, given that there's limit as to how much heat the brain tissue whereas in for. Phones and have a hot watch you don't really care how much if. It's sitting on a table. Sure. Yeah, it's also it's got to go through scan and stuff as well in our case.
So it's, it is a tougher challenge to to charge and to if I bandwidth communications given that it's got to go through skin and hair and stuff. We have solved it. We have solved it, yeah. So yeah. Yeah. So our first step with the telepathy is basically to unlock digital independence for people with policies and to allow them control the computer just with their mind without moving the body.
And our goal is to provide them the same level of control, functionality and reliability that I have when I'm using a computer, even better than the level of control I have. And it's not a high bar. For you, just to be clear, this guy, he's controlling this with his brain, so he's not like you can't see his hands in this video, but he's not using a mouse and keyboard. Just, you know, thinking about how to move the cursor and playing Civilization.
No eye tracker. Right, there's no eye tracking from I. Mean. He's lost. He's like this is. Watch this on. Twitter just thinking that's it just. Thinking like just a couple days. Cursor move here. Yeah, yeah, yeah. This is like the last night or two nights ago something. Yeah. I think I think the way he also described it is he's using the. Yeah. He has many more videos on his on the platform. Definitely check them out.
Yeah, so you can string that live and also can talk and like move his head without a problem multi time. Yeah, you guys like if you join this live stream, you can ask him questions, he'll he'll tell you all about what it's like to. Also I think I haven't played Civilization myself, but I think this is actually not easy mode. This is expert mode. This is Emperor mode. Emperor mode if you have played sift emperor mode. It's like the highest difficulty
level. The point is like this is a commonly demanding task while live streaming, playing the hardest mode of team and he's able to do that while moving. Talking, engaging with you know the audience while playing. One of the other games he likes to play a lot is chess. I think it gets lost sometimes that he's actually playing speed. Chess against me, yeah. Which requires an incredibly high fidelity degree of control and speed of control in order to be able to win.
So also another cool stuff about about our device is that we can use it anywhere, anytime, also on a plane, during a flight, while creating really cool means of care. Also, our device unlocks things that previously were impossible for our participants. For example, we're able to connect him to his gaming consoles, which they Mario Kart with friends and family and it was lovely to see them playing together after years, but he couldn't do it since he's
injured. Imagine if you're sitting umbrella over from the sky on a plane. You look over, he's making a cat meme. No hands, no movement. Yeah. Live in a real world. Yeah, it's strange, strange time. Yeah. And he loves using the device and using independently daily to watch videos, read, play games using the browser. And the key metrics that we care is to make sure our device is actually useful is to is basically the amount of hours you use the device daily and weekly.
And we track it weekly since the since the surgery and on weeks that he's not too busy and not travelling, he can even reach 70 hours of using the device a week. This is amazing. And he would of course love to use it more, but need to run resource sessions, he needs to sleep sometimes and also of course to charge the device once in a while. Hopefully we'll improve that over time, I think. That maybe not obvious to people who are watching this. Like it's a normal MacBook he's
controlling. This isn't like some limited edition thing where there's only a few options like he can just do anything that you can do on a MacBook Pro. Same one I have on my desk. Actually, it's the exact same one. And maybe another interesting point is that on the first day he used BCI brain control, he was able to break the previous world record for cursor control is by using the brain. And recently he even doubled it and was able to outperform about 10% of our engineered neurolink.
And you can be sure that we are very good in this game and very quick. And if you want to check out how well, how well you can do it, you can do it on our website. And it's very addictive games. Yeah, it's a very simple game. You just have to click on the square. But but it's it's it's it's actually, even though it sounds silly, it's it's quite a yeah, it can be quite a, it sounds like it could be quite addictive.
And it's especially if you get a low score and you think there's no way I got to. So I, I mean, anyone who wants to try this, I recommend going to theneurolink.com website and seeing, seeing if you can beat Nolan's record. And it's that you will find that's actually quite difficult to do so. And this is really with version one of the device and with only a small percentage of the electrodes that are that are working.
So this is, this is really just the beginning, but even the beginning is twice as good as the world record. This is important to emphasize the, you know, the media has a habit of of saying that the glass is 10% empty, but but actually it's 90% full. So I think it's really quite an accomplishment of the neural link team to have achieved with first with the first patient, the first device twice the world record for the range computer bandwidth.
That's really an astonishing, an amazingly great outcome and it's only going to be get better from here. So the potential is to ultimately get, I think to megabit level. So that's, that's part of the long term goal of, of improving the, the bandwidth of the brain computer interface. If you think about like how low the bandwidth normally is between a human and a device, it's the average bandwidth is extremely low. It's it's, I said less than one bit per second over the course
of a day. If there are 86,400 seconds in a day, you're outputting less than that number of bits to any any given device except in perhaps very rare circumstances. So the this is actually quite important for for AI, you know, basically for for human AI, symbiosis is just being able to communicate at A at a speed. Yeah, I can follow. So yeah, just to emphasize again, he's performing at this extremely high level with about 15% of his channels functional.
And so we want to mitigate any of the problems that led to that situation. So, you know, the brain is a fascinating organ. Share with you some of the secrets about the brain. During any typical brain surgery, a small amount of air is introduced into the skull. That's because neurosurgeons like to have as much room as
possible around the brain. And so there's this little known control mechanism of allowing the CO2 concentration in the blood to rise a bit, which allows the brain to either expand or contract depending on where you target that CO2. But typically neurosurgeons will have the brain shrink by
lowering CO2. What we're going to do in our future surgeries is keep the CO2 concentration actually quite normal, maybe even slightly elevated, and that'll allow the brain to stay its normal size and shape during surgery. That should eliminate this air pocket that we saw in the first participant. Now that air pocket we think may have contributed to eating up some of the thread slack as as the air bubble migrated to be under the implant, push the
brain away from the implant. And so that's easy enough to fix. Another consideration that we want to focus on for our upcoming participants is that the brain, think of it like a really complex folded onion. It's layer upon layer of sheets of neurons all over the surface of the brain folded into this, you know, odd looking shape. The folds of the brain travel down deep into the brain and and along with it go those onion layers of neurons.
And if we insert very close to one of the folds where there may be very useful information encoded in neurons, we may end up travelling with our threads parallel to some of the layers of neurons that we're most interested in, avoiding them entirely. To avoid that possibility, we're going to insert in our future participants more close to the middle of the apex of the folds, ensuring that we're crossing the layers of interest, layer five of the cortex.
I also think that it's important to highlight here those tiny wires that Elon mentioned, They're fraction of a human hair. They're very flexible, intentionally so, because brains constantly moving and you want the electrodes to be moving with the brain, causing less of the
scarring. And it's actually impossible for a human neurosurgeon, however talented Matthew is to actually maneuver them by. So we have a surgical robot that we built that can actually precisely target them in any three-dimensional space, XY as well as Z with Micron level precision while avoiding vasculature so that you don't disrupt the the and and cause immune response from happening. So we we actually have the technology to be able to place them exactly where we want them in three.
Yeah, it was truly amazing to see the surface of the brain after the robot had inserted all the electrodes on the 1st participant without a drop of blood. Insight. It's really quite an achievement. Yes, something that probably most people don't realize is that the the brain appears to be sort of somewhat undifferentiated. So if you look at the cortex, it looks like a whole bunch of folds that where, you know, maybe like it's, it's, it's not
obvious. Just looking at a take a picture of the brain that, that, that it's the brain is highly differentiated. That there's you pretty much know exactly where the part of the brain is that controls your right hand and your left hand and your leg and that kind of thing or vision. It's actually quite precisely located. It's not some people like might think, look at the brain like, oh, it could be, it could be
anywhere. But actually we it's your brain is highly differentiated, even though it doesn't look it's yeah. Do you want to describe how we actually where like how we identify where to drill the? So we can we can put a patient that is considering this implant into an F MRI, so functional magnetic resonance imaging machine and ask them to imagine hand movements that you know, because of the spinal cord injury don't happen.
But just imagining those hand movements causes these areas of the brain to light up in the F MRI scanner. And so we have a pretty good idea based in, in fact, for each individual participant, which part of their brain is going to, you know, respond to imagined movements of the hand. And so we can map those imagined movements, much as we all do when moving a mouse to controlling a cursor on a screen, even without the use of a mouse.
Yeah. But anyway, I think it's kind of an important point that like, it's not like you're the part of your brain that controls your hand might be anywhere in the cortex. It's this is not the case. It's going to be in a very specific region and it's going to be extremely common across people. Precision is key too. Yeah, the left-handed, right-handed in my mind too. Like if you're right-handed, you want the device on the left side. Yeah, the lateral side to the hand, that's dominant.
Yeah, the left side of your brain controls right side of your. Body. Yeah. Everything's crossed, yeah. Another of the risk mitigations we're looking at in the future is that, you know that the implant has a certain size, the depth of the bottom of the implant actually thinner than the average human skull. And So what we want to be able to do is control the size of the gap under the implant if the threads that travel from the implant into the brain as much
slack as possible. We didn't do this in the first participant because we didn't want to, you know, manipulate any of their tissue that we didn't absolutely have to in upcoming implants, our plan is to or sculpt the surface of the skull very intentionally to minimize the gap under the implant such that the bottom of the implant travels perfectly flush with the normal contour of the inner side of the skull.
That will put the implant closer to the brain, will eliminate some of the tension on the threads and we think it will reduce some of the tendency of threads to retract, right and. We actually built the tool to do right. Yeah, this is, this is actually, this is a very important detail. You really want the the inner contour of the skull to be flush so that the implant doesn't, there's no, the brain doesn't want to pucker up into the into the gap.
That's really quite a big deal. So like like minimizing the air pocket and the implant being flush with the the inside contour of the skull is are two very important improvements. The additional benefit here is that you know you do see some amount of stick up what we call stick UPS. So you minor bump in the head, but this actually eliminates it
even. Further, Yeah, yeah, I mean, it's like really our goal is that that if you run your hand over the top of the skull, you don't feel any, any bump, you don't feel any, any device. And that even if someone was bald, you wouldn't really even notice it. And and then from the the inner inner contour of the skull that the the brain or physical standpoint doesn't really notice that there's a divot in the skull because there's no divot.
OK. Another aspect of the of the human brain that you know, obviously differs from any of the animals that we tested in is that the human brain is a lot bigger. And so you may not realize that that means that the human brain moves quite a bit more than any of these other smaller brained creatures. And so when we open the skull, we see the brain travel toward and away from the robot, about 3mm in total as the heart beats and and the breathing takes place.
And so that movement, you know, it, it adds a small challenge for the robot in precisely choosing a depth to insert each thread. It's not an enormous challenge. And we've already upgraded the robots capabilities to be able to even more precisely target depth in in even a very rapidly moving brain with a high amplitude of movement. You may think the most obvious mitigation for threads that pulled out of the brain is to insert them deeper.
We think so too. And so we're going to broaden the range of depths at which we insert threads. So you know, for the very first participant, we had an enormous amount of data from our animal work and we had very highly optimized our insertion depth to maximize the crossing of layers of interest in the cortex with the electrodes that were
recording from. Now that we know retraction is a possibility, we're going to insert at a variety of depths that even in several cases of differing amounts of retracting threads, we're going to have electrodes at the proper depth and with the deepest threads be able to track how much retraction has occurred across the surface of the brain from
from each thread. And so we're going to, you know, both have more threads in the right layer and have better data on how much retraction has occurred. If you're ABCI nerd, you might know that being able to control individual Z depth per thread is not something that most neural interface devices offer. Most neural interface devices are kind of a static, fixed, rigid array that you push in and all the electrodes are on depth. To be able to do this is
actually pretty pretty novel. Part of the robot. Yeah, the historical approach is to actually pound in a sort of bed of nails with an air hammer into the. Brain, It looks crazy that that that is. Yeah, just with a with a pneumatic hammer. That's the this is it sounds kind of somewhat barbaric. This is not what we do, but this is what's been done before is literally just hammering in what looks like a better nails with the brain, which actually works. It's astonishing that it
actually works. But I mean, some people like manual, like DBS probes, you're just sticking in by hand. Our research is just guiding them in. Those are several, several orders of magnitude more volume of brain tissue that you're destroying compared to what we're doing. But that deep brain simulation stuff does actually work, and it actually helps people a lot. Yeah, yeah, yeah. That's a great product.
Yeah. I mean, I think we'll we'll be able to do a much more finessed version of that down the road. So I mean, it's really difficult like the, the the neural link device is something that really absolutely minimizes damage to the brain, absolutely minimizes the load on the patient. And the goal is to allow someone to live a completely normal life. They work that you won't even notice that someone even has the device. So like I said, we're restoring the ability to control your
computer and phone. That's how telepathy and then next device being able to allow people to see that cannot see before. And in fact, you could you could allow people to see kind of like Dora the Forge in Star Trek in any what? Whatever. Infrared. Yeah, infrared, ultraviolet radar. So. So I think another way of saying it is that we want to give
people superpowers. So it's not just that we're restoring your prior brain functionality, but that you actually have functionality far greater than a normal human. That's a super big deal. And I also think, you know, often times the questions that we get a lot is why do you have to actually go into the brain? What if you place it on the
surface or outside the skull? Basically the Long story short, the physics of how it works, you really need to get the sensors, which are these facing in the brain next to the source which you're on as close to it as possible.
Otherwise what you get is you get a population response and not be able to kind of do the level of control that we believe of. Yeah, I mean, a good sort of analogy would be like if you're trying to understand what goes on in a factory, you kind of need to go into the factory.
You can't just put a stethoscope on the wall and try to figure out what's going Like anything on the outside of the trying to read things from the outside is like putting a stethoscope on the wall of a factory, trying to understand what's going in the factory. It's not going to be effective. You got to be threads. You got to be in there. So. But I just want to be emphasized again, like the goal is to give people superpowers, not just to restore prior functionality. So it's very exciting.
And I think that should give hope to a lot of people in the world that the future is going to be exciting and inspiring and the technology is going to give them superpowers. I mean, that's that's amazing. Yeah, I guess it. Is. Off yeah and and could can you multitask but yeah in fact if you look at Nolan's streaming and you can just check out Nolan's streams on on the X platform he's multitasking all the time so he's playing video games while talking and. Listening to podcasts?
Nice listening to podcasts. Yeah. Yeah, exactly. So it's really just like if you're using your hands and you can be, you know, playing a video game while talking so. I mean, don't take that word for it. Just go watch. I mean, yeah, yeah, he's out there on the Internet doing his thing. Yeah, yeah, exactly. So can he do keyboard shortcuts or is it just the mouse? Yeah, that's actually what we're working on right now.
Sure, so currently he's working with the mouse, but we are also exploring and decoding more dimensions from the new activity. Multiple clicks. So to do shortcuts or just able to control more games, control games with an Xbox controller. But also in the future we expand, we plan to expand to decode text, not just the mouse control, but also allow our participant to type much faster. And yeah. Yeah, actually.
So maybe going back to the discussion of thread retraction, you know, one of the very exciting parts to me about this story is that we're able to do so much with 15% of channels. You have more channels. What that actually offers you is not just faster mouse control, because in the motor cortex, neurons don't all represent the same thing.
So if you're trying to understand, like, you know, what an individual finger is trying to do, you might or might not have an Electro next to it. And the more channels you have in the brain, the higher likelihood you have, you know, representation or decodability of all fingers on the hand. It's like you're trying to do something like output text at a
fast rate. It's something that matters a lot for people who are completely locked in, who cannot speak at all, who are trying to, you know, just say I love you to them, to a loved one in their family or ask for a glass of water or a scratch or whatever. You know, being able to type at a faster rate is extremely important. And the more fingers you have access to, higher probability.
You can do that officially. And so yeah, you know, I'm super excited about high, how high the ceiling is you can that we can get to as we resolve this standard traction issue. Yeah, I mean we're like we're currently at approximately 1010 bits per second P great. But ultimately we want to get to megabit and I think ultimately whole brain interface I think you know, many years from now I think Gigabit level as possible. So that's that's pretty astonishing.
You know, with this is still version one of our device. As we mentioned, it's version one with only 15% of the threads working. The the current device has 64 threads with 16 electrodes on each thread. Our next device has 128 threads with with eight electrodes per per thread. Because as we get more confident about how, where exactly to place the, the electrode the the thread, you, you need fewer electrodes per thread.
So we can essentially with the current with without substantial changes, potentially double the bandwidth if if we are accurate with the placement of of the threads and then our next generation device will have maybe even. More channels. Yeah, yeah. So yeah. So next device for every four, yeah, 3000 channels. So this will just keep getting better and better really moving up I think in towards magnitude in factors of 10 basically in in what kind of bandwidth.
So I think won't be, it won't be all that long before someone with a neural link device can communicate faster than someone who is has a fully functional body. And yeah, so I think, you know, faster than the fastest speed typist or auctioneer. The E sports tournaments are going to be. Like you literally won't be able to speak faster than someone can communicate with a neural link telepathy device. It may be a very interesting
part of this. Basically we currently connect to standard inputs to the computer through mouse and keyboards, but very soon, as we will have a much broader bandwidth, we need to think about new ways to actually build the interface for their devices. This is something that we can't accept. Yeah. No, that's, that's a good point because the, the current input devices are centered around human hands.
So it's like we've got these, you know, little meat sticks that we move and there's a certain rate at which you can move your move your fingers. And so we've got like the mouse and the keyboard and with a joystick control, you know, like Xbox controller or something like that. But you really don't need that. You can actually, you don't.
You don't need, since you're no longer if you're, if you're not trying to use your hands, you don't, you actually don't need those conventional control mechanisms. And so This is why like, ultimately I think you'll be able to do conceptual telepathy like where you can communicate entire concepts uncompressed to someone else with a neural link
or to the computer. Even today we have some problems here where like, you know, if you don't feel the mouse clicking under your finger, how do you know it actually happened? Because you know, you're, you're seeing it on the screen, but you don't actually feel the mouse clip. You don't have the proprioceptive feedback of, you know, the keys under your fingertips or the trackpad under your.
There's all sorts of interesting UX challenges, how to actually give the user some sense of what their decoder is actually doing or what the Neuralink is actually doing. I mean, they're trying to use. So wireless. Yeah, it's Bluetooth. Just a Bluetooth connection, just like how your normal Apple mouse or like Apple Magic Keyboard connects to your computer. Same exact thing, in fact in. Yeah, we can basically have this exposed as an HID interface if we want.
HID is just the name of the protocol for like sending bits from a mouse into a computer. Yeah, I can plug into basically anything. Yeah. I mean, I think we, we chose that interface because it's ubiquitous. Yeah, basically any devices are are we have Bluetooth capabilities. Our our long term goal is to actually have our own protocol, you know that is safe and secure. But for now, you know we've chosen it for interoperability.
So the question is can a neural link chip repair the paralysis in the long term? You know, we can't do that right now. We have done sort of preliminary work implanting a second neural link in the spinal cord and we can restore naturalistic looking hand and leg movements in animal models. But this isn't something that is, you know, don't, don't hold your breath waiting for it. It's going to be a while. We've got a lot of work to do.
But yes, there's no reason in theory that we can't repair paralysis. Yeah. I mean essentially to to, I mean it there's, there's no, there's no physics barrier to fully solving paralysis. That is perhaps a way to say it, that you've got signals coming from your motor cortex that if they are transferred past the point where the the nerves are damaged, essentially just it's basically a communications bridge.
So you bridge the communications from the motor cortex past the the point in the neck or spine where the nose are damaged. And you should like it is physics. It is possible from a physics standpoint to restore full body functionality from a physics standpoint, it's a very hard technical problem, but it, but it is, there is nothing that prevents it happening from a physics standpoint.
So in terms of next phase of the rollout, well, we, we really want to make sure that we, we make as much progress as possible between each neural link a patient. So this is, we're only just moving now to our second neural link patient, but we, we hope to have, you know, if, if, if things go well, high single digits this year. And I don't know, maybe this is somewhat dependent on regulatory approval and how how much technical progress we make, but within a few years, hopefully thousands.
Yeah. And I think one thing that is important to highlight is that, you know, it's not that we built only one device and one surgery. We've done hundreds of surgery. We've built thousands and thousands of devices even for just the the ability to unearth any sort of low frequency failure mode. So we have already been investing very heavily in infrastructure to be able to scale this thing on the device manufacturing side as well as on
the surgery side of things. We want to be able to help as many people as quickly as we go through obviously the appropriate hurdles that are regulatory challenges and proving out the device with. Yeah, and the the device implantation really needs to become almost entirely if not entirely automatic in the same way that's a LASIK. Eye surgery is done, you know, you don't have an ophthalmologist with a laser cutter by hand that that would
be crazy. But the ophthalmologist overseas the LASIK machine and make sure that the settings are correct and then the machine does everything and restores your eyesight. It's really remarkable how how many people have had their eyesight restored with with LASIK. And I think there's another one called Smile. It's they they keep making it
better. We need to have something similar for a Neuralink implantation so that you basically sit down and whatever the, the, whatever kind of upgrades or, you know, brain fixes are needed. That's that's reviewed by medical expert. Obviously we want to make sure that that is reviewed correctly, but but it really needs to be automatic. So you sit down and, and within 10 minutes you have a newer like device installed very, very fast.
I mean, it's very sort of cyberpunk, you know, Deus Ex if you played those games. When we'll start to interface with other devices like wheelchair, it's a great question. We're currently focusing on controlling computers and unlock independence in the virtual world. Of course, our plan is, as we mentioned earlier, robotic arm and wheelchair to unlock independence in the physical world.
This of course additional risk if you make your computer, there's some additional risk to that, but we are working with the FDA to allow us to be quite some. Well, it seems like if if the wheelchair has an. App. Well, the wheelchair just needs to have an interface. It does, yeah. So if if the wheelchair has a Bluetooth interface, you could just Bluetooth interface to the wheelchair. And and that's probably something we should do. We're working on pretty soon, yeah.
It's really a matter of paperwork. I'm showing that you can do it safely. You don't want to drive off. A Cliff. Well, I think we could. Well, we can limit the speed. Yeah, Yeah. So it doesn't go careening off into disaster, but you know, so just make it go slowly at first. But yeah, so being able to sort of it really the New York device just should work generally for anything that's got a Bluetooth
interface. Including potentially, an Optimus. Yes, yeah, you're, yes, you could communicate with Optimus. Yep, absolutely. Optimus, we'll also be able to talk to optimists. But like, but you could just, yeah, instead of talking just, you could just beam it directly. Or if, if someone has lost the use of speech, then, then they can still communicate to an optimist. They can communicate telepathically to Optimists or by Bluetooth.
And, and, and so even if someone has, you know, completely lost the ability to speak, they could still control optimists or their computer or phone. You know, also like if you have an optimist and you have a neuron, you can just directly map the brain signal to control of the physical arm of the robot. And that's a very meaningful thing. Like if you're, you know, folks that have spinal cord injury, one of the biggest requests is to be able to scratch yourself. It's something that quite
annoying actually. And if you have a scratch on your face, you can't fall asleep until you scratch it. You know, it's very convenient to be able to move something physically towards you, to be able to scratch similar things like eating food. You know, if you need somebody to feed you very hard to have dinner with friends in a way that is, you know, sort of a normal social experience.
And so if you can feed yourself, pick up a fork and actually eat a piece of chicken on your own, you know, that's a big deal. It prevents and saves a lot of interactions with caretakers and other people in your life that you rely on to take care of it, But it really increases you. I think an exciting possibility long term also is to say if you take parts of the Optimus Optimus humanoid robot and you combine that with a neural link, let's say somebody has lost their arms or legs.
Well, we, we could actually attach an optimist arm or optimist legs and do a neural link implant so that the, the motor commands from your brain that go would go to your biological arms. Now go to your robot arms or robot legs. And again, you you'd have basically cybernetic superpowers. Actually, so the latency from the neural link to your hand would probably be slightly faster than it is just to go to
your physical hand. So you can imagine like if you're a piano player or AI don't know anything that requires extremely fast, you know, hand movements that you could actually have a pretty imbalanced right hand robotic arm control versus left hand physical arm control because one of them. Yeah, like I said, it's just kind of a cyberpunk day of sex in the future where you have cybernetic upgrades that are actually better than your
biological limbs. And it's certainly the, we'll have a much, you know, as particularly as we expand to a large number of of, of customers or patients for Neurolink, the understanding of the brain will improve dramatically because really there isn't a fine, very fine grained understanding of the brain today because the, it's just the sensors aren't good enough. You've got fMRI, which is pretty good, but it's still not as good as actually having high bandwidth electrodes in the brain.
Yeah, I think this is under appreciated as a research tool to to move that whole effort forward of really knowing, you know, what the physical substance of human thought is. We don't know to the to the degree that we need to. So Neuralink is actually a very powerful research tool.
Yeah, I mean, we, I think we can ultimately understand and and fix it's quite severe psychosis or like if if somebody's got like the if somebody's got like a. Like a delusion that they have a chip in their brain, I. Was. Wondering if you were going to mention that one. We just want to be clear, there's only one person with a new linked chip in their brain.
So for people out there who think we've put a chip in their brain, we'd like to assure you or what it's worth, you probably won't believe us, but we did not put a chip in your brain. OK, So there's actually a remarkable number of people who think we have put a chip in their brain, but we have not. But in the future, if you would like us to put a chip in your brain, which will perhaps help with the issue of thinking that you have a chip in your brain, then we will be able to do so.
So there are people that have severe schizophrenia. They've got basically things that their brain is malfunctioning in some way. And, and this is actually due to really like physical circuitry issues. You can think of the brain as like really it's a, it's, it's a biological computer. And if, if some of the circuits are crossed, it's going to, you know, it's going to crash or it's going to have issues that was not work.
But with a Neuralink device, we can fix those issues and, you know, give someone who I think has to say severe schizophrenia or or psychosis of some kind, allow them to live a normal life. I think that is one of the
likely things in the future. So, yeah, I mean, yeah, you can certainly imagine, like, I'm sure people have like, parents, grandparents who've, you know, have memory that's not working as well as it used to be. Sometimes they forget who who their grandchildren are or what day it is.
And this is something that on your linked device could help fix I. Mean that that's actually one of the personal reasons in in in many way like forms of you're you're literally losing your and then part of your item, which is a just a very, very. Yeah. And it's really just, it's a glitch in the biological computer that is a fixable glitch like, like it's a short circuit essentially. How does the device charge and how long does the charge last? Yeah.
So the current version that Nolan has, it lasts but four to five hours on a single charge, and it takes about 45 minutes to charge. The thing we've learned from Nolan is that that's actually one of the main limiters for him using it more. It's actually pretty hard to use a product more than like 70 hours a week. But that's about what he has used it for in some weeks. Yeah, 70 hours in a week, Yeah. I mean, just for context, like you sleep roughly 8 hours a night.
So that's, you know, we're doing better than the bed. Like the bed is 56 hours a week if you use roughly. And so 70 hours a week if uses. I challenge you to think about products that you've actually used for that duration. But that's again, some of these points are worth like emphasizing again, like the that Nolan, our first neural link recipient, has used the neural link device for 70 hours in a
week, which is incredible. He probably won't enjoy the time sharing his computer use publicly, but I. Mean. I assure use for productive things only, but actually so one of the things we've learned is that in the next version of the device we really need to like double or you know, increase that battery life. And so I think DJ, the next version is going to be double. Actually. Actually double. Without without increasing the charge.
Correct in charging time to double the battery life, meaning you should get roughly 8 hours of use. And the goal is to actually get to all they use so you can just charge maybe in your sleep or your sleeping pillow. Exactly. As soon as you've got like 16 hours of usage, then you basically have 24 hours of usage because it can charge while you're sleeping. One of the things that's important, I think, to call out here is if you're paralyzed, you can't, you know, put the charger
over your head yourself. And so it's important to think about like it's not just a duration of better use, but also can you recharge it yourself independently. So we spend a lot of time thinking about how to make that feasible because then that means that you can, this is what no
one does. You can use the device, charge it, use the device, charge it, use the device without needing anybody to come in and sort of help you with that, which is a big deal if you're trying to play save until 5:00 AM at night when your family's asleep. And the way in which he does that is that there is a charger coil that's a big or you know about this big, and we actually put it in the sleeve of a of a hat. Like a beanie. Or a beanie and then he wears it and then says with the voice
command charge. Charger energized. That's the one he. Likes. How would writing work? So so yeah, the current device that Nolan has is reading. So it's trying to read his essentially like worst movement from from one one hand. That's also, you know, with pointing out like in the future, like we're pretty cool to you can roll into a second implant that would allow the other hand to be used and also have higher, obviously higher active electrode count.
So then you can play two essentially play games two handed because that's normally how you play games. And but then with with writing, it's really just it's an electrical impulse instead of like reading electrical impulses from the neuron to you issue an electrical impulse, which is obviously critical for vision. So vision is, is writing, which is just triggering an electrical impulse in the vision part of the brain and that like activates a pixel.
So we actually do have this working in monkeys. So we had we've had it working with monkeys for a while now where you can sort of flash a pixel and then you watch where the monkey, obviously the monkey's like, what monkey's a little surprised to see like, hey, there's a flash here and a flash here, but it's gets used to it after a while. But it just you can you can see that that the pixel is in the right location because the monkey's eyes will dark to that
location. It's not on the screen, like there's no pixel on the. Screen. There's no pixel on the screen. Yeah, just like. You just verify that that the that you're triggering a pixel in the right part of the brain. So, you know, the initial resolution for vision will be relatively low, you know, sort of Atari graphics type of thing. But over time, it could potentially be better than normal vision.
And then I guess in terms of some additional applications for where writing to the brain can be useful order applications as Bliss mentioned there is. Feedback. There's a proprioceptive feedback, there's a tactile feedback. Especially for a robot arm, Like if you're trying to grasp a call right, you need to know you've got it. Yeah, 1 to one egg.
It's an egg, Yeah. It's a very much a delicate balance of not just initiating the movement, but getting the feedback and controlling it accordingly. So there there is a some meta sensory cortex that's right adjacent to motor cortex that could could be benefit. Motor movements, so any changes in neural growth after device is inserted, we don't see any any signs of neural damage. But I and I guess we, we have seen some rebound on some of the electrodes, right? Correct.
And then also, I mean, I guess, I guess the brain is very plastic. So it's not that plastic. Well, it does diminish quite a bit after each 10/20. Throughout childhood, especially when you get to about 25 rain, really done cooking. Yeah. But there are, There is a little bit of damage done with each insertion, but it's a miniscule amount compared to anything else out there. And so it's an easy amount of
damage recover from. And it's really only detectable on cutting pieces of the brain after after the animal's no longer alive and looking at them under a microscope, you can't really tell during life that there's been any brain. And another way to interpret this question, have there any changes in neural growth after the device is inserted? One way to interpret that is like the user learning how to use the device. And I think on that side of things, there's been tremendous progress.
He's put in hundreds of hours trying to figure out the best way to use this device because he really thinks that, you know, if he can figure this out, he can help share this knowledge. I mean, he's like on Friday night at 8:00 PM, you know, he's starting a session of like, you know, figuring out himself how to how to push his own performance to the next level. And that's really a unique learning process because there's not many people in the world that have had the experience of
moving something. And. So there's a lot of nuance to like, OK, how exactly should I imagine or attempt to move my wrist to get the thing to Yeah, he's really dialed that into a. Also, just the sheer number of hours that he's even in the past six months, right? In many ways, like, I mean, he's using it in his travel in his plane, right? Effectively, PCI has left the lab. Yeah. Yeah, one of the questions is how close we're converting
thoughts into text. I mean, right, Right now it's more about moving cursed from the screen on on a virtual keyboard, but long term you should be able to really estimate entire words faster than anyone could possibly type. I'm able to type Hello World today but we're still in the early days making that a posh experience. I mean, the other things that we're looking at is sign language, right? At the end of the day, it is a movement of and into, right? Yeah, it's true.
Was the brain trying to naturally push the threads out? I mean, this is sort of a universal feature of any implant in the body. The body tries to reject it. And the goal of the surgeons and the technology team is to fight that. And so with artificial hips and with, you know, screws in the spine, we've done a really good job of finding biocompatible materials and techniques to fix
those implants in the body. I mean, past a certain age, it's getting hard to find someone without some kind of implant, you know, knee, hip, some kind of screws in their spine. And so we've got this problem pretty well solved. So to answer your question, yes, the body is trying to get rid of any implant, but we can ensure that basically can't. It's also worth highlighting that the threads have not actually moved in the past five months.
There's, there's some still minor movements in terms of like some maybe, maybe getting pushed in a little bit, pushed out a little bit, but it's, it's more or less very stable and been stable for. And the reason for that is, you know, once you, once you do a brain surgery, it takes some time for the tissues to come in and then, and then you know, the art tissue or the neo membrane to actually come in and then
anchor the threats in place. And once that happens, everything has been stable and seen much movement. That's where the world record performance starts to come. In Yeah, that was a couple weeks ago. Yeah, the threats, like it is important that the threats be extremely tiny. If they're extremely tiny, then the brain does not. The smaller they are, the less likely the brain is to react to to them.
So that's why you want the threats to be extremely tiny and also to minimize any damage to neurons, so. On that note, we do plan to actually share some of the, you know, the tissue response in detail and some of the the later
upcoming updates. Yeah, it is quite a challenging, it's challenging on many fronts to do something like this because you're, you're trying to read and read and write electrical signals, but you need to have the, the threads themselves need to be like electrically isolated and and not subject to corrosion in the body. So like the, you know, just metal by itself is somewhat subject to corrosion or, or being attacked.
So it's it's, it's like in terms of the various coatings and things to actually make this electrode work while not actually eroding it's performance over time is, is very difficult. Human bodies are very, very harsh environment, very harsh environment. It's a, it's a bag of salt water with bad sensors that's elevated temperature that is well regulated. I mean, I'm sure people have experienced dropping their electronic devices in the sea water and in an instant.
Yeah, yeah. So we're going to sort of wrap this up soon if there's like a few few last questions, I guess. So a good question. So what about upgrades? So yeah, we do think it's going to be important to be able to upgrade the device over time, just like you wouldn't want like an iPhone 1 stuck in your brain forever. You know, if you've got an iPhone 15, you probably want the iPhone 15, not the iPhone 1. So I think triple over time will be able to upgrade their, their neural link.
So we'll take the neural link device out and put a new one in. And we, we have done this with some of our animals and they're actually in one case we did with we, we upgraded device three times and and with a pig. We did with a monkey as well. He's able to do PCI. Yeah. And he's, he's doing fine, Yeah. Pedro has the pedest implant. Actually, he hit his, I think his record with the last. Yeah, with the with an upgrade. So it still beat him though Will. It still beat him.
Yes, this is true. Humans are top of the species leaderboard right now. Pedro's like what, like eight or something? Pedro's like 8.5 BPS, OK, but it's a very high score. Yeah. I'm not trying to put Pedro down. And also to train a monkey to do that, It's like a whole challenge on its own. We have like the best animal care team. Yeah, just do 1/2 size. We, we, we, we do our absolute best to take care of the, the
animals. And when we had like a USDA inspector come through, she said that this was the, the nicest animal facility she's ever seen in her entire life. So breakfast. On an app like. The the, the monkey orders room service. Yes, yeah, we've we've we've monkey room service, which is rare. We're the only ones who offer monkey room service. So we really do everything we can to maximize the welfare of the animals. So all right, with that, thank you everyone for tuning in.
Hope you found this interesting.