Iran Contra: Episode 4 - Diverted

Pushkin. Oliver North had no formal training in covert operations. He had never seriously studied diplomacy either, or international relations or political science. He was a soldier. So when he found himself in charge of two top secret foreign policy programs, one in Nicaragua, the other in Iran, he kind of had to make it up as he went along. In Nicaragua, North was counting on Contra rebel leaders to allocate the

The problem was the Contress didn't know how to run their war. They were very bad managers.

This is journalist Doyle McManus. You've heard from him before. He covered the Contra war for the Los Angeles Times and co authored a book about the Reagan administration called Landslide.

The weapons were piling up in warehouses in Miami. The Contress had no reliable way to ship them to the battlefield, and there were persistent reports that there was corruption going on, that the Contras were either taking kickbacks from arms, merchants or just skimming money off the top.

Oliver North and his superiors needed more control in Nicaragua, and they no longer wanted to rely on people they couldn't trust, so they enlisted the help of someone they could count on and who had the experience that North lacked. His name was Richard Seacord.

Richard Seacord had precisely the expertise that Ali North and the Contra needed. He knew how to move equipment from one country to another in airplanes secretly.

Richard Seacord was a retired Air Force general. He was known for his extensive experience with covert operations and as a strong believer in giving the president broad powers to undertake them. For his master's thesis at the Naval War College, Seacord wrote that when it came to covert ops, quote, bureaucratic obstacles should be dismissed out of hand. After carrying out secret missions in Vietnam and Laos, Seacords served in

Of interest to the Grand Jury. Sources say Major General Richard Seacord, a deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense.

With his career in Washington cut short. Seacord went into the private sector fascination, and while some of his former colleagues and government viewed him with suspicion due to the Kadafi scandal, there were those who felt he had been unfairly tarnished by it. Among them was the director of the CIA, who suggested to Oliver North that he brings Seacord in to help with the Contra war.

I was asked if I could help out logistically keeping the contras in the field resupplied.

I interviewed Major General Richard Seacoord in Florida in twenty nineteen. He died in twenty twenty four.

They were next to Despert, you know, they knew that I knew Air and so forth, and so that was the beginning of it.

In the summer of nineteen eighty five, about a year after Congress forced the CIA to stop funding the contras, Seacord and a business partner created a Swiss bank account to hold money being donated to the Contra cause. Using that money, Sea Court set about building a resupply operation for the Contras from scratch. That meant putting together what was essentially a mini CIA, or at least a mini airline.

Logistics are the senews of war military history writers going back. I know is far as Napoleon's time, right about that, but people tend to forget it because it's not very glamorous. The logistics is the chore. It's the long pole in that tent.

A few months after Seacord started working with the Contras, Oliver North came to him for help with another matter, the White House's secret program to sell arms to Iran. As you heard in episode two, Ronald Reagan had approved the sale of missiles to Iran as part of an

The Israeli plane got stuck in Portugal. The Portuguese couldn't figure out what this shipment was or why they should let it go through. A CIA plane had to be called in to take the arms to Iran. And when the Iranians opened the shipment, they were very unhappy because there weren't as many missiles as they expected. They were the wrong model, and some of the missiles even had the Israeli Star of David on them, and so the Iranians erupted in fury and refused to release any hostages at all.

Oliver North briefed his boss, John Poindexter on what had gone wrong. Poindexter was Reagan's new National security advisor. In a memo, North acknowledged that the Iran initiative was a mess, but he argued we are now so far down the road that stopping could have even more serious repercussions. In a follow up memo to Poindexter titled Next Steps, North proposed they cut Israel out of the deal and sell the weapons to Iran themselves, bringing in Richard Seacord as

We're running a successful air up down there. Why not this one? Yeah? And I guess point to extra figured that good old Dick Secord, the can't do guy. He'll get her done.

With that.

Seacord's responsibilities expanded. In addition to managing money and supplies for the Contras, this private citizen would now also be facilitating the sale of American weapons to Iran. This was the moment when the twin Engine scandal, now known as Iran Contra took off. I'm Leon Nahan from Prologue Projects and Pushkin Industries. This is fiasco Iran Contra.

The issue is back paid for the Contras fighting the Nicaraguan government.

North was very excited he had pulled it off.

His secret visit to TAYHRANI.

These kinds of escapades.

He and had suicide pills and I had nothing.

I was very convinced the President would agree it was the right thing to do.

The President has thrown himself into this battle.

I was going to go ahead and tell them my story.

Episode four diverted, how Oliver North and Richard Seacord put the hyphen in Iran Contra, and how North ended up on a plane to Tehran.

We'll be right back.

In order to build the resupply operation for the Contras, Richard Seacord needed to hire a crew of airmen who could fly planes and knew how to make air drops. In December of nineteen eighty five, the word reached Ian Crawford, a soft spoken twenty nine year old who had served as part of the Army's elite Delta Force Unit. Crawford had recently returned to civilian life in Fayetteville, North Carolina, and he had started a business sowing custom vests, backpacks, and other military.

Equipment and out of the field blue. At a New Year's Eve party, somebody is talking to my mother in law, of all people, and this person said that they needed to find some ex military people with a parachute background.

Crawford just happened to be a certified parachute specialist, so his mother in law put him in touch with the guy from the party, who in turn put him in touch with a guy in Washington who worked for Richard Seacoord. That guy offered Crawford a job.

He told me, I was going to air drop equipment to a newly formed group somewhere in the world he wouldn't tell me, and that I was being hired for my parachute and air drop specialties.

A few months later, Crawford boarded a southbound plane packed with military fatigues, jungle boots, and tents. When the plane landed, he found himself standing on a dirt airstrip in Honduras. He had arrived at Aguacat, a bare bones military encampment that was being used as part of Secord's new resupply operation.

When we finally landed in Awacati, Honduras, we knew that we were in a contract camp. It was a confined, primitive and secret base. The Hondurans knew about it, but they didn't want to advertise that they were allowing the contries to be on their side of the border.

When Crawford first got to Aguacata, there was just one plane available to fly missions. It was a C seven Cariboo cargo plane, the same kind that was used in Vietnam.

Soon you will be flying the C seven a Cariboo in remote, underdeveloped areas of the world.

Crawford's job was to help the contras pack supplies into bundles and load them onto the Cariboo. Inside the bundles was a mix of food, ammunition, grenades, rockets, mortar shells, and AK forty sevens. Crawford would use a forklift to get them into the Cariboo, then line them up side by side and attach parachutes to them. Then he would take a seat as the plane took off for Nicaragua.

Short primitive runways hacked from the jungle and desolate terrain make these parts of the world Cariboo country.

I would fly in the back of the aircraft. We'd fly for twenty or thirty minutes to a drop zone.

The pilot flying the Cariboo would get down as low as possible over the drop zones, which were located over sandbars in the Rio Cocoa. Contraforces would then pick up the supplies.

If no airstrip exists or it is under enemy fire, a personnel drop maybe the only way to reinforce a Special Forces camp, and.

I'd take a very large knife and cut a nylon strap that was holding these bundles back, and the pilot would raise the aircraft nose up and the bundles would roll out the back of the aircraft.

Sometimes as the caribou flew over the jungle, Crawford would sit with his legs dangling from the back of the aircraft and watch for Sandinista helicopters. It was dangerous work. The threat of being shot down was real, but Crawford and his crew were also worried about their own plane giving out on them.

And there were actually holes in the dashboard where gauges had been taken out and sent back for maintenance, and we were all kind of shocked at the level of maintenance that the aircraft actually needed.

Crawford chucked this up to penny pinching by the operation's top brass, and he wasn't happy about it.

Management was trying to cut corners, spend the least amount of money to get whatever mission done the cheapest possible.

When I asked Seacort about this, he flatly rejected the notion that his planes were in poor condition.

Those airplanes were well equipped and being operated by a professional airmen who knew what the hell they were doing, which is why we had him.

That's at least half true, as Seacoorts top operations manager would later testify, the airmen's Seacorts Company had recruited were fortunately the kinds of guys that could put together an operating aircraft with baling wire and chewing gum. In any event, there's no question that Seacord's budget was modest. As far as he was concerned, the resupply operation was only viable

My belief was it was just a short term, a stopgap operation, a bridging operation. It became a bridge too far.

Oliver North was feeling the pressure too. I'm not complaining, and you know that I love the work, he wrote to John Poindexter, but we have to lift some of this onto the CIA so that I can get more than two or three hours of sleep at night. Unfortunately for North, the CIA could not step back into Nicaragua unless Congress changed its mind about funding the Contras, and that didn't seem like it was in the cards, at

The President very clearly articulated in the meetings I was in with him in the Oval Office on this issue. It was very clear that the President wanted as many Americans home, all of them home, as fast as possible.

Richard Seacord had more personal reasons for getting involved. One of them was surely financial. He and his partner stood to make millions of dollars and commissions. But there was something else too. Remember, Seacord's career in the intelligence community had been cut short by scandal. He thought that helping out with the operation could help him get back in the fold.

I was thinking about the possibility of taking over the CIA, no question about that. That was the right age, They had the right background. I would not have taken a job by than the director, but they needed some operator to run that place, and not a bunch of shoe clerks.

So that's at least part of what was driving sea Cord. Then there was John Poindexter, who inherited the Iran initiative from his predecessor, Bud McFarlane. Poindexter's reasons for continuing to pursue the program have remained remarkably consistent over time. As he told me in late twenty nineteen, he saw the decision to sell weapons to Iran as part of the Reagan administration's plan to win the Cold War.

I ran, from a geographic standpoint, occupies a very important position in the Middle East.

This is John Poindexter.

There on the east side of the what used to be called the Persian Gulf, and at the end the south end of the Gulf are the straits of Hormus, which is a very narrow body of water that connects the Gulf to the Indian Ocean. So the Soviet Union has always wanted access to the Indian Ocean, and one way for them to get that is to develop a cooperative relationship with Iran.

Poindexter believed that in the long run, Iran would probably end up aligning itself with either the United States or the Soviet Union. Even though the Komanian regime was fiercely anti American, Establishing a diplomatic opening with more moderate elements in the Iranian government was a way to make sure the United States came out on top in a post Komani world.

We always thought that eventually there would be some kind of transition in Iran as Amede whenever he died, and it would have been foolish for us to think that the Soviet Union was not also interested in some future transition of the Iranian government. And it has never been in our strategic interest that the Soviet Union would gain that foothold in the Middle East.

Later, when the Iran Contra scandal exploded into public view, Poindexter's high minded rationale for the weapons sales was buried under the simpler, more unsavory explanation that the White House had been trying to buy back hostages by paying ransom to terrorists, which explanation you believe comes down to how

The President was probably more interested in the short term objectives than the long term objectives. So I've convinced that he believed in what we were trying to do, but he probably, in hindsight, did put more emphasis on the hostages.

This question of who was motivated by what takes on even more significance when you consider how badly the Iran initiative was going By the start of nineteen eighty six. The White House's key Iranian contact, Minuture Garboni Phar, had revealed himself to be erratic and unreliable. The moderates Gorbonifar was supposedly speaking for had given no indication that they

Because of the importance of establishing some kind of working, real life relationship with Iran, it made sense to send a delegation to Tehran to try to meet with people that we hoped would be moderate and began a dialogue.

Poindexter's understanding was that this would be the final exchange of weapons for hostages. As North explained the agreement to Poindexter in a memo, the US delegation would bring a load of spare missile parts to Tehran, and the Iranians would bring about the release of the hostages still being held in Beirut. The American delegation to Tehran would include Oliver North, a CIA officer who could serve as a translator,

You know, he sort of was a secret emissary. He wasn't in government. He had been a former senior government official, so he had credentials and it would be clear to the Iranians that this was a presidentially approved mission. So Bud was a logical person to go, and so we sent him.

Also along for the trip was a senior staffer from the National Security Council named Howard Titcher, an expert on the Middle East. Like Poindexter, Tycher saw the arm sales as a path to improving relations with Iran in a way that would serve the US's long term goal of protecting the Middle East from Soviet influence.

Actually was exciting, you know, this was the chance to change the course of history and protect American interest in a very fundamental way. And you know, so this was a risk worth taking.

Tycher's wife was more apprehensive. She was a lawyer in the State Department, and based on what her husband was telling her, she suspected that the arms deal might be illegal. She also thought it was possible, if not downright likely, that in their quest to free the hostages, her husband and the other members of the delegation would end up getting kidnapped themselves, you know.

And I talked to Colonel North about this and he said, I want you to know everything's taken care of. And I said, so there's a plan, And all he would say was, don't worry, everything's taken care of. So he did his best to assure me that that was a case. That there was some rescue plan in the event that we were not allowed to leave, and in the circumstances I later learned that he and McFarlane had suicide pills

According to Oliver North's memoir, he actually had enough suicide pills for everyone, and he got them directly from the head of the CIA. That underscore is just how big a risk the administration was taking. Who knew what was waiting for North, farl And and Titcher in Tehran. There was no longer an American embassy there. The country was a black box. All the Americans had to go on was the word of Manuture or Bonifi, and so far that had not proven to be worth very much.

We hadn't had any kind of a diplomatic approach to Iran up to that point that I'm aware of today, and so it was momentus to decide to send a mission. You know, the odds were not in our favor of it working out, but we thought because of the importance of returning Iran to a more constructive physician, it was worth.

The risk, as it happened. Days before North and his team embarked on their trip, French officials were working to free their citizens who had been kidnapped in Lebanon by Islamic militants. According to news report Sort, France was negotiating with the Iranians.

US officials fear of the French willingness to negotiate will only harden the kidnappers resolve and encourage others to kidnap for ransom.

The journey to Tehran began Washington's Dallas Airport on May twenty third, nineteen eighty six. It would involve multiple legs, with stops at an air Force base in Frankfurt and in Tel Aviv. Everyone in the group carried fake passports. The plan was that if anyone asked, they would say they were part of a trade delegation from Ireland. Here's Howard Titcher again.

That was the cover, they decided. And so I was asked to come up with a legend that, you know, I could remember about being born in Ireland. So if somebody in iranset, so why are you here? I'm Irish traders? Where are you from? Are you from Dingle Oh? I never went to Dingle. What's it like in Dingle? You know? So I became Tim mcgahann and that became the the Irish passport.

Titcher asked the obvious question, would they have to use fake Irish accents? The answer was eh.

They told us that they didn't think anybody who we were going to encounter would have any idea what an Irish accent sounded like.

In Tel Aviv, the delegation with rendezvous with Richard Seacord, who, as usual, would be in charge of logistics. It was not an easy assignment. Seacord had to ensure that the trip was one hundred percent secret.

We borrowed an airplane from Israel.

Here's Seacord again, one of.

Their VIP airplanes, and sanitized it. We went over every bit of that airplane and anything that would indicate it was Israeli, an aeroplane with the marks or stars of David or whatever. We got rid of it.

Seacord himself was not going to Tehran. He would stay in his hotel room in Tel Aviv, managing the trip remotely and staying in touch with the pilots through a secure communications rig set up in his window. The plane was set to take off at midnight from Ben Gurion Airport. In addition to its human cargo, it would also be carrying some, but not all, the spare missile parts the Americans had promised the Iranians. As soon as the hostages were freed, Secord would send a second plane to Iran

At one point, North had said to Gorbani far what should we bring, you know, as a gift, and he goes, oh, bring the weapons and bring a cake. It is a tradition among Persians when you've had us a feud or a or a spat with your girlfriend or friends, you make up by bringing each other pastries.

So, according to Titcher, North boarded the plane carrying a chocolate cake purchased from an Israeli bakery. He decorated the cake with a key intended to represent the opening of relations between the US and Iran.

North was, you know, very excited again. You know, he had started this process some months before. You know, and he had had a couple of probably dodgy meetings with you know this arms merchant Manu shark or Banifhar, and now he had pulled it off.

North's jubilation was premature, which became obvious almost as soon as the plane landed in Tehran. He was a little after seven in the morning on May twenty fifth, but when North, McFarlane, and Tycher got off the plane, the only person there to greet them was an airport worker who didn't know who they were. Finally, Gorbanifar showed up, apologizing for the delay. He led the delegation to a caravan of old, beat up cars that were waiting outside

He struck me as someone in his early fifties, early to mid fifties, very nondescript, balding, no tie, sort of typical Iranian garbed, you know, suit shirt, no tie, overweight. He didn't come across like the people we see in movies of these vicious evil arms merchants, you know, with giant mustaches and bandoliers. I mean, he looked like a business person.

It seemed like Gorbanifard just wanted to make everyone happy. At one point, when it turned out the hotel was short on food, he had his mother cook the group an elaborate Persian feast. But hospitality was not what the Americans were worried about. As morning turned to afternoon on their first day in Tehran, there was no sign of any high ranking Iranian officials. Instead, at five PM, a man entered the suite and introduced himself by a name

We now understood that the Iranian government had not committed to it, certainly not guaranteed that it was going to bring about the release of the hostages. And yet we had shown up and we had given them a palette load half of the load of hawk spare parts. And you know, we faced considerable embarrassment because you know, we were not going to succeed.

Bud McFarlane was furious. It was now clear that the Iranian emissaries who had been sent to meet the American delegation were not nearly a senior as the officials Garbanifar had told North to expect.

North confronted Gorbani Phar, and he made him tell us, he goes, well, I basically, you know, exaggerated a little bit in order to you know, get you guys here. And we were appalled.

So began a standoff that would last three long days over the course of several torturous meetings. McFarlane was uncompromising. There would be no more weapons delivered to the Iranians until the hostages in Beirut were free.

Farland was just fed up and believe that the appropriate posture to take was you guys have misled us. You did not deliver what you said. You could say whatever you want about what we were going to do. What Colonel North told or Bonnie faire we were going to do, we did it. You didn't do what we were told you're going to do. We're out of here.

Oliver North had a different read on the situation. He thought there was still a chance for a positive outcome despite the false pretenses that had brought both parties to the table. He really wanted the deal to work.

He and where Bonnie Faarr had similar interest. Right, they both wanted it to work. North was patient, right, he had worked months to get to this point. You know, it's like, let's give him a little more time.

But McFarlane's patience was running out. We'll be right back. After three days of negotiation in Tehran Bud, McFarlane decided the time to cut bait. He made arrangements for the American delegation to be taken to the airport and back to Tel Aviv. One of the Iranian officials MacFarlane had been dealing with begged him to stay and work it out, but McFarlane was firm, it's too late. He said, you're

Ali suggested, since Dick was also running the logistics pipeline to the Contras, that Dick used those excess profits to provide funding for the Contra support program. Would you think I thought it was a good idea.

You have to admit there's a certain elegance to it. By combining their two covert operations, financially, the US would be able to take money they weren't supposed to be making in Iran and spend it on something they weren't supposed to be spending it on, the Contra war.

I knew it was going to be controversial, but I also didn't see anything illegal about it. It was not US government money. The Defense Department was being paid exactly what they asked for for the weapons, so that there was no cost to the US government, and so I thought it It was perfectly legal on the one hand. But on the other hand, I knew the Democrats, if they found out about it, would object and claim all sorts of wild theories, which is typical of the Democrat Party.

Poindexter says this was why he made the decision not to tell the President about the diversion.

I was very convinced the President would agree that it was the right thing to do, but I thought it was better to keep him out of that direct loop. It was a judgment called on my part, and I wanted to give the President some deniability of authorizing it.

In the end, investigators concluded that at least three point six million dollars were diverted from the Iran weapons sales to the Contras. It was a modest sum in the grand scheme of things, But for Richard Seabord, who was struggling to keep the Contra resupply operation going, it was a welcome bit of additional funding at a time when resources were running low. It was May of nineteen eighty six, about a year had passed since Seacourt accepted the Contra

The issue is back aid for the contrast fighting the Nicaraguan government. President Reagan reported he has decided that the CIA should have day to day's supervision of the renewed and widened, undeclared war against Nicaragua.

As John Poindexter wrote in a memo to NSC staff in May of nineteen eighty six, the President is ready to confront the Congress on the constitutional question of who controlled foreign policy.

The President has thrown himself into this battle, claiming that a defeat will mean the establishment of a Soviet military beachhead within the defense perimeter of the United States.

More than a year had passed since Congress forced the CIA to stop helping the Contras. In that time, the situation in Nicaragua had changed. The Sandinista government had become increasingly repressive against suspected Contra sympathizers. The Sandinistas also seemed to be growing closer to the Soviet Union. President Don yell Ortega had recently visited Moscow and the Nicaraguan army

The President's men feel aid to the Contras as a top priority, and in the coming congressional battle, they'll use every advantage they can.

The stakes for the Contras were high. If the US pumped one hundred million dollars worth of guns, grenades, and food to the rebels. It would be a huge boost to the anti Sandinist to movement. Also, getting a green light from Congress would mean the US Contra aid operation could be taken over by the actual government again instead of a network of private citizens recruited by Oliver North.

My fellow citizens, Members of the House, let us not take the path of least resistance in Central America again. Let us keep faith with these brave people struggling for their freedom. Give them, give me your support. Let us send this message to the world that America is still a beacon of hope, still alight under the nations. Thank you, God, bless you.

On June twenty fifth, nineteen eighty six, the House voted on the President's proposal.

The House of Representative has approved one hundred million dollars in additional American aid for the Contras.

The aid package passed the House two hundred and twenty one to two hundred and nine, with fifty one Democrats voting. The President's way.

The vote was a political triumph for President Reagan.

The era of the Bowlan Amendment was coming to an end. For Richard Seacord. That meant he could finally disentangle himself from the mess in Central America. As soon as the new funding was approved, sea Court started pushing for the CIA to take over the resupply operation he had built. How this handoff was supposed to work is a matter of some disagreement. One of Seacord's associates testified before Congress that Seacord wanted the CIA to buy his assets in

We never proposed to sell it to see. I proposed to give it to him. The bowl And Amendment was repealed in the summer of eighty six. Time marches on the CIA can't get their act together to take over my operation. They were just dilly dow ain't around. They could have if they wanted to, they really motivated, were ordered to, they could have taken over my operation in a day or two.

The reason Seacord sounds upset when he talks about this is that he can still picture an alternate reality in which the CIA did take over the contrary supply as soon as Congress restored the AID, And in that alternate reality, it's possible that Seacord and the White House could have avoided what happened next.

Who is cargo plane carrying ammunition to the anti government countries were shot down I inside Nicaraguay yesterday.

On the afternoon of October fifth, nineteen eighty six, a young Sandinista soldier patrolling the jungles of southern Nicaragua looked up at the sky and saw a plane covered in camouflage paint. He raised his Essay seven rocket launcher, took aim and fired. The plane went down in flames, killing three of the four people aboard. The lone survivor was taken prisoner by the Sandinistas, who quickly determined that he was an American.

Market camera crews were taken to the crash site. They were shown a loan survivor who was identified as Eugene Haw.

His name was Eugene Hasenfuss. He was forty five years old and he was originally from Wisconsin.

The man captured by the Sandinista is it from Marinette, Wisconsin and apparently joined the mercenary operation this summer.

Hassenphuss was paraded in front of reporters.

My name is Jeen Hausenfuss.

When I was captured.

Yesterday, Hassenfuss said that he had been delivering weapons to the Contras as part of an operation overseen by US government officials.

Eugene Hassenfuss said today he was paid three thousand dollars a month to smuggle arms to the Nicaraguan control rebels.

The Reagan White House categorically denied that Hastenfuss had any connection to the government. They maintained this stance even as the Sandinistas charged Hastenfuss with terrorism and threatened him with a thirty year prison sentence. As American journalists scrambled to find out anything they could about Hassenfuss, the young parachute rigger Ian Crawford received a phone call in his sewing shop in Fayetteville, North Carolina.

I pick up the phone and the guy started asking me all these questions about who I was, how I had a connection to Eugene Haussenfuss, and such like that. I ended up hanging up the phone.

Crawford had quit working for Richard Seacord's resupply operation just a few months earlier. Crawford says Hassenpfuss had replaced him, and as it turned out, he'd kept Crawford's business card in his wallet. Soon more reporters tracked Crawford down, and he came around to sharing with them what he knew.

I decided I was going to go ahead and tell them my story.

Ian Crawford is a master parachute rigger, a former member of Delta Force, and one of the first men hired for the covert effort to fly guns to the Contras.

There were three individuals who I later recognized as being Colonel North and Richard Seacourd, and a third member I still haven't recognized.

The shootdown of Eugene Hasenphuss's plane had exposed Ronald Reagan's secret war in Nicaragua again, and it had happened just days before one hundred million dollars in federal aid money was supposed to start flowing legally to the Contras. But before the issue could provoke yet another round of debate in Congress, something else happened. A month after the Hassenphuss crash, one of the remaining American hostages in Beirut was released.

In a bizarre tale worthy of a thriller, Robert McFarlane, President Reagan's former national security advisor, recently made a secret visit to Tayarai.

When American newspapers picked up the al Cherral report, they made no mention of the Contra War, because at this point, no one had any clue the two stories were connected. That was about to change. Up Next on Fiasco, a special bonus episode featuring two journalists, Martha Honey and her husband Tony Avrigan, who found themselves in the crossfire of the Contra War.

Anybody who had their mouth close that the moment of glass went off had their ear drums punctured because of the force.

For a list of books, articles and documentaries we used in our research, follow the link in the show notes. Fiasco is a production of Prolog Projects and it's distributed by Pushkin Industries. The show is produced by Andrew Parsons, Madeline kaplan Ula Culpa and me Leon Mayfock. Our editor was Camilla Hammer. Our researcher was Francis Carr, with additional archival research from Caitlin Nicholas. Our music is by Nick Sylvester.