Bacteria Poop Is The Answer

first question, first question of the day. So, why do cats wag their tails when they're hunting or annoyed? Every time there's squirrels outside? The cats are almost creating a breeze, holding still while wagging their tails around. This is from Will h. So there are two kind of butt area movements you might notice when your cat is hunting, butt wiggles and tail twitching. The butt wiggle has a pretty simple explanation. It is your kitty cat aligning her feet

into the perfect position for a well executed pounce. Um. It also maybe helps them kind of warm up their muscles. It's not just house cats that do that. Little, but wiggle. It is also big cats and wildcats. It's pretty funny and adorable to see. As for the tail twitching, it's interesting because cats use their tails uh to communicate or express a number of emotions, which you may have noticed

if you are a cat owner. A tail that is up but smooth, with a slight curve at the tip, it probably means this is a relax kitty, maybe attentive, but at ease. Whereas a tail that is up that is poofed out it generally means a scared or agitated cat. Do not try to pet the cat, it will scratch your eyeballs out. A tail being whipped around can mean anxiousness or excitement. A twitching tail usually means that the

cat is focused and interested in something. So if your cat is focused on squirrels while twitching or whipping her tail, she's probably very excited and interested. Because cats like to murder for fun, house cats generally speaking live off of not hunting, but on the food that we give them, but they just enjoy hunting. It brings satisfaction to their murderous little hearts. Cats love murder, and so when they

see a potential murder victim outside, they get excited. So uh as to why this twitching happens in terms of life, does it serve any purpose? I don't think there's really any evidence that the tail twitching helps with their hunting at all. Unlike the other tail positions, which can communicate with other cats or with humans what they're feeling, like

when it's poofed up. That helps communicate to other animals like I'm angry, and it also makes them seem bigger so that they can scare off potential foes that twitching tail. I don't think I've seen any real compelling research that it has anything to do with anything. Really. It may just be an expression of their excitement, sort of like when we bounce our knees because we're excited or nervous,

or tap our fingers because we're impatient. It may just be their excitement and and and anticipation kind of bubbling out through their tail muscles. So another question is I've heard of scary creatures like vampire bats that are actually sweethearts which share blood to more hungry members of its cauldron. As well, there are beautiful creatures like milkweed butterflies that are horror fests which feed on their own babies. Are there any other examples of good monsters and snow white

step moms out there in the animal world? Thanks? This is from Michael D from San Antonio. Great question. I agree with you so much on this. Vampire bats are sweet, precious little angels. They share food with each other. They'll like give each other little backrubs, little scratches, and then exchange blood meals. So if a vampire bat missed a meal, they have very rapid metabolisms, and missing a eel can

be really dangerous, if not fatal. So they have this great system of friendship where they will share meals with their friends, and that is kind of a social safety net for these bats. And a lot of bat species actually babysit. It's called allow parenting, where unrelated adults will help look after young in it. It's it's just they're such harmonious little creatures. They actually are pretty chill in

terms of sort of big social groups animals, like. They are one of the types of animals that tend not to fight that much. I mean, there are fights, there is bickering, but they're pretty chill, pretty pretty sweet. They have nice dispositions, and indeed, there are many examples of beautiful but scary animals and horrifying looking but sweet creatures. So like bald eagles are majestic looking, beautiful and regal. But there's little babies is cute little white huffballs will

kick each other out of the nest. There's also strikes, a cute little bird that looks like an innocent little songbird who will impale their prey on thorns. Sometimes their prey is still alive and just left to languish until they die. Meanwhile, something is frightening, as a scorpion will often carry their babies on their backs or even sacrifice

themselves for their young. And there are species of social spiders who all work together to make giant webbing to house they're young, and it helps protect them, and it also helps protect the newer generations. So you definitely cannot judge a book by its looks. Uh. Indeed, uh, as Michael D pointed out, milkly butterflies, as beautiful as they are, are pretty horrifying in terms of their behavior. They will

rip open caterpillars of their own species. And remember, caterpillars are the babies, they are the young juvenile version of these butterflies before they go through metamorphosis. But yeah, the adult butterflies will rip open caterpillars of their own species and drink their sweet, delicious inner group basically the blood and fluids of these caterpillars like they're sucking out the

jelly from a jelly doughnut. Male milk weed butterflies will do this to get an easy meal and a lot of nutrition to help increase the vibrancy of their colorful wings and their fitness to attract females, So literally eating babies to improve their pickup game. Real nice, nice job. Meanwhile, horrifying looking insects like earwigs are extremely sweet and caring mothers watching over their young for months without eating any

food just to protect them from predators and pathogens. And there are some great insect dads to Male giant water bugs will carry their eggs on their backs to protect those eggs, and looking at them is pretty horrifying. It's like a tripophobes or snightmare. Tropophobia is the fear of a bunch of sort of sequential holes or bubbles um. But yeah, it is kind of upsetting looking as it is a weird looking kind of diamond shaped insect with a bunch of squishy, shiny eggs on its back. But

this is such a sweet act of fatherhood. And of course there's also a little black beetle. It's kind of intimidating looking. It's got this really um tough armor. It's called lethrus app terrorist. But despite looking you know, kind of tough and um like, it's just kind of pugnacious,

they are actually extremely sweet and caring parents. The mother guards the eggs, and the father guards the entrance to the borrow, and the father will protect the borrow from any invaders, and these beetles will fight to the death

to protect their eggs. So there was a study that looked at these beetles and they were wondering, you know why these beetles they're they're relatively small, maybe like about the size of your thumb, maybe a little thicker but shorter, and they are they actually are able to fend off much larger animals to prevent them from entering this burrow.

And researchers were wondering, well, why do they have such a high success rate at defending these burrows despite their size, And it turns out, uh, this research seemed to determine that they were just so much more dedicated in the fight because they had something to fight for, their family so cute. So it's funny, I mean nature. You know, sometimes something that's beautiful will be a real nasty animal. Sometimes something that's ugly will be a really sweet, wonderful animal.

Sometimes something that's ugly is also just a mean, terrible animal, and something that's pretty as a sweet animal. It's you just don't know. You can't you can't know until you really get to know them. You know, sit down, have a little coffee, you know, just get to know your local insects and talk to them, find out what they're

all about. Um. And while you do that, we're going to take a real quick break, and when we get back, we're going to answer more listener questions, more listener questions. So welcome back to this show. Uh. This listener question is from one of my younger listeners, Charlie, who wants to be an astronomer, naturalist, and even more when he grows up, and he has a bunch of questions. He actually only asked me to answer one. Uh. He gave

me a bunch of questions to choose from. But hey, guess what, Charlie, I'm gonna try to answer them all. Let's see if we can do this. All right, I drink, drink some coffee. I'm ready to go. Here we go. First question from Charlie, why do rhinos have horns? Very good question. Rhinos use their horns for a bunch of different things. I mean, it's kind of like asking why do humans have thumbs? So they use their horns for self defense. They use it for digging up roots or

even digging for water. They can use them to break branches to get out some tasty vegetation. They will also use them socially in dominance displays to try to award off competitors without having to get in a fight. Males will use them to attract females and to defend their mates, and females will use them to defend their young or also to help guide their young, so they gently nudge their babies with their horns to direct them in a certain way. You know. So, yeah, it's just an all

purpose utility tool. Next question, why are cheetahs so fast? So? Why cheetahs are fast from an evolutionary perspective, is so they can outrun prey. So predators, despite being fierce, actually have a pretty hard job they have. They often have quite tough lives because they have to catch prey. They have to eat a lot of meat to survive, and so they have to have a really good advantage both against prey and other predators so they can outcompete them.

Uh So, you look at different big cat species and you see each of them has some kind of advantage. So lions have the advantage of their incredible size. They also have a social structure where they live in groups and they will hunt together. Jaguars of South America have the most incredible jaw strength of any big cat, capable of cracking open skulls, so they can they're basically ambush predators that like drop out of the tree, grab some poor little thing and can crack open its head. Uh.

Mar Gas which are a much smaller spotted cat. They kind of look like awesol lots if you know what that is. But yeah, they're much smaller, sleeker, little spotted cat. They also live in South America. They are very graceful and skilled tree climbers and they can basically walk up a tree vertically like they're defined gravity, and they can mimic the cries of baby monkey monkeys to lure in the adult monkeys and eat them so devious and graceful,

like some kind of little assassin. So, as you can see, all of those wildcats have some kind of advantage that helps them hunt, whether it's strength or agility or guile. So cheetahs are specialized for incredible speed over impressive distances, giving them a huge advantage when it comes to chasing down prey. In terms of how they're so fast, in terms of physics, we have to look at their anatomy.

So first, their respiration and circulatory systems are specialized to provide their bodies with adequate oxygen for being able to run, So they have large nasal passageways and a huge heart to draw in oxygen and pump blood effectively. Also, their bodies are aero dynamic. They have this small triangular head in a long, smooth, sleek body, and a sort of medium length stocky tail that works as a rudder to

help them control their movements in high speed chases. So their legs are also longer proportional to their body versus other big cats, allowing them larger strides and the bones of their lower legs are actually designed to limit rotation. This sacrifices their climbing ability to actually allow them to

run faster without losing their footing and tripping. Their spinal vertebrae are highly flexible and can stretch to allow them huge strides while running, so basically they can launch themselves like little feline ronkets off the ground and travel a huge amount of distance in a single stride, sometimes up to thirteen to twenty three feet or four to seven meters. It's like they're running with a bunch of long jumps. So not only are they great at maintaining speed, but

they can accelerate much more quickly than their prey. So while they can run up to speeds of around fifty five miles per hour eighty eight kilometers an hour during a hunt, the average speed of a cheetah is only around thirty three miles an hour or fifty three kilometers an hour during a single sort of chase. So the reason this is is that the cheetah accelerates extremely quickly at the start of the chase, then slows down as

it catches up to its victims. So basically, give it all they've got at the very start catch up to that poor little gazelle or springbok, and then as they're closing in on them, they can slow down their speed and make a grab for them. Alright, Question number three, why do some fish live in freshwater and others insalt? And how do salmon do both? Charlie, this is an excellent question. So the question of why they would live in fresh water has to do with ecological niches that

animals find. So basically, if there is a livable space the planet, like an area on this planet Earth where life can physically live, they will do it. They will find a way to exploit it. That's because competition selective pressures elsewhere are always going to drive animal species all around the world to find a niche that they can

exploit and they can compete in. So that's why we have mammals that could live in a desert or live in a rainforest, in these very different areas of the planet with very different environments, and yet they are going out and they're finding these niches and they're evolving to be able to survive there. So uh, fish are actually an incredibly diverse group of animals that have this really long time span of evolution, much longer than a lot of species alive today in in the mammalian class and

and other classes of animals. So some fish are actually more related to us, like more related to mammals uh than they are too another fish. So these are just

an incredibly diverse group of animals um. And so it is pretty likely that these fish that have been going through revolution for so long or going to venture from the ocean to these rivers um So it was basically inevitable the way that river systems were because they actually connect to the ocean and as they go inland, the salinity of the water goes from being you know, salt ocean salt water to more brackish and lower salinity gradients

until you get to freshwater. So you know, a fish that is a sea dwelling fish could venture into these where these rivers meet the ocean and be fair okay. So that gives a lot of room for a sort of evolution to help them start to survive in these lower salinity environments. So basically, because you have there's so many fish in the sea, it's almost inevitable that fish are going to find their way to this river and

because animals nature cores of vacuum. Animals will always try to find a niche to exploit because it's got resources, it's got space. Uh, they will find that and they will go into these fresh water areas and then they will adapt to them. So interestingly, there is a greater diversity of freshwater species as compared to ocean species of fish. So there are more species of freshwater's fish than there

are in the ocean. Fact, forty I think about of species of fish are actually freshwater fish, which is incredible. Despite the fact that the ocean covers so much more of the lance a proportional to how much fresh water there is, they're way more species per you know, square unit of fresh water is compared to the ocean. So the reason for this is actually because freshwater environments are constantly changing, you know when you look at time on

a much larger perspective. So, uh, the the rivers and freshwater systems are changing due to erosion, seismic activity, flooding, uh, and even the activity of animals like beavers or humans.

And meanwhile the ocean remains relatively stable. Yeah, it changes a little bit, but it's a much more stable environment than say rivers and streams and ponds, um so uh, and you'll have like a river, you know, get blocked off, right, So you can have a population of fish that's in a river, and then that river like maybe a tree falls off for there's a landslide. Now you have this little this lake or something that is now separated from the river. And then uh, you know, you have a

separation of this population of fish. And then that can help speciation where you have one species become two species because they're physically separated and they will encounter different environmental pressures. So now onto uh, the other part of your question about salmon. So, most species of fish tend to be

either freshwater or saltwater. If you try to stick a freshwater fish in a saltwater aquarium or vice versa, they will die very likely they will die pretty quickly due to the effects that the high salinity or low salinity has on their specialized cells, causing their cells either to

explode or implode. But some fish are anadromists, meaning they spend most of their lives at sea, but then migrate to freshwater to reproduce, and they're young, start off life as freshwater fish and then migrate to the ocean as adults. Salmon are a great example of this, as our sturgeons, herrings, smelt, and some species of eels. So the way that salmon and other anadroma species of fish managed to live in both saltwater and fresh water are adaptations that help with

OSMO regulation. OSMO regulation is managing the osmosis of water and salt in our cells. So and animal cells, the cells that we have, the cells that other animals have like to have. They like to maintain equilibrium, so they like to have equal amounts of salt and water inside the cell as outside the cell. So the concentration of the concentration of the salt in the water inside the cell likes to be the same as outside of the cell.

So if that concentration is different, you'll have water moving across the cell membrane to make it more or less equal. So that is called osmosis. So water will um leave the cell uh if there is a higher concentration of salt outside the cell, or it will enter the cell if there's a higher concentration of salt inside the cell. So if the water so if a salt water fish is dropped into fresh water, it's problem because water in its system is less salty than the inside of the cell.

So the saltwater fish used to a more salty environment it cells have more salt inside of them. You drop it in fresh water, Suddenly the inside of their cells are saltier than the fluid outside of their cells. And what happens, water rushes into their cells, causing them to explode way, which is bad for the life of the fish. So fresh water fish have the opposite problem. In salt water.

The water outside their cells is more salty than inside, and so water leaves their cells trying to reach equilibrium, and that causes their cells to shrink, which is also bad for the life of the fish. This kills the fish. So the way that salmon and other anadromast species of fish avoid this horrifying fate is through osmo regulations, so managing the osmosis of water and salt in their cells using other organs and other processes. So first strategy that

salmon and other anadroumas fish employ is drinking. You may not think that fish need to drink, but ocean fish that live in saltwater actually do drink because they need the hydration freshwater fish actually don't really need to drink. They get enough water passively as it kind of infiltrates their body and it's they live in a low salinity environment, so they don't need extra hydration through like drinking water

and then trying to process out the extra salt. So um a salmon or another anadromas fish will drink water when they're in the ocean, but then they stopped drinking as soon as they go into freshwater environments because if they start, if they continue to drink the water, if they were in freshwater, they would have that problem of there being too much of that sailing free water in

their system trying to rush into their salty cells. So this is not sufficient though to prevent them from becoming victims of this uh osmos has gone wrong, So they have some very clever adaptations At the cellular level. Their gills actually produce an enzyme that creates energized molecules that will transport salt against the rules of osmosis, so they use energy to pump salt out of the salmon's bloodstream.

Another thing working in the anadromist fish is favor is the gradient of salinity as freshwater river meets the ocean. Remember how I said it's kind of nice that when a river meets the ocean, it's not just like freshwater

than saltwater. You have this gradient as you go further into the freshwater area, and this maybe helps facilitate evolution, but it also helps with the life cycle of something like a salmon, because the salmon, as it travels from fresh water to the ocean, it is going in a kind of gradient, so his body is adjusting to this higher salinity and vice versa. So there you go. That is it's such a like short question in such a

big answer. But Charlie has got another couple of questions and I want to get to those two because they are also very interesting. So question number four is how do the animals around deep sea vents survive? This is a great question. Deep sea vents are hot, and they produce sulfur and hydrogen. It's basically these many volcanoes that are churning out this heat and and um chemicals in the same way that like a like a volcano would

and so they actually are producing sulfur and hydrogen. And there are a special kind of bacteria that can feed on sulfur and hydrogen, so bacteria will feed on this stuff that it's something like an animal cannot eat. In fact, it can be very toxic. But these bacteria converted into organic matter that an animal could actually use for energy. So clams and giant tube worms are actually in a

symbiotic relationship with these bacteria. Now you know what a clam looks like, but a giant tube warm is this really interesting thing. It looks like the pipe of a pipe organ this huge tube, but it's an animal, and uh, they are in a symbiotic relationship with these sulfur and hydrogen eating bacteria. The bacteria creates organic compounds as a byproduct that the clams and tube worms can get energy from, while the clams and tube worms provide shelter for the bacteria.

It's like you and your hat, Like you feed your house, and your house houses you, except your house is a clam or a tube worm. It's perfect, it's beautiful. So now you've got a stew going because now that you have clams and tube worms able to survive down here, other animals can then eat the clams and tube worms, and then you've got larger animals eating on those guys, and so on and so forth until you guys nice, nice, big old like big old gumbo, big old pottiest in

the ocean. Alright. The last question from Charlie is why do you male lions except the one in Savo have manes. So it's because they look cool, Seriously, that is the reason lionesses think they look attractive. So basically, manes are something of a drawback for male lions because they add weight and are hot temperature wise, they don't really provide much benefit to them. So only the strong and healthy lions can maintain a large, luxurious mane, and the lionesses

think that is totally dreamy. You actually see this in birds as well. Male birds of paradise will sometimes have these incredibly elaborate long tails, which makes it harder to fly. It makes it harder to ward off parasites because you've got more surf this area that parasies can get on. And but if the male bird of paradise is really healthy, then it can actually maintain this long tail, you know, and it will look splendid, and these female birds are like, wow,

that's a beautiful tail. And anyone who has such a beautiful, ungainly inconvenient tail must be pretty healthy to be able to have such a thing. It's a flex they're flexing. Lions with manes are flexing. So with that, we're going to take a quick break and when we return, another question, and we're back in it's time for questions about whales. That's a that's my number one top hit of the day. Question about whales is what I called that song. So

here's the question. Hello, Katie, I have some dumb questions about sperm whales. No, stop it. None of your sans are ever dumb. Don't you don't you do that. Don't you ever say your questions are dumb because they're not. I don't want to hear it. I don't want any of you tell them your questions are dumb because they're not. They're never dumb, no dumb questions unless you're like, Hi, Katie,

should I continue to breathe air? Yeah, that would be a little bit dumb, And do please do that because without air you can't live no more, So keep breathing air. But otherwise, all your questions are not dumb. They're very good and I love them, so shut up. Okay, here's the question. Why are sperm whales the largest thing deep in the ocean. I feel like, wouldn't fish inherently have

an advantage because they don't have to breathe? There is there something about mammals that makes them better at deep sea stuff. Also, do you think that whales will eventually evolve gills? When sperm whales come up for air, I assume it takes a few minutes. So when they decide to go up for air, are they timing it so they can barely make it with enough air or are they going whenever they have time? And this is from Frank W. This is a good question, Frank, not not

a dumb one. It's very good. I had to do some research about it, so here we go. So, first of all, some fish do grow to be pretty big. Not as big as a sperm whale, but pretty big. Uh So, for example, the whale shark um. And what you'll notice with the whale shark is it is not an ambush predator like great whites or other predatory predatory sharks. Whale sharks feed on large amounts of small fish, filter feeding, kind of like a baling whale. Despite the fact that

whale sharks and baling whales are completely different animals. Whale sharks are fish, uh, baling whales are mammals, but they both filter feed. So in order to maintain a large size, I mean an incredibly large size, you need to have plenty of nutrition and you need to outcompete other animals who want that same food. So whale sharks have these huge mounts and they in a bunch of tiny fish or plankton and filter out the water through specialized teeth.

And in fact, the largest whales in the world are actually not a toothed whale like the sperm whale, but a baling whale like the blue whale, who also filter feeds. So this feeding method is good for sucking in huge amounts of nutrition. Even though each individual praise very tiny, they're taking advantage of a huge amount of nutrition that exists in the ocean in the form of these little

individual animals that have huge populations. So, but this does not answer why whales generally speaking, uh tend to be larger than fish. And so it is actually the fact that they're mammals because it is the fact that they do breathe oxygen. So to explain we have to go back to the Paleozoic a time when the earth was covered in far more oxygen than it is today, dragon flies could be the size of hawks. We had these

huge g insects that we don't have today. But as oxygen in the atmosphere fell, insects got smaller because it was really hard for them to actually breathe and get in enough oxygen to maintain their bodies based on the way that they're breathing works through these like weird little spiricles. Birds also helped the existence of birds seemed to cut down on some of the larger, more slow, less agile insects,

but so did the lack of oxygen. So getting enough oxygen to keep a large body alive is a limiting factor to growth. So it's may seem that fish should have an advantage, right they have guilts, they can breathe whenever they want in the water, but this is not necessarily true. Extracting oxygen from water is harder than getting

oxygen from air. Even though whales need to surface every so often to get oxygen, what they do suck in every time, with their massive respiratory system and massive circulatory system that can store that oxygen, is much more significant and much more efficient than what fish can get through

their gills. Basically, getting a deep breath of air every so often gets you more oxygen than constantly breathing with gills, because breathing with gills is less efficient, and so whales are able to get enough oxygen to grow to be gigantic. And why would they want to get to be so big if it means that they need more food and oxygen. One of the reason is that whales are mammals. They have to thermoregulate, and so they need to stay warm,

and staying warm means more blubber and bigger sizes. Being bigger also gives you a huge advantage of not being a victim to predators and for whales, being able to store a lot of oxygen in their bloodstream and not having to surface as often. So dolphins are smaller, they have to surface a lot more frequently than something like a sperm whale or a blue whale, who can go

long periods of time underwater without having to surface. So um as to whether they're sort of rushing back to the surface whenever it's like, oh, I need I need to breathe, I better go up. I don't really know the answer to this, but I looked into it, and I think there's probably some wiggle room. Unlike our breathing, they have a much slower countdown clock, right, they have so much blood carrying oxygen in their massive bodies. It

provides them so much oxygen. So they usually surface at a rate of about ninety minutes between breath, so over an hour of just chilling out in the ocean. This is sperm whales. But some sperm whales have been voted to last for almost a hundred and twenty minutes, so I think that seems to indicate that they may have an urge to come up and breathe well before they're going to run out of oxygen and die of oxygen deprivation, which would make sense because you know, if you run

into some obstacle. I don't know what would be an obstacle for sperm whale. I don't know a tenacious giant squid. That Well, here's the thing, giant squid don't actually attack sperm whales. Sperm whales eat giant squid, and the only time they get attacked by giant squid is when giant squid are defending themselves. So anyways, I uh. And as to whether whales are ever gonna evolve gills. No, I don't think so unless there is some huge change in

the composition of the atmosphere, as if that will ever happen. Um. Because the thing is, gills are just less efficient than the whales ability to respire with air into their lungs much more efficient. I don't think that they would be better suited with gills. All right, So before we go, one more listener question. Dear Katie. On a trip to the Austrian Alps last month, I saw a diving beetle.

I had never seen it before outside of animal crossing, so I was shocked to encounter this slightly creepy bath toy of a beetle in real life. I'm curious how it breathes, Does it come up for air? How about its larva? Do different insects have different respiratory systems? How did diving beetles evolved to become paddling danger submarines. This is from Meryl in the Netherlands, so yeah, this is I'm just gonna do a real quick answer to this one,

but it's real interesting. Before they dive, diving beetles will get air bubbles trapped in their wing cases, so they have a portable air system. It's especially interesting when you consider that there is a theory that insect wings originally evolved from gills from their ancestors. So maybe in the case of the diving beetle, it could be that its wings were once skills and then they re evolved into scuba gear. Evolution is crazy like that, you know, just

likes to screw around, go on loop deloops. So, um, I think I might in terms of the mystery animal sound, I might be kind of mean and replay you last week's mystery sound because nobody has gifts the right answer, So I kind of wanted to give you another chance because this one, to me, it's one of my my favorites because it's so shocking. Um. And so I'm going to replay the sound and I'll give you an even more detailed hint. First of all, kind of matching the

theme of these last two questions. The hint is, this is under the water, and it is potentially someone trying to find his damn Emazel in distress. So it's underwater and he's trying to find his damsel and distress. Here is the sound, all right, So it's not one shield wipers. I'll give you that one a freebee. Um. But yeah, if you think you know the answer to it or want to guess, uh, send me an email at Creature Feature Pot at gmail dot com. Uh. You can also

write to me on Twitter at Creature feat Pod. That's not feet. I'm also on instagramp. I'm also on Instagram at Creature feature Pod. Uh. I am not as good as checking the messages on Instagram, but I do try. I try it, but the most reliable one is the Gmail Creature Feature Pod at gmail dot com. But I will endeavor to check my Instagram more. Um. But thank you guys so much for listening. Feel free to send

me in your questions. And the next time I do one of these listener questions, hey, maybe I'll answer yours. Maybe I'll answer it over email. Who knows? Who knows? What will happen in this crazy world? Uh. If you're liking this show and you leave a review, I'll read it and the little it'll make my day. Um and thanks so much to the Space Classics for their super awesome song x Aluminate. Creature features a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcasts like the one you just

heard is the I Heart Radio app Apple podcast? Or Hey guess what? Where have you listen to your favorite shows? I don't judge you. See you next Wednesday.