Welcome to brain Stuff, a production of I Heart Radio. Hey brain Stuff, Lauren Vogel bomb here with another classic episode from the vault. This one gets into the weird astrophysics of the strongest known material in the universe, Nuclear pasta, Hey brain Stuff, Laurin Vogel bomb here. Nuclear pasta might sound like a fancy concoction cooked up by a chef working in molecular astronomy, but it's actually light years away,
literally from the spaghetti you'd find in the kitchen. This weird kind of noodle is needed below the crust of neutron stars, and in a new study, a powerful computer simulation has taken a stab at manipulating this stellar noodle and found that it's the strongest material in the cosmos. So how did this nuclear pasta become the super Macaroni of the universe. Well, it's because it's created inside neutron stars,
which act like extreme pressure cookers. Neutron stars are these stellar corpses of massive stars that have run out of fuel and exploded as supernova. These tiny, fast spinning objects are only a dozen or so miles wide and yet pack in the entire mass of our Sun. They're so dense that only a teaspoonful of neutron star matter weighs as much as a mountain on Earth. Neutron stars are therefore not composed of normal matter, but rather what astrophysicists
call degenerate matter. It's not an insult, it's just the term for extremely compact neutrons that are crushed together under incredibly powerful gravitational forces. A neutron star is extreme gravity makes its outer layers freeze solid as a crust with a liquid core below. Underneath the crust, powerful forces royal between the neutrons and protons inside the neutron stars matter, causing the material to take on some surprising shapes like
long cylinders and flat planes. Astrophysicists refer to these shapes as things like lasagna, spaghetti, and nioki, and collectively as nuclear pasta. As astrophysicists get to make their own fun. Understanding how this nuclear pasta works is a key concern.
Researcher Matthew Kaplan, a postdoctoral research fellow at McGill University, set in a statement, the strength of the neutron star crust, especially the bottom of the crust, is relevant to a large number of astrophysics problems, but isn't well understood their outer layers, the part we actually observe, so we need to understand that in order to interpret astronomical observations of
these stars. To get a better understanding of this noodlely mess Kaplan and his team created the most complex computer simulation ever carried out on neutron star crusts to understand how they warp and break. It turns out that nuclear pasta is way beyond Al Dente. It's the strongest known material in the universe. This is especially important as physicists can now measure gravitational waves, the ripples in space time caused by massive cosmic objects like neutron stars and black
holes spinning, colliding, and merging. The st of neutron stars is therefore very important for science to understand. In fact, lone neutron stars may produce their own weak gravitational waves by creating rigid mountains in their crests. As neutron stars spin, these mountains would disturb space time like a propeller cutting through a calm lake surface, generating a constant source of gravitational waves that we may be able to detect in
the future. Kaplan said, a lot of interesting physics is going on here under extreme conditions, and so understanding the physical properties of a neutron star is a way for scientists to test their theories and models. With this result, many problems need to be revisited. How large a mountain can you build on a neutron star before the crust breaks and it collapses, What will it look like, and
most importantly, how can astronomers observe it? So the next time you're boiling your penny, take a minute to ponder the mountains of nuclear Pasta that could feed us a lot about the nature of neutron stars. Today's episode is based on the article nuclear Pasta is the super Macaroni of the Universe on how stuff Works dot com, written by Ian O'Neill. Brain Stuff is production of iHeart Radio in partnership with how stuff Works dot Com, and it's
produced by Tyler Clang. Four more podcasts my Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.