Like Father, Unlike Son

be exact. According to Russian birth records, Kim Jong Il's name is actually Yuri Irsinovich Kim it was the Korean Peninsula was occupied and controlled by Japan, and Kim's father, the future Supreme Leader, Kim Il sung, was a guerrilla freedom fighter, the leader of a rag tag platoon of communist soldiers fighting Japanese imperialists. But when World War Two erupted, Kim Il sung fled into the Soviet Union with a female soldier, a dogged fighter who had served as his bodyguard.

Her name was Kim Changshuk. According to people who knew her, Chungsuk was a warm hearted, but rugged and fearless woman. When she was a teenager, her family had been murdered by Japanese settlers. She had sworn revenge, joined the Korean

cause and met Kimio sung on the battlefield. She even saved the man's life from a deadly ambush, and it was during this time in the early forties, a Tongsuk and Kimilsung fell in love, became unofficially married and had two boys, Yuri Rsenovich, lovingly nicknamed Urah and his little brother Shoulda. In Russia, the children received endless attention and affection, but in when Korea was liberated from Japan, the Kim

family returned home. Kim Il sung, who had ingratiated himself with Soviet leadership, was installed by Joseph Stalin as North Korea's chairman. For a young Kim Jong Il and his brother, leaving Russia was difficult. Their parents became busy and distant. Their dad was occupied trying to build a communist utopia, and their mother was often away traveling the country as

his political representative. And then in September, tragedy struck. Kim Jong Zook was pregnant and Kim Jong Il, just eight years old, waited in the palace for his mom to bring home a baby sister. Hours later, a family member arrived, tears streaming down her cheeks. Kim Jong Ille was told to prepare instead for a funeral. The baby had been lost, and so too had his mother. Kim Jong Ill panicked, he sprinted out the door in the direction of the hospital.

Guards swooped in and grabbed him. As an officer lugged him back into the house, the little boy began wailing uncontrollably, calling out for his mother. At the funeral, Kim Jong Il was inconsolable. He clung to his dead mother's body and wept in her arms. When a group of elders tried to lead the boy away, his father stopped them, saying, tomorrow you will have no mother anymore, and who's embraced to cry? Little did the boy know, but the supreme

leader was already thinking about his wife's replacement. A grieving Kim Joang Ill would watch with jealousy as his father built a new family around a new woman, growing even more distant from his eldest on. That's the strange thing about the stories of Kim Jong Il and Kim Jong Nam.

The two generations share an eerie parallel. Both, in one way or another, would lose their mothers and childhood, and both would spend the rest of their lives fighting these other new families for the love and attention of their father, the supreme leader. The result would be a series of cruel family games of manipulative in fighting that would do much more than alter the dynamic inside the gilded palaces of Kung Yang. It would change the course of world history.

My name is even Lee, and in this episode, the tale of two generations of Kim's vying for power in a world of subterfuge, espionage and deceit, and the mistake that may have caused Kim jong Nam the crown and his life. She takes a gun away, and she says, you're not getting any stupid ideas. Be a man and go forth and lead your country in the East Asia. People around the court like to go on and on about which branch has what it takes to be the

leading branch of the family. I think that it was due to the mothers that the succession decision was made. This is big brother. While Kim Jong Il's mother had died in childbirth, Kim Jong Nam's mother, you may remember, was still alive. She was exiled to a mental facility in Russia, leaving the young Kim Jong Nam effectively motherless and the states secret And then in nine a d When the boy was nine years old, his father agreed to send him to a boarding school abroad. Here's journalists

and fifield. Kim Jong Nam was living this very abnormal life. You know, he didn't go to school in North Korea. He was confined to one of these palatial compounds. And his grandmother actually said, you know, this is no way for a kid to live. So they the first idea was to go off to the Soviet Union, to Moscow, but Kim Jong Nam was no fan of Russia. Like a true spoiled prince, he whined constantly. His biggest complaint

how dirty the Soviet Union's toilets were. So. At the behest of his uncle Chang Song Tech, the boy was sent to Switzerland. Joan Song Tech had found out that lots of celebrities sent their children to the school in Geneva. A Taie Prince is Michael Douglas had all gone to the school in Geneva, so Kim Jong Nam moved to Switzerland to attend the International School of Geneva, one of

the most diverse academies on the planet. The institution overflowed with the sons and daughters of wealthy dignitaries and diplomats from all over the world, and even boasted alumnis such as Indira Gandhi. Kim's cousin and playmate Enamo, came with him. The two received fake names and fake passports. They were given alibis and told everybody they were the children of diplomats to avoid bumping into nosey South Korean students who

were usually enrolled in English speaking classes. The two cousins two courses in French. It's worth noting they did not speak French. One of those nosy South Korean students, by the way, happened to be doctors Hung Yun Lee, professor at Tufts Universe At many years ago. I enrolled at the International School of Geneva, Switzerland sometime in September. Not only did doctor Lee attend the same school, he attended at the same time as Kim Jong Nam. I enrolled

on the very same day. Kim Jong Nam was three years younger than I, so we never were in the same classroom. Hardly ever cross path. But the South Korean ambassador to the United Nations in Geneva mistook Kim Jong Nam as a South Korean student and struck up a conversation with Kim jong Nam, and the North Korean princeling said, I'm actually from North Korea. To say the least, the regime would have its hands full keeping Kim jong Nam

a secret. North Korea watched the potential successor closely. Even his cousin in Am enrolled in the same classes just to keep a protective eye on him. Even though she was five years older than him, she went to his class, she was denied a normal upbringing. She was always five years behind the with him. The regime even rented a fifth floor apartment across the street to monitor the princeling. But constant surveillance couldn't stop the fact that Kim jong

Nam would be exposed to everything. Europe offered a mixed economy, a free press, and a vast expanse of art, culture and different ways of thinking. For years, this Western playground distracted him from the gossip of Kongyang, namely that his father was building a new family with a new step mom and two younger half brothers. Instead, Kim jong Nam spent his teenage years in blissful ignorance, and as he hobbed nobbed with the richest and most privileged children, in

the world. He became something of a snotty playboy. At school, Kim jong Nam befriended the children of famous French thing ears. He went for joy rides and Mercedes benzes with moneyed Arab princes. He let loose on the Riviera with hotel heiresses and skied the Alps with kids who had their own Swiss bank accounts. He partied and snorted drugs. He bought booze with his fake I d and drained the bottles by night. He slept with women and lost count of how many, And then in it all came crashing

to an end. Kim Jong Nam turned eighteen and his father demanded that he returned to kung Yang. When he arrived, Residence Number fifteen was boiling with gossip. Kim Jong Ill had children with another woman Uh, and then Kim Jong Ill's affections within show at upon that family. To put it lightly, the two branches of the family were not getting along. This is something that seems to have really emotionally Scott Kim jong Nam, and he felt cast aside.

Residents number fifteen, according to Anna Fifield, seethed with rivalry. As she wrote in her book The Great successor quote. They were convinced that the other woman was a manipulative shrew who was poisoning Kim Jong Ill against them. They talked about whether the woman was fat and derided her as half jack. They even concocted vicious nicknames for the stepmother, calling her punct coal, a slur that means hammer nose, but with a twist referencing the gambling game pachinko to

snipe at her Japanese roots. But insults couldn't heal the hurt. When Kim jong Nam was sent to Europe, his branch of the family had become an afterthought. Now they felt second class, neglected, and the implications were obvious. The situation harmed Kim Jong Nam's political future, But for those close to the Kim family, this drama wasn't anything unusual. It was just a ja vu because decades earlier, when Kim Jong Il was a little boy, similar complaints were swirling

in the palace air. After the death of his mom. His dad had come home with a new mistress, and with this new woman in the picture, his political future had been at risk too. The story of how Kim Jong Ill clawed his way to the top when we return. Truth be told, Kim jong Il had a tenuous relationship with his father long before this other woman stepped in, and that's because of a traumatic event that took place when Kim jong Il men known as Udah, was just

a little boy. It's Dah and his little brother Shouldah are playing alone near the edge of a pond. Udah is around six shouda four. The boys grapple and horseplay around the shallows, splashing and dunking each other's heads under the surface. Udah lifts himself out of the water, but when little Shuda tries to climb out, Udah, the bullying

big brother, playfully pushes him back in. The boys laugh, and then Shouldah tries to get out a second time, but Udah shoves him right back into the murky lagoon. Udah teases his little brother and continues the cruel game again and again and again. Minutes later, the Supreme Leader rushes to the pond and finds a young Kim jong Il is standing awkwardly at the water's edge. What's the matter? What's the matter? He repeats the question over and over.

The little Kim jong yellen speechless. I'm asking you what this is all about. Look at me, Look at me. Kim jong il just stands there, his face to the ground, arrowed in shame. What have you been doing? Just offshore, floating in the water is the lifeless body of his

little brother. Kim Jong Il's official biography makes no mention of his dead brother, but documents captured by American soldiers after the Korean War show that Kim Il sung was so heartbroken that he invited Buddhist monks and a shaman to pray at the side of the drowning. According to Defect, they're close to the Kim family. Young Kim jong il would spend the following years a quote lonely and guilty child, quiet, depressed and fearful of what his father thought of him.

The dual tragedy of losing his brother and mother would forever alter Kim Jong il's relationship with his father, who had already started a separate family with a new woman and new sons. And that's what sparked a competition that would reshape the politics of North Korea. You see, during the DPR case infancy, Kimo Song was more likely to pass power to a fellow comrade rather than his kids. The whole concept of hereditary succession was anathema to communist teaching.

In fact, the North Korean Dictionary of Political Terminologies lambasted the practice quote hereditary succession is a reactionary custom of exploitative societies. Originally a product of slave societies, it was later adopted by feudal lords as a means to perpetuate dictatorial rule. But then at some point Kim il sung changed his mind. By the mid nineties sixties, the Supreme Leader made it clear that power would remain in the family. Kim Jong il, of course, was the first and eldest son.

By Confucian tradition, the throne should have been his, but his spot wasn't guaranteed. Kim il sung clearly preferred his two youngest sons over his firstborn. Kim Jong Ille felt the odds were stacked against him, and since his brother and mother were dead, he didn't have many advocates in the regime, so he deployed a plan. At the time, there was no true single party rule, yet multiple communist

groups were jockeying for influence. Lumble Over Kimilsung knew that the stability of the country and his pursuit of power depended on consolidating their support. He gave impassioned speeches like the one you're hearing now to rally groups behind his leadership. Here's Michael Madden Kim Il sung. When he first became leader in forty five, he had to contend with different factions of nationalist Koreans. Kim Il sung doesn't have ultimate power, so his whole pursuit from to nifty is basically to

dominate the North Korean political system. Kim Il sung strategy centered on a combination of hard and soft power by both cracking skulls and poisoning minds. When he wasn't eliminating traitors through bloodshed, the leader was focusing his attention on winning people's trust. He enlisted advisor to boost his reputation as a person whose wisdom, knowledge, and power or unmatched. All of a sudden, peddling propaganda became a way to win favor with the leader. A palatial arms race ensued.

Who could praise and idolize the supreme leader the most. This was Kim Jong Il's wheelhouse. As a lover of theater and movies, he was a master of artifice. He turned out films and news articles depicting his father not just as a wise and compassionate strong man, but as all knowing. Kim Jong Il, in other words, would help transform his father into a living god. As part of this, Kim Jong Ill made everybody in North Korea where lapel

pins of his father's face. He built dozens of mansions for his dad, and funneled millions of dollars into erecting statues of his likeness. And so Kim Il Sung the man became Kim Il Sung, the legend, and the leader relished the attention. As more people praised him, the more the personality called grew into a cartoonish mythology. The history

books literally changed. Kim Il Sung transformed from a meager guerrilla fighter to the beating heart of the resistance movement, the man who had singlehandedly liberated the country, and people believed it. In nine, journalist Bradley Martin visited North Korea for the World Table Tennis Championships. He realized that North

Korea operated with a peculiar piety. When I first went there, it clearly was a religious state that the people worshiped Kimmel Song, and in his opinion, it was sincere the worship was not purely a matter of their submitting to government, but they wanted to worship him. They loved him, and I detected very little falsity in the expressions of praise,

and it was very much a religious state. Kim Jong Il's propaganda efforts would change the face of North Korea, and they put him back in his father's good graces, but it still didn't guarantee that he'd inherit the throne. The one thing standing in Kim Jong Il's way was his new stepmother, who was positioning her firstborn son, named Kim Chang Ill as a successor. In East Asia, people around the court like to go on and on about which branch has what it takes to be the leading

branch of the family. That was pretty much as it was with Kim Jong il and his brother Kim Young. Kim Kang yell was a terrifying opponent. He was the spitting image of their father. He had a much more affectionate relationship with him too, and no amount of flattering publicity could replace the fact that Kim Il sung spent his nights sleeping next to Kangiel's mother. Propaganda was no

match for pillow talk. Kim Joang Ill realized that in order to become the front runner, he'd have to do more than boost his father into the image of a god. To destroy his little brother's prospects, he'd have to eliminate the power of the other woman. Two decades later, Kim jong Nam would face a similar challenge with his stepmother. When he returned from Europe. The dynamics of palace life had changed. His father once so loving hardly visited Residence

Number fifteen anymore. It was as if the Chong Nam side of the family didn't exist. Kim Jong Il's other family included a five year old son, Kim Jong Un, and their father devoted all of his free time and energy to this little boy. But what really shocked and dismayed Kim jong Nam's branch of the family was how brazen his father's new mistress, Ko Yuan Ki was acting. Up until this point, Kim Jong Il's wives were to run the household. They were not to be involved in politics.

He changes his mind about that with Koyeng Hui. As Michael Madden explains, Couse shamelessly inserted herself into politics. Kyeong Whui is allowed to talk to the political age that come by the house to brief Kim Jong Ill. That's where Koyonghui starts to attain a degree of political importance. She's a close steward a selection of Kim Jong Ill's top guys. The Kim jong Nam side of the family,

koyeng He was just manipulating the man. She was nothing but a gold digger, an illegitimate concubine, unworthy of the title of wife, and she was part Japanese North Koreas sworn enemy. And so to Kim jong Nam's family, her kids weren't successors. They were illegitimate children and thus illegitimate heirs. But like the generation before him, Kim Jong Nam's mother

was out of the picture. Kim Jong Nam's mother had basically had a mental breakdown and gone to Moscow and stayed abroad for almost the rest of her life, and so she was literally out of the inner circle. She was far away. She didn't have much influence. Koyeong He, on the other hand, Kim Jong UN's mother, she was very much an in a circle. She was at Kim

Jong Il's side. She was making decisions, she was advising him, and she had been trying to position both of her sons as the heir apparent to Kim jong il, so she did things like making sure that they both got the military uniforms and were called little generals just like Kim jong nam was. She made sure that they went into like the North Korean equivalent of West Point, so that they had that military training and they could justify leading a country that had a military first policy. She

was actively lobbying for them behind the scenes. I think that it was due to the mothers that this succession decision was made, and Koeng he knew a finger too about getting on the leaders good side. In fact, she became one of the most important people in the regime. At that point, Kim jong il had taken the reins of decision making, with his father remaining a mere figurehead. But one day, Kim jong il was riding a horse when he fell off and suffered a severe head injury.

It was so bad that the regime flew in a neurologist from France. According to Michael Madden, with her husband incapacitated, Koyong he stepped in during that point. During that point, Young we basically starts helping him with paperwork that's coming into the house, and so for a whole year koyong He acts as Kim jong Il's top advisor. And then when Kim jong Il officially become supreme leader, she saves her husband's life a second time. Goes by a room in one of the houses and sees Kim jong Il

cleaning his gun. Kim jong Il is going to shoot himself in the head and commit suicide. She takes a gun away, and she says, you're not getting any stupid ideas. Be a man and go forth and lead the country. So this is where Kim jong UN's mother is sort of endeared to the leader, where she becomes a political force and a political influence. This is where Kim jong Nam's path diverges from his father's. Kim Jong Il prevented his step family from stealing the successorship by well sucking

up to his father. It was filial piety on steroids, But when Kim jong Nam's stepmother interfered, he rebelled. Rather than elevate his father's image, he escaped his royal compound and drank his way across kong Yang. There was a period of time when Kim jong nam was in his twenties and was essentially kind of locked in this gilded cage and Pyongyang. You know, he was this young guy wanting to be you know, socializing and having fun and things,

and he wasn't able to do that in Pyongyang. So him and his cousin Nam Mock would go out in one of the regime mercedes, you know, at nighttime, go joy riding around the place and kind of burn off a little steam, and words spread fast. Keng Yang's elite complained that Kim jong nam was a belligerent and obnoxious drunk. He made people bow when he entered a room. One time, the drunken prince entered a hotel lobby, pulled out a pistol, and littered the ceiling with bullet holes, all because somebody

had taken his parking space. Their speculation that these stories aren't actually true, but in kiang Yang that didn't matter. These rumors were circulating and they were making Kim Jong ill look bad. So when he found out he went dessert. Kim Jong Il's was extremely angry about this um and basically put them on the house arresed uh in their compound in Pyongyang. He denied food to them. They had to live on what they had, and you know, they were really cut off and punished as a result of this.

Kim Jong Nam's father even threatened to send his son and extended family to a labor camp. But nobody in residence Number fifteen blamed the young prince. They blamed his stepmother. According to Chong Nam's cousin Enamo quote, the other woman's fingerprints were all over this. There is a suggestion, yeah that it was Kim Jong's mother who took off Kim jong Il and tried to make them look bad. Gossip spread that it was actually the stepmother who had snitched

on Chong Nam. As Fifield writes in her book, Koyong he had quote encouraged Kim Jong Il to allow his oldest son more freedom, then rat it on the young man when he enjoyed that freedom. The family was convinced that this other woman would do anything to tarnish the reputation of the man competing with her sons. In his mid twenties, Kim jong Nam did clean up his act and began joining his father on official summits, even accompanying

him on a trip to Mount pet two. He began studying economics, a sign that he was destined for big things and was given a military post. Here's Bradley Martin. When Kim jong Nam was twenty four, his father presented him the general's uniform. Everybody started calling him general. That seems to me a pretty good indication that he was at least being thought of as the successor. And at the same time, Kim jong Nam was awarded the freedom

to travel beyond the palace walls. He adventured to Japan and Beijing, where some suggests he indulged in women and illicit activities as well as official business. Everywhere he went, he traveled with a fake passport under a fake name. Things were looking up. Kim jong Nam was elected as

a delegate to North Korea's legislature. He even got to flex his muscles as a computer was He was active in getting the Korean Computer Center started up and in the import of computers, and he had a position which is now called the Ministry of Social Security. Those are pretty high end positions as far as the North Korean regime of that day. This latter position at the State Security Ministry was an important one. Kim jong Nam had the tough job of handling defectors and refugees, and it

gave him an opportunity to show his soft side. There there was an incident around where hundreds of North Koreans had fled into China to try to find food, which was highly legal. These people were all detained and then one day they're all turned loose. They all got pardoned, and they were told to thank Comrade Kim jong Nam because Comrade Kim jong Nam had exercised his benevolence on

their behalf and forgiven these hungry people. In the words of a human rights activists, the official party line was you owe all of this to Kim jong Nam. By the millennium, it seemed that Kim jong Nam had survived his roaring twenties, had survived the manipulations of his stepmother. He was building a name for himself in the regime. And then in two thousand and one this happened Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland, taking his sons to Disneyland. Kim jong Nam got caught

going to Disneyland. Y we'll get back to Mickey Mouse later. The very fact that Kim jong Nam's political prospects ever survived the nineties, despite his gun coding beer guzzling, sex loving reputation is remarkable because that's exactly what helped bring down Kim Jong Il's half brother, Kim Kangyell. Remember that rivalry. In the nineteen seventies, Kan Yell was steadily climbing the ladder.

He entered the bodyguard division of the Supreme Guard Command, graduated from Kim Millsung University, was promoted to colonel and named vice head of the Strategic Department of Bodyguards. All signs pointed to Kim kangy Ill as a Supreme Leader's favorite. It helped that his mother was all around to whisper encouraging words into Kim Il Sung's ear. But there was one problem. Kim Kang Ill was the life of the party.

He drank, danced, and caroused with officers in the State Security Department and with big wigs in the bodyguard units. He lived for elaborate gifts, engraved watches, and free drinks. Little did he know Big Father Kim Jong Il was spying on him. One day at a party, a group of bodyguards started drunkenly praising the young potential air chanting live man. This was a dumb mistake in a country where Kim il sung was a living god. Only one

person deserved a live long chant. This was pure, unadulterated blasphemy. Words soon reached Kim jong Il as the state propaganda master. He knew these chants sounded like somebody trying to chip away at the supreme leaders allegiances. Kim Jong Il was a better in fighter than Kim kyong yo, so he got some dirt on Kim kyong yo and got the word through his father that Kim Yongyo was arrating around as if he were the successor designate, as if he were a big shot. Kim il Sung was outraged. Kyongyo

was quickly demoted. He went off and became a diplomat in Europe for his old career, and so Kim kang Ill was shipped off an embassy overseas. For a member of the royal family, it was like being put out to pasture. Kim kang Ill would spend the rest of his life living under constant surveillance. Kim Jong Ille was happy to have his half brother out of the picture, but al staying matt nuisance wasn't enough. He was hell bent on weakening his stepmother's power too. Just to be safe,

so he exploited one of his father's greatest weaknesses. The Supreme Leader was a notorious flirt, and his son knew he could drive a wedge into their relationship by simply introducing his dad to new women, ladies who could shower him with attention and pleasure. The scheme weren't. The marriage between his father and his stepmother frosted over. With Kim Il sung's attention elsewhere, the woman's influence waned. Kim Jong Ille won a battle of attrition. Soon he was announced

the successor. He celebrated by sticking his stepmother's nose in it In she was forced to publicly read an embarrassing speech praising Kim Jong Il's dead mother. The stepmom was compelled to call her quote an imperishable communist revolutionary fighter and outstanding woman activists. She also had to call her one of the three generals of Mount Peto and the biggest insult the mother of the nation. Soon, the stepmother's relationship with Kim Il Song completely dissolved. Six years later,

she was placed under house arrest. By the late nineteen eighties, as Kim Jong il amassed more power, the woman who had tried to cut him down was nowhere to be seen, but the same could not be said for Kim jong nam stepmother. On May one, two thousand and one, a plane flying out of Singapore touchdown at Nadita International Airport outside of Tokyo, Japan. Kim jong Nam, then just nine years old, arguably near the height of his political cloud, stepped off the plane with his family, two women and

a little four year old boy. As the family stood in line for immigration, security officials approached, they asked to inspect Kim jong Nam's passport. Like the rest of the royal family, the document was fake. It said he was from the Dominican Republic and listed his name as Pang Yung Chinese for fat Bear. Officials led Kim jong Nam into a room for questioning. At first, Chong Nam stonewalled

the investigators, speaking a mix of Japanese and English. An hour past before he dropped the bombshell that he was the son of North Korea's dictator, thought Kim Joda. He explained that he had come to take his young son to Tokyo Disneyland. He showed them his passport, again, displaying stamps proving that he had entered Japan multiple times without trouble, but the questioning continued. Over the next seventy two hours. Kim jong nam and his family would be kept at

an immigration detention center. Word got out fast and journalists flocked to the airport. Meanwhile, and Kongyang official scramble to deny the news. The regime, according to Hongyun Lee, was growing embarrassed. Why is that embarrassing because North Korea rails against the evils of capitalism, materialism, Western pop culture and

Disneyland nicely and captures all of those quality. After three days, Kim jong nam and his family were deported, but not before journalists snapped photos of North Korean royalty making the walk of shame onto an airplane. When Kim Jong Nam returned home, his father was outraged. He disinvited his son from attending a special economics meeting with the Chinese, and he'd never be invited to a high level event again.

Two years later, the North Korean People's Army Publishing Company released an article entitled The Respected Mother is the most faithful and loyal subject to the Dear Leader, Comrade Supreme Commander. The story was designed to deify the mother of the future successor in the same way that Kim jong il's late mother had been celebrated. But the subject of the article was not Kim jong nam's mother. It was Koyong he,

the mother of Kim jong Un. To this day, rumors swirl that Kim jong un was, in fact just the beneficiary of his mother's dirty tricks. There was South Korean chitta chatta that it was actually Kim jong UN's mother who leaked the details about the Disneyland Tokyo trip to the Japanese press in an effort to actively embarrass Kim

jong nam. Did Kim jong UN's mother tip off the Japanese about Kim jong Nam's travel plans to Tokyo, nobody is certain, but with Kim jong Nam disgraced an international laughing stock, the events certainly helped push her sons to the front of the line. I came away with the impression that it was because of her efforts to promote her sons that Kim jong Un had risen to the top. Kim jong Il won the battle against his stepmother, Kim

jong Nam did not next time on big brother. Kim jong Nam walk a tight rope with his father's favor After putting the regimes carefully protected image in peril. Big Brother is a production of School of Humans and I Heart Radio and hosted by me Eden Lane. Lucas. Riley is our writer, co director and associate producer. Amelia Brock is our senior producer, co director and editor. Executive producers are Virginia Prescott, Brandon Barr, L. C. Crowley, and Jason English.

Our fact checker is Aaron Blakemore Music composed by Jason Todd Shannon and Tunewalders. Original score mixed by Vic Stafford. Our opening song is Walt's Number two from the Second Suite for Jazz Orchestra by Dmitri Shostakovich, as performed by the Ukraine National Symphony Orchestra, licensed from Naxos Records and G. Shermer, Inc. The North Korean National Anthem is licensed from Warner Chapel Production. Muse Sick audio editing by Jesse nice Swanger sound design

and mixed by Harper W. Harris. Special sound credit to Kuama to a Free Sound dot Org. Audio correction by Josh Fisher. Voice acting by Mark Chung, June Yune, Mike Coscarelli, Sean McKee, Daniel Kim, Udy Nam and Judy Alice Lee. Special thanks to Notic Kazu and Hanako Goto, Ryan Murdoch and Will Pearson. Sound licensed from Critical Past. If you're enjoying the podcast, help us get the word out by leaving a rating in your favorite podcast app. Until next time, I'm Even Lee School of Humans