The Prime Minister is sworn in by the President of India. The state Chief Ministers are sworn in by the respective governors of state who administers the oath of office to the President of India. This is my audience question for today's episode, which is episode #132 of Are you quizzing me? Cue the music. Welcome to Are you quizzing me? I am Vineet Nair with my Co host Aditya Kashyap. This is a quizzing trivia
podcast show. Join us as we dive deep into history, science, pop culture and so much more. Let's get quizzing. So Aditya and I are back for the 132nd time and we are here to regain you with the questions and Tom Foolery. But before we get to the regular round of quizzing, we have started asking audience questions which hopefully will be answered by the audience. So Aditya, why don't you tick that box and let us know the answer for the last week's question.
So my question to you first is, what is the name that we're going to give to the question formerly known as audience question? Because now the question at the end of the episode is the audience question. I think that's the hook question, right? The one that you ask is the hook for the audience that we answered at the end. No, no, no, no. Is the cold. Open see, you have to you have to respect seniority here. This is India so. What am I? Audi, we don't go around calling
our seniors by their names. We call them Sir or ma'am. Junior audience question What is this? Ha, this is the junior audience question. Audience question the second. OK, let's call it audience question. This is going to get very confusing, but let's roll with it till we can. Episode 131 was the first time we tried Audience question, the second or the junior audience question. And because it was a visual question, I encourage listeners to go and look at the image in question.
Google it, it should be easily available, but I'll describe it in any case. This is a cartoon from 1941 from The New Yorker magazine. It shows a plane crash in the background. There's somebody parachuting down, presumably the pilot of the plane, and there are a bunch of official looking people in those military uniform, military
trench coats there. They're running towards it, rushing towards the plane crash, and there's one guy who looks like a civilian who's walking away from it with a bunch of papers under his arm. The question was, what is the caption of this particular image in the New York cartoon, which has now become a fairly common English phrase? I have to give a shout out to the first person who got it.
A bunch of people tried and the first person to get it was Dhwani Ravi Dhoni. Ravi replied on Instagram. So you can message us, you can reply, whatever you want to do. Thanks to all the people who participated. Dhwani got it right. The first person to get it right and the answer was back to the drawing board. So this man with a bunch of papers and his arm plans or whatever it is, is walking away from the plane crash. And presumably he's the designer of the plane, some sort of a
engineer behind the whole mess. And the quote is, or the caption is back to the drawing board. This was the first time that this was used in this context. And it has become a pretty common English phrase, which basically means you have to start all the way from the beginning again.
And that was the first ever audience question, the second junior audience question, audience question, Dutiya, whatever it is. So if you watch out for more of those at the end of the episode, I'll ask you another one, which will be answered in the next episode. All right, Vineet, who's going first this time? So I have been keeping track even though you accused me of not doing so and I believe it's your turn.
OK, so regular quizzing commences and I am taking the baton to begin my question to you. Vineet is Speaking of putting people in an uncomfortable position. What Indian history is littered with, with people coming from outside of the country and plundering the riches of this country. And obviously the most recent instance of that was the British
colonial empire. But before that also there have been quite a few people who have come in and as they did, they would enter through the land routes very often. This would mean that your northern borders were pretty often under attack, the northwestern borders, which means that Rajasthan. Now, as you go to Rajasthan, tell me, Vineet, do you know of a queen in Rajasthan who during whose husband's reign there were certain invasions into the empire, into India's today's borders?
And this Queen's legacy lives on in various cultural artifacts. There are there are poems, there are books, there are movies, a lot of it about her. I am going to ask you something which is not pop culture related that this queen inspired. So two-part of question. Firstly, tell me which famous Rajput Princess, Rajput queen rather is in question over here. And then we'll get on to what she inspired, which is not
really pop culture. I think there is some question about the historical authenticity, but are you talking about Queen Padmavati? Yeah. So you are absolutely right. It is Queen Padmavati and you're also right in the way that exactly what transpired is not really known for a fact. Legends suggest.
And I I I remember going to the the Fort and hearing all the same story that eventually was shown in the film as well in the fictionalized version of the film where the king was looking at her but did not look directly. Oh sorry, my bad. Kilji was going to look at her. So he didn't. He couldn't look. Directly at her. So he had to look through a reflection and stuff like that. So all of those stories have
been around for a while. Maybe some of them are myths, some of them are legends, as happens with a lot of these historical figures. So Queen Padmavati, your absolute right, was 13th, 14th century Queen of the Kingdom of Mewar in India. Several texts mention her. And while these versions might have some differences, there is some consensus that somebody like that did exist. There have been poems about her. There have obviously been movies about her. There have been other sort of
texts as well. Although this is pop culture, tell me something non pop culture related that started in 1964 and went out in 2001 that was inspired by Queen Padmavati. And so not pop culture related, right? No, no, you won't consider this pop culture related. Can you give me a clue about the space of when you say pop culture, you're, I think you're excluding music as well, right?
OK. Just broadly, because very often when I ask you what was inspired by a certain person or a certain event in pop culture, I mean by pop culture I usually mean a film or ATV show or a book or or music, anything along those lines, right? Those are pop culture as broadly understood. So nothing in the entertainment space, let's call it that. Nothing in the entertainment space. But you're not yet giving me what space or context it could be. Not yet that. Would probably be my last
glucose that would make it very. Easy. OK, so it's something quite obvious. Given the category, the broad category, yes, it would be very obvious. From 1964 to 2001, it hasn't been it hasn't happened or have been held. After 2001, it's seized. In 2001. So you very carefully mentioned seized instead of, you know, OK.
I was trying to see if it was an event or something, no. Event also I would classify as a pop culture thing like like anything entertainment related I would classify as pop culture. OK, I need a clue. I need additional clues. Very. Simple clue, there is a connect to Italy. The 1964 to 2001 thing originated in Italy and then came to India. So it originated in Italy and came to India. Is that like a Padmavati Gelato? What the Padmavati Gelato be
like? Oh, oh clever boy, I think you've cracked it. Is this the Padmini? Is this the Padmini? Is this the car? The Premier Padmini. Man, yes, you are absolutely right. It is Premier Padmini. Premier Padmini. Which it was a Fiat. It was a Fiat 100, Fiat 1100, something like. That Fiat 1100 D. Yeah, the D, yes, obviously the D is. You can't miss the D. Fiat 1100 D or I guess Fiat 1100, it was just a variation on it because initially it was marketed as 3 Fiat 1100 Delight.
That's where D comes from, I guess. And this was based off the Fiat 1200 anyways. So Fiat 1100 D, it came to India in 1964. It was manufactured in India from 1964 to 2001. A lot of us would remember that as Fiat cars, people in Mumbai especially, but a bunch of other cities as well, would remember them as the Kalipilis. Yeah, the black and yellow taxi cabs. Those were finally taken off Mumbai roads on 30th October 2023. So it's pretty much an rare occurrence that you would cite
one on the roads anymore. I yeah, I think they're pretty division about taking it off the roads. I don't think I've seen it in the last year or so. So anyway, so it's been more than two years since it's since it's been off the roads of that I guess you would consider a pop culture icon. But yeah, the car itself was not entertainment related yet. The name Premier Padmini was inspired by Rani Padmavati Rani Padmini also as she was known in
some of the texts. So Premier Padmini got its name from Rani Padmavati Rani Padmini. I did not know that. I mean, I knew the name Premier Padmini. I did not know that it came. Did you know that already or did you make the connect? No. No, no, no, it. I didn't know it. And I was just thinking like, what have we imported from Italy? Obviously apart from Sonia Gandhi and Gelato. And then the next thing that came to mind was Fiat.
Let me stop you right there. Are you completely ignoring the fact that we have also gotten butter chicken pizza from Italy and little made it better by bringing it here? Butter chicken pizza is an abomination cooked up in the roads of Delhi somewhere. Oh my God, Vineet, you, you break my heart because you have clearly never tried a great butter chicken pizza. And this OK Mumbai, Joey's OK. It it it doesn't. Resemble a pizza, but they call
it a butter chicken pizza. I am wondering what they call it. It is a beautiful, beautiful, just debaucherous meal that will last you at least two and three days because it's huge. See the thing you see, this is this is what This is my bone to pick with most Indian pizzeria chains that I've seen. Is there anything on a pizza? Butter chicken is boneless. Yeah, we don't need to see your face that close. But no, see, honestly,
seriously, this. It just irks me that people put all kinds of chili chicken on pizza. They put butter chicken on pizza. First of all, chicken is not something that traditionally goes on pizza. Chicken, fine. You want to call it an Indian version of a pizza, that's fine. But it's not a pizza pizza, right? It's not an Italian pizza. So you want to call it an Indian pizza? That's fine.
It has nothing to do with Italy. Italian pizza complete thing on its next You want to call it an Indian pizza? That's fine with me. But don't you, Aditya Kashyap, dare call the butter chicken pizza that abomination has Italian? Next thing you, next thing you'll say is Chicago deep dish is not a pizza. I mean, who are you? Like what? What do you think you are, Vineet You. You do not get to decide what is. A matter of strong opinions. I am a man of strong opinion.
You are. And I say that the bottle chicken pizza is not a pizza. You are a man from the state of Kerala, from the country of India. Answer from this. From the continent of Asia. Answer not get. To decide what is pizza? No, no, I have one more point to make. What is the difference between your butter chicken pizza and a nun with butter chicken on it? So my next question is, OK, I will get back to you on that. That is my audience question #3 just for me. Yeah, I'll do it and get back to
you. OK, take it away. Your question. OK, OK, so this is quite an indulgent question, but I really, really want to and need to do this. I'm already late in it, but I really have to do this. So for all the listeners, please bear with me while I ask this question. But if that is the reason why I'm asking it and it's a little personal. OK, so I'm going to give you a two-part kind of question. We are looking for a historical figure who has a first name, a middle name, and a last name.
OK, now for the sake of convenience, let's call A his first name, B his middle name, and C his surname. Got it. This figure was well known for his work in social medicine. He was a pioneer in improving care for people with mental disabilities. OK. When he was just 14 years old, he was apprentice to his father, who was a village apothecary in a place called Anthony St. Jacobs, OK.
In 1846, he had a chance encounter with a young girl who had a medical condition that would later be named after him. OK. Specifically after his last name C. OK. The encounter is what inspired him to pursue medicine. Now there was an American graphic designer whose initials were AB. That is the same, not initials whose name was AB. Got it? If the first person was ABC, this person is AB. OK, now he was a designer, painter, writer and long time typography professor at Drexel University.
OK. In the early 1970s, he created something that we are going to call as X OK? He went on to design distinctive logos for major corporate clients, artists and musicians. A very famous fictional character was later named after. Him. So the fictional character's name is also AB.
Now the fictional character's in the second name or last name is B. So the middle name of the first person, the last name of the second person we're talking about, the last name of the fiction character is also being guarded. Now AB, the graphic designer, he designed 6 versions of X for a best selling book, and that book marked the first appearance of that fictional character that
we're talking about. So my question is, who's ABC and what condition was named after him specifically and after his very last name, Who's the designer AB? Who's the fictional character? And see if you can also tell me what the designer AB invented that is X. It's interesting because I have two ways to approach this. I am going to tell you what the first one is, which I think is incorrect, but that is closer to my heart.
And then I'll come to why it's. I think the second one is closer to your heart and probably is the one that is the right answer. The first one is the Doctor Who met somebody, met a woman and was was intrigued by her medical condition and whatever medical condition she had was eventually named after him or his last name.
This fits the bill pretty accurately except for me with the age and stuff for Alzheimer. Who whose first name is Alloys and last name is Alzheimer. Don't know if he has a famous middle name, which makes me think it's not the right answer. And I also believe the. Because you said that ABC met a young girl, right? Yeah. OK. Alzheimer met a old woman. Alzheimer met a woman who are told who had Alzheimer's, Right.
And she was in her 50s. And why he was intrigued was because she was showing signs of dementia at a much younger age than was commonly seen. So he was intrigued. I have read through the notes that he made about her because he used to visit her. This was in Germany, and it's fairly interesting, very intriguing. I made these notes because at some point in college, I was
obsessed with the idea. And I've done a little bit of research, whatever research people came to research into Alzheimer's. And I reached out to some of his descendants, Alzheimer's descendants, asking them like, you know, if there are. Yeah. Germany. I emailed, I cold emailed that course talking. Yeah, Yeah. And I emailed some professor in the US who who had, you know,
got in touch with them. So I was talking to a few people because my idea was I'm going to move to Germany and I'm going to make a film about Alzheimer and Auguste there. I think that's what her name was the patient, because it seemed like a very interesting sort of duality there. He was very clinical. He was very, very cold. A lot of places he described as and she was obviously suffering a lot. She came from a very poor background. Her family had abandoned her.
Anyway, sorry. That's why it's close to my heart. That's why this is just imprinted in my head, the name and all of the facts. And I know that she died at the age of 51. He met her when he was in she was in her 40s. So it doesn't fit the bill. Now I have no idea who ABC is. I have no idea what the disease is. I have no idea who what this girl, poor girl, had. I'm going to attempt it the other way around. I know. OK, which I was expecting to.
Do I know that this kind of sounds like angels and demons? I know for a fact that the guy who designed the ambigram for the Earth, air, fire, water, which I think called the diamond, I think it's called the something diamond, right? Illuminati diamond. Yeah. So Illuminated Diamond was designed by a ambigramist, I guess. And that says relatively meaningful to you because you're an ambigrammar ambigrammist.
And so that would mean that our ambigrammist's name is something Langdon, because that would give us the very frictional character Robert Langdon. Yeah, that's his name, right? Of angels and demons and Da Vinci Code fame. So we have B which is Langdon A&C. Very good. Now I'm going to give you a. A is John. So it's John Langdon. John Langdon was the man, the long time professor at Drexel University was a designer, painter type. He invented ambigrams in the 90, early 1970s.
He created 6 versions of it for the book Angels and Demons, which is written by Dan Brown. And in return Dan Brown named his lead character Robert Langdon after him. Yeah. So you have now AB, which is John Langdon. What is C? You know that I have no idea some disease that is named after John Langdon Dash. Is there any connection to something to do with the visuals of it? Because I'm just thinking like, is it somebody with like color
blindness? I don't know if there's a technical term for color blindness. No, no, no, no. OK, Nothing like that. Nothing like that. I was. Thinking in the visual design, art design space, OK, because that would have been a very poetic connection across names and diseases. OK, If not that you said a young girl, he saw the condition and the conditions named after him and is famous enough that I would know it or a young person.
Yes, most people would know it, though it was initially not called See he basically the term that he coined for it was is now considered quite derogatory and instead we call that condition by his name. Is there another word for leprosy leper I would have? That's derogaty. No, there is another word for leprosy. That's Hansen's disease. But it's not that. That's not what we are talking about. Man, that would have been a great crack.
OK, Leper would be derogatory, if not leper, no derogatory because then it then it can't be. I was, I don't know why I was thinking some some some sort of something do with the limbs, but yeah, nothing along those lines. No, it's not that. So I'll I'll give you a clue. In 1866, he wrote the paper that made him famous. OK, And I'll give you the title of the paper that he wrote, Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots.
We give the man benefit of doubt that idiots was not a rude thing to say. Maybe it was a medical classification but OK of idiots. OK, I think that would be the R word I'm going to pass. No, not that one. That's not the one that we're looking at. Oh, it's not OK. It's not. It's not. OK. That's not the specific word, but you are in the right area. Is there something something related to autism like like slow or something? No, not autism, but similar.
Like right now every I'll give you another clue. Every woman who becomes pregnant nowadays is screened for this during their pregnancy. There are a bunch of these. No, but that's a blood borne disease that I am thinking that they're screened for. Yeah, I think you have, Sickle. Cell. And yeah, that's what I was gonna think. No. That's all right. No, no, it's not.
This is not one of those things. So this basically nowadays any woman who gets pregnant, almost every woman who's in at least in the city, will get prescribed a test in their first or second trimester to ensure that their baby does not have this, or at least to screen for whether their baby has this. Condition. It's not the R word. Not the rude R word, right? Not that. OK. And we are not. And it's not autism, not Asperger. I was going to guess Asperger. John Langdon.
Asperger. No, no, Asperger's is on the autism. Yeah, that's related to autism. Oh, I know what really rude word it is because I remember being a child and asking my mum, Oh my God, I shouldn't laugh. Sorry. Why is that word used? Because I think I heard some adults say it in my life. Is it Down syndrome? Yes, it is Down syndrome and
the. Word. I think this, I don't know if that's the one that you were talking about, but I've heard the word and I'm so sorry if somebody listening is is affected by this. Just for history sake, I think they used to say mongoloid. Mongoloid. Yes, yes. OK. So you've gotten all of it very well. Very, very, very, very well cracked. I knew this is a very indulgent and very roundabout question. So ABC, the person we were looking for was John Langdon Dow, right?
So when he was 14, he met a young girl who had down what we would call Down syndrome, which is a basically you everybody has two, a pair of every type of chromosome, right? Apart from your sex chromosomes, you have a pair of every type of chromosome. So you have two of chromosome 10/2 of chromosome 12/2 of chromosome 13. Like that in children affected with the Down syndrome, they have 3 of chromosomes, 21. OK, so you have an extra chromosome. So that's what causes Down
syndrome. So he met a girl who had that condition. He was inspired to pursue medicine. And then he wrote a paper in 1866, as I mentioned, which is called the Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots in HE which in which he put forward the theory that it was possible to classify different types of conditions by ethnic characteristics. He listed several types, including the Malay, the Caucasian, and the Ethiopian types.
The paper is about what is known as Down syndrome, named after him, but which he classified as the Mongolian type of idiot. As a result, Down syndrome was also known as Mongolism, and people with Down syndrome were referred to as Mongoloids.
Down's original terminology, later deemed racist, continued to be used colloquially into the late 20th century, which is probably where you heard it. In 1975, the United States National Institutes of Health convened a conference to standardize the naming, and initially it was called Downs syndrome, and they replaced it with Downs syndrome. So there is no S, there is no apostrophe S It's Down syndrome.
Now, if you take the first two names of John Langdon down, John Langdon is the American graphic designer who in the early 1970s created ambigrams. Ambigrams are a form of artistic typography in which you can read that word or letters from multiple perspectives. He designed famously 6 different ambigrams for the best seller Dan Brown novel Angels and Demons, and the main character Robert Langdon was named after
him by Dan Brown as an homage. The first time I read Angels and Demons, I was entranced by those designs and that's what inspired me to start trying and creating ambigrams. And then later, a few years later, I had the privilege of interacting with John Langdon through Facebook. Obviously he was in the US and I was in India.
So we were part of the fame face import group and we he used to critique my designs in between he can, he was supportive as well as quite, you know, and it was just yesterday that I came to know because I'm completely off Facebook. So I don't see anything that's on Facebook most of the time. But it's just yesterday that I came to know that he passed away on Jan the 1st 2026 and he single handedly inspired a lot
of people. There is a book of his, again, it's not a pop culture recommendation because it's one of those art kind of books and it's the most of the writing is an expression of his philosophy. But there is a book called Word Play by John Banglin, which I would highly recommend people to check out. If nothing else, just look at the pretty, pretty beautiful ambigrams that he's created
there and just just pure art. So John Langdon, the famous man who created Ambigrams, shared the first part of his name, the both actually his entire name with the first two names of John Langdon down, after whom Down syndrome is named. So that was my question and I felt I needed to do at least something or at least say something about John Langdon. And I'm quite disappointed that I came to know quite late that he passed away almost two months.
Well, rest in peace, John Langdon, and thank you for your contribution to to. But I, I would say that's a pop culture staple. I think there is a definitely a cohort of us who grew up reading those books and invariably all of us loved it. I know a bunch of people who attempted it as well, or at least tried to. I just like you, tried to do it, but my reasons were a lot more laughable because I was doing it to impress a girl in high school. So and, and the thing was, it
read my name. If you read it one way and then if you turn it around, it read her name. That's the ambigram I designed. So I've I've done that. So IA wedding gift to one of my friends was I had I created Ambigram in which one way it would read his name and if you turn it to 180° it would read her name. I had it etched into a crystal block with an LED base and that was my gift to them for their weddings.
You know, that's wholesome. In my case, I just gave to this girl who didn't even realize what it was. It was it was like on a birthday that I gifted it to her. I don't think she would God what it was. It's like, oh, OK, great. I guess I was like, no, but this has so much meaning. Have you not read Angel and demons? I don't think she had read. She said demons. So that fell flat on its face.
I'll actually mention the first name that I did that to was my sister's name, who is also the designer of our logo. And the reason I did was because my, what is the name of Ayushi and AYUSHI? So A and I had to kind of mirror and Y&HY&H are easy enough to mirror. They're literally the mirror of each other in cursive, right? So I remember being like, OK, whose name looks like it could be the most easily ambigrammable. And I did it for my sister's name.
So, yeah, I dabbled in it probably like maybe a percent percentage of what you did, like 100th of what you did. But I also remember being influenced by it. So thank you. John Langdon. This was that a big part of definitely my my teenage years. Yeah. Lovely question. And I love the connection to John Langdon down as well. Yeah. OK, on to something a little more light hearted. Aditya, at least I hope your question will be a little more light hearted.
Well, I'll tell all the listeners that Vineet looks somber right now, so I'm going to try to cheer him up by telling him something I don't know. This is not cheerful at all, but but it's not sad either. This is just a good old trivia. OK, OK, that should cheer up the trivia nerd in you. I'm going to describe something in in Language and Study of Languages and you have to give me the name for it. So X is a phonological change
that occurs in tonal languages. It involves changes to the tones assigned to individual words or morphemes based on the pronunciation of adjacent words or morphemes. This change typically simplifies A bidirectional tone into A1 directional tone. You would find this in a bunch of languages, but perhaps the most prominent would be Chinese, Mandarin and even Burmese. What is X? So let me see if I understand this right.
We are asking for the phonological term for when pronunciation changes depending upon what's coming up next, correct? I'm guessing you want the correct. Term that's. Would I know this? I think you should, yes. OK, I would know it more than you would, but you probably would too. I have read this somewhere but I I can't remember what I did. So. Which is now becoming an increasing occurrence as I become older. I need some kind of clue. Oh boy, this is this. I wouldn't call it.
You either know it or you don't know it kind of question. You can get it, but I don't know if there are any clues to it. I'll just say to start off, there's an Indian connect. And when I say I would do it more than you, I don't know if you, I think you did study Hindi in school, but I definitely did study Hindi. So that's the reason I perhaps would know it more than you would.
And I have a confession to make. My learning of Hindi in school was most just rote learning for the exam because I hardly ever understood it. I actually learned Hindi after I left school, so I mean, there's no offense to my Hindi teachers, but that's just the case, so. Out one of our regular contributors, one of our regular guests HK very good friend of
mine. He has a degree in Hindi and his Hindi was hello VHK but was was terrible for the longest time and then he moved to Delhi and the man has gotten pretty fluent in it so. So kudos to him because I can't imagine moving to Chennai and being able to pick up Tamil anywhere close to how quickly he has picked up Hindi. But in any case, yes, I know a bunch of people like yourself who just are but on paper very well educated they but can't
speak it to to save their lives. So which is why I said maybe I would do it more. You abhima Hindi, at that point of time in school I did not pay attention. I was just like this is one of those subjects you just have to learn to pass the exam. And the moment I would get rid of it, I moved from Hindi to French. OK but now like with practice and with speaking to people I can speak Hindi that I can do. So last thing I want is to be labeled anti national because I don't speak Hindi.
You are you are very national, very rational. OK. The, the, the relevant connect to this would be I studied a language in school as well, which I also did just for the marks. We were told that it's a very high scoring subject. So I took it on for my 10th board and that is Sanskrit. Sanskrit also has. Sanskrit is probably the biggest connect to this question. So I'm guessing then it's a word derived from Sanskrit. It's pretty much a Sanskrit word, yeah. So it's a pretty much Sanskrit
word. OK, so dude, I have no context for this. I, I don't think I'll know this at all. You'll have to probably just give it to me because I I I just don't know it when I just very sorry I'm. Trying to figure out if there is any hint I can give. OK, let's try this. I have learn CBSC dot in open in front of me. This is your so I'm going to describe what this is. I'll give you examples of it and then you probably will get it
right. So I told you what it is in the context of tonal languages like Chinese and Burmese. I'm just going to thumb to the the core of it while I ask you this question, the Hindi version of it. OK, so examples under this are nothing is going to help at all but Satyar. OK, the trappy Sakshar Parmatma Diwale Himalay Vidyarthi Ravindra Kavishwar, Girish Mahindra, Satish, Nadeesh Banu there. I am. There's no way I'm getting this. Stop torturing me. Just give me the answer.
I'm honestly telling you there's absolutely no way I know this. OK, yeah, no, this is difficult, but does the word sandhi mean anything to you? I think it means to bring together or something, or to join or something like that, right? Wow. I think so this question. Is not having the impact that I envisioned it would because I'll give you the answer this call.
Sandy Never in a million years. Listen, just because you didn't pay attention in your Hindi classes and that's why you don't remember Sandy, it doesn't mean this question is not great. OK, OK, so the the concept that I was talking about is called
tone sandhi. And the reason that it blew my mind is because I was looking through something to do with Chinese and I saw this phrase tone sandhi and it, it was just like, what is this very specific Hindi thing that I learnt doing in Chinese grammar or Chinese language? So I went and googled it and sandhi is actually used across languages. So sandhi is actually any wide variety of sound changes that occur at or theme or word
boundaries. Well, let's not get too technical, but just to simplify it, make it explain it like I'm 5. If you have two words and you need to combine them to make one word, there's a certain tone change that might happen, right? Vidya and alay vidya, which means school. Vidya means knowledge and alay means house. So school House of knowledge becomes a school and vidya and alay vidya. So the way it combines, there are some rules attached to it.
And these rules are pretty consistent with some few minor exceptions here. That is what sundy is. And that's what I studied in India. And then I realized that it exists across languages. So sundy is in Celtic languages. Portuguese has sundy. It's called consonant sundy there. There is of course, in total language there, totally. German dialect has it, English has it, French has it, Japanese
has it, Tamil has it as well. So there are some South Indian languages as well that have it. I don't know if Malayalam has it. I couldn't find any example but possibly possible Tamil because the Sanskrit connection there as well. So all of these languages have it. And sandy which is the I think that comes from the Sanskrit with sandy.
Sandy, which means joining, is a word that is used across all languages and especially if you go talk to a Chinese person, they'll talk to you about tone sandy.
A Chinese teacher probably will talk to you about tone Sandy cuz I have Google tone Sandy and there are so many lessons on it and there's just Chinese people talking about tone Sandy and just juxtaposition was very funny to me because the last time I heard Sunday, it was my Meenakshi ma'am telling me teaching me what Sunday is. And then I just saw this Chinese lady telling me on YouTube what tone Sunday is. So yeah, this this question was not for any.
This was for all those people who paid attention in their Hindi class and are currently mind. Blown. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yes, yes. OK, so let let me then move on to something which I actually really will probably. OK, so the BBC Your Millennium Online poll for the greatest star of Stage or Screen ran in June 1999 on BBC News Online, seeking public votes for the top performer over the last 1000 years. The top ten list has some surprising results.
OK OK, so I'll give you a few of those, and obviously I'll omit a couple and you have to tell me which ones I'm omitting. Sure. OK, so #2 is Lawrence Olivier #3 is Alec Guinness. OK #4 is Charlie Chaplin. OK. Number 5 was Homer Simpson. Number six was Robert De Niro, 7 was Cary Grant, 8 was Buster Keaton, 9 was Marilyn Monroe. My question who was #1 and #10? So these are these are top performers. I'm assuming this is only to do with acting, right?
And you mentioned only actors as far as I could tell. Yeah, these are actors. These are I'm looking both of the both the people. I'm looking for are actors. I don't know how Homer Simpson qualifies as an actor, but OK, maybe the voice actor? Yeah. But they did kind of put him in there, yeah. The second one was Lawrence Olivier. There was Charlie Chaplin in there, Homer Simpson in there.
Who else did you say? Cary Grant, Buster Keaton, Marilyn Monroe, Charlie Chaplin, Alec Guinness, Lawrence Olivier. Who was #1 and who was #10? I'm surprised Charlie Chaplin is number whatever, not number 14. Bruce Lee. You were going to ask me #10 I'm going to say Bruce Lee. Yeah #10 yeah. No, it's not Bruce Lee. But also last thousand years. How do you? No, obviously they didn't think of the last thousand years. People just calculated among the last 50-60 years.
That's it. People's memories are very, very, very short. OK, fair enough. Is it something really stupid like like Hitler? Because he used to do those performative theatrical things in his speeches. And no, no, it is stupid, but it's not Hitler like now, you would think it was stupid. It wouldn't have been very surprising at the time, but today you would be like. What? OK, I'm supposed to answer #1 and #10, right?
10 yes #1 and #10 number one is quite, I would say obvious, but it's not very surprising, not as surprising as #10. OK. These are actors, they're not known for something else and just side. They're all actors. They're all actors, but number one is known for a lot of things. But primarily acting. Yes, primarily acting. You did not say Marlon Brando. The whole method acting thing. Nope. It's not Marlon Brando, it's not Al Pacino. It's not any of the usual
suspects. You didn't say I as you were either that. You didn't say either of the Hepburns so. No, it's neither of those either, so I'm going to move this along a little bit. So #1 and #10 are both Indian. Oh, what? OK Oh, is this one of those like just do all these votes and then they just voted in vast numbers for Indian performers? Oh. Yeah, yeah, yeah.
And this was done. This is 1990. 1999 So would I would have Shahrukh Khan would have been a very easy guess, but 99 Shahrukh Khan is pushing it. Very good guess, but wrong. Yeah, no, Shahrukh Khan can be 1999. That was not a guess. You can't say it wrong when I haven't guessed it in it. OK, my guess would be if it's 19, then I would say Indian. No shade to my Tamil friends, but I think Amitabh Bachchan would edge out Rajinikanth in
this. Very good number one is Amitabh Bachchan, which I was expecting you would get quite easy. Who was #10? Also Indian. Also Indian. And you said this would be ridiculous. I want to go through. Your head the biggest stars in India during that time and then try and give me the answer biggest stars. At the turn of the Millennium, and I would I wouldn't think you'd ask me this if it wasn't Hindi actors, because unfortunately my knowledge otherwise is restricted.
Or it could be that I'm trying to torture you because we all know you don't watch South movies. And that's just true then. But no, this is a this is a North Indian actor. What I'm going to take a guess. Is it Johnny Lever? It's not Johnny Lever. Good guess, but not Johnny Lever. Because you said now in retrospect probably doesn't make as much sense, but had a pretty big impact in 1999 if not.
Johnny Lever was never that big. I mean, like he was always like a supporting role, but not somebody like who you would call a star, right? Who are the biggest stars in the North in like in the the Hindi film industry, the biggest stars of the 90s? Oh, OK. And then I'm going to say some, some, some actress. Then Aishwarya Rai, she had already been crowned. Nope. OK. Is it an actor? Is it an actress? It's an actor. Technically the term would be female actor, but I'll forgive you.
OK, no, I can't think of any other actor then it would be Shahrukh Khan. Like, I can't think of anybody else who would be. It's not Shahrukh Khan, Akshay Kumar, no. Govinda. Yes, it was #10 was Govinda In a 1999 poll, online poll of the BBC, your Millennium poll for the top performers of the last thousand years, Number one was Amitabh Bachchan. And #10 was Govinda the man who claims he turned down Avatar?
The only reason I guessed Govinda was because I recently saw somewhere on my random Instagram scrolling somebody had put quotes from a previous interview. I am. I am hoping this is true and not just something made-up, but apparently I'm very acclaimed that oh, let's see how long these Amir, Shahrukh and Salman last. Yes, I saw the same thing. I saw the same thing. Some Filmfare interview or something. It was. That was hilarious. His quotes were all over the
page. If you read the BBC article that came with the list, this is the description they've written for the number one position. He retired from films more than 10 years ago, but after a stint in politics, he's making a comeback with films like Lal Baadshah and Mrityu Dada. His placing in Your Millennium Vote as the greatest star of stage of screen and placing at #10 of another Bollywood star, Govinda is a reflection of the huge popularity of Indian films.
The Bombay's film industry is one of the biggest in the world, each career producing more than 1000 films which are seen in Russia, China, Africa and the Middle East. The UK has a large overseas audience, with Asian cinemas
enjoying a revival. In the 80s, people stayed at home to watch Asian films on video, but last year, the film Dulce was a box office hit, the first Bollywood production to make it into the UK top 10 despite being considered a flop in India. This is a flop in India, OK.
I I didn't do as well as expected, but yeah, I found that I found a very nostalgic to read an article from the the late 90s like Lalbaugcha. I'd completely forgotten about Lalbaugcha. Yeah, I guess in retrospect, a lot of these things don't make as much sense. Fair enough. And Govinda, you know, someday I'm going to put a list of actors who claim to have refused roles by James Cameron, and it will definitely have Matt Damon. And what did Matt Damon tell Novinda on the same list?
Oh, you don't know this. So Matt Damon was offered the role, the lead role in Avatar, and James Cameron actually gave him the option of taking a percentage of profit rather than a salary, and he turned it down. So apparently if he had acted in it, he would have gotten something around $100 million. Or something like that. I've seen this in some interviews, yeah. OK, so that was, I mean, Govinda I, I still can't believe it, but he was quite big at that point
of time. All the number one Movies Now coolie number one hero #1. This is another one of those questions that maybe you know, maybe you don't, but well. Take a shot. At it. Mong KET Township is a Township in Kington District in the Shan State of Myanmar. Apologies for incorrect pronunciations one more time. Mong KET Township is a Township of Keng Tong District in the Shan State of Myanmar of Burma. It is the principal town and administrative center, and it's
called Mong KET basically right. In 2015, Mong KET gained prominence or came into, let's say sudden stardom because of a certain calculation. What calculation was this? Why was Mong KET thrust into the center of it? So Monket, a Township in Myanmar, became famous in 2015 because of some sort of calculation? Yes. Something to do with time zones? No. OK. What else? What else? What else is this calculation? The What's in Myanmar? Myanmar is famous for what? No.
You'll have to give me some other clue. I'm going to repeat myself. That's going to be our first clue. Monket Township or Monket became suddenly, overnight, very instantly popular or famous because of a certain calculation. Why was Monket at the center? Of it. So Monket was at the center of something, yes. So center of earthquakes. No. Center of because this is the Bay of Bengal being adjacent. I don't think that hurricanes are a thing.
So I'm guessing cyclone or typhoon, no. So typhoons is Japan, so cycling. No Listen, I was thinking it might be the kind of force calculations of cyclones. You know there are rating scales for the strength of cyclones. Let me let me guide you towards the direction. It has nothing to do with natural phenomena. Nothing to do with natural phenomena. My natural phenomenon, I'm largely classifying earthquake. So tornadoes, tsunami is none of that. When you say center, it has to
be a circle of some sort. Oh, very nice. I guess. I'm guessing circle we could probably, but OK, circle. No. One more clock. One more clock. So I said 2015 was a calculation that that put Monket at the center of it. The initial hypothesis wasn't Reddit in 2013, but I think most people are aware of it, have seen it at some point, this hypothesis or or this this
conjecture. And in 2015 it was formally studied by a Singaporean professor, Danny Kwah, who is the public policy school, I think Dean or something over there in the university. That should give you maybe some sort of hint it is in that sphere, but not intended. Did this come out earlier than 2015? 2013 is when the Reddit. Or was it? Recognized 2013 is when it was first postulated on Reddit, 2015 when it was formally calculated. Did this come on our map on?
Probably. I don't know where exactly it came, but that sounds right, yeah. Is this that circle which has like 75% of the world's population inside a circle? I'll give it to you, some technicalities are off. Because Asia, India and China
inside the same circle. So this lovely little town is in Myanmar, and if you draw a circle with this town in the center and of a certain radius, I'll get to that, you will have a circle where more population lives inside that tiny circle than outside of it. Outside, yeah, I remember it's something like 75% or something. I don't remember exactly, but yeah. So he has a story bandit, Ken
Myers, an American ESL teacher. So he didn't have anything to do with, I don't know, sociology or population studies or anything like that. He posted this image on Reddit and he put a circle on our map, which is the Winkle triple projection, right? One of the common map projections that we see multiple projections, yes.
And he put it on that and he said this, this particular statement that more people live inside of this circle than do outside of it. And it's interesting because in context of the whole map, it looks like a small fraction of it. And yet obviously we know it to be true because most of the populous Chinese cities are along the coast and India has so many popular city cities and all
of them fall under the circle. There's also Indonesia, there's a Southeast Asian nations as well, Bangladesh, all of these very populated countries. So more people live inside the circle than do outside of it. In 2015, the Singaporean professor Danny Kwa, he basically formalized it and along with the help of an intern, Ken Kyo, he managed to find the centre of that circle on a different map projection, which would be on actual spherical representation of the
globe. On that he's put a circle and he made the radius actually much smaller because the initial radius was supposed to be around 4000 kilometers. He proposed that this is around 3300 kilometers and postulated that this is the smallest possible circle. So a circle drawn with the radius of 3300 kilometers from Monkit as a center would have more people inside of that circle than it could outside of that circle. And the circle is called Valerie Pierce circle.
This has become a a common way to measure things in on much smaller scale as well. Like you could do it for a country, you could do it for a state as well. Like if you had the whole of country of India, where could you place a circle such that you would have more people inside of the circle than you would have outside of it? Then I would say. This will become a common Valerie Pierce Pierce. I don't know why This was the name Ken Myers had on Reddit. That was his username.
It was named after his Reddit username, Valerie Pierce Circle, and that centers around this good little town in Myanmar called Monket Township or Monket. And that's the claim to fame. That's a great question Great question. Great question I just reminds me of some the the fact that he said that Valerie Pairs was Ken Myers's Reddit screen name reminds me of this fact that.
I don't know if many people outside Reddit know this, but the first person to gain a million karma credits on Reddit is postulated to be. We don't know if 100% true or not because it's it's conjecture and the actual name that has given it away might have been Gillian Maxwell. What? Why? As I mentioned, this is a postulation. It's more of a Reddit kind of theory, but one of the most prolific Hi karma users on Reddit in the early days was a user with the account name U slash Maxwell Hill.
OK. The proponents of this theory basically speculate that it was Gillian Maxwell who was a super moderator and influencer on the platform. If you go through that particular Reddit rabbit hole, you'll find people who connect the Maxwell hill. Apparently he'll has something else true with her father. Plus the fact that this particular account went silent somewhere around the time that she started being investigated for, you know, her horrendous crimes.
So it is quite possible it's still is enough for debate, but it has not been completely debunked and I think it just might be true that Gilane Maxwell might have been the first user to get more than 1,000,000 karma karma credits on. Reddit don't particularly like using this word in general, but don't mind using it for her. You know what they say, karma is a bitch. I think Gilane Maxwell qualifies as one as well.
OK, OK, so by the way, the valediplate circle is an interesting fact and I will not remember it. Now let me move on to something I'm going to be looking for, a two word phrase. It's a theme for today, two word phrase. Let's call that word phrase XY. X being the first word of the phrase, Y being the second word, right? X is a word which evokes radiance or sparkle, while Y is a poetic way to refer to the brow. Brow as in your forehead.
This fuses both Arabic and Persian roots to paint a vision of stunning allure with a glowing face. OK. Some even link X, which as I mentioned evokes radiance of sparkle to Urdu's name for Venus, which also again amplifies the poetic loveliness. I want you to identify this two word phrase which kicks off a timeless 1965 tracks opening line. So I'm guessing because they will do it some Hindi or Urdu or Hindustani phrase. It is a 1965 very, very, very
famous song. I'm guaranteeing you you heard it. And X refers to radiance, Y refers to brow, and X also might be connected to the Urdu word for Venus, yes. X is originally Arabic, but in Urdu it's also linked to Venus, and Y is a Persian or Urdu for forehead or brow, and it's used as a poetic motif. Would I have heard XY in a context apart from that song? Is it popular enough? No, no, no, no.
This is AI mean. Like honestly, again, you are from Lucknow, you may have read some kind of Urdu poetry or Hindi poetry which has used this. I have never used this. I've never heard this being used anywhere else apart from this particular context. But I'm telling you, this context is something you guarantee have heard. OK, no, I have no clue right now because my. Like, it's very, it's almost impossible to have lived up and grown up in India in the 80s and
90s and not heard this song. Not that it's from the 80s and 90s, it's from the 1965 film, but it was something that you would have got. I can't think of anything that would even remotely remind me of Urdu for Venus or Urdu for forehead or Urdu for radiance. Noor. I guess Noor I know is radiance. The word the Arabic word X can mean radiance, sparkle, brilliance, flower. Is it Noor Noor? I know is it's not no, no. No, no, I'm like yeah, that my will do clearly sucks.
So no, I have no idea. Give me some of the clue. So the song in question is a qawwali style romantic song from the 1965 blockbuster Hindi film Walk, and it is sung by Manade. It's indeed. This particular phrase is in the very first line of. The song Walk No time for Love. It's oh God, Leo. What time I know 1965 what film I don't. I wouldn't even be able to say who was in it what, which actor. So no, I don't know what Malade song could this be. No, you definitely know the song
that I can guarantee you. Just try one more time to guess it. See if any kind of Mana Day song comes to mind. You. Obviously, the movie that we're talking about stars Sunil Dutt and Shashi Kapoor, Rajkumar Balraj. Seni overestimating my my mana day fandom. Of course. Top of my head I have 0 Mala day socks. Directed by Yash Chopra. Produced by BR Chopra. OK, what? Is direct. Where should I get that part? I knew. Because I don't have any other clues to give you. That's the thing.
But you said kids in the 80s and 90s would have known. But would we have known it? Because none of us. Was I mean like you? That's what you know. You would have definitely know this, and even if you were born before or after, you probably do which. Mean that has probably been used in some of the film or something, right? It was actually featured if I'm not mistaken in DDLDA little bit. See, now that's a good hint, because I think you're talking about Emeri zora jabi, zora jabi, zora jabi.
It is Zohra Jabin. Zohra derives from Arabic from Zuhra means flower, brilliance or radiance. Also links to Venus which is zuhra in astronomy symbolizing beauty and shining light. Jabin is Persian Urdu for forehead and combined Zohra Jabin means a beautiful person
with a shining forehead. And as I mentioned, it's a timeless qawwali style romantic song from the 1965 blockbuster VOC and it was sung by Mannari. And if there are any Gen. Z's or Gen. alphas, the very, very few of you who actually listen to our podcast, the song that I'm talking about is. So this song was also based on Raga Pillu, which was inspired by an Afghan musical composition by Abdul Kapoor Breshna. Lovely. OK cool.
Well I would not have been able to get it by Mana Day by Waqt by Yash Chopra by Sunil. That one of those examples would have helped me. But DDLJI know that scene where I think this is right after. The the song on the rooftop, I think it's the sangeet part of it where where the men and the women are all singing and dancing and celebrating during the wedding. A beautiful moment. This point I think we are doing audience question, the senior
1st and then doing the junior. Yes, we are doing audience question. The senior or rather the original, the OG. So the Prime Minister is sworn in by the President of India. The state Chief Ministers are sworn in by the respective governors of state who administers the oath of office to the President of India. The Chief Justice. Very good. Yes, it is the Chief Justice of India.
In the event that the Chief Justice is unavailable or the position is vacant, the oath is administered by the senior most judge of the Supreme Court of India, who is currently available. Yeah, so that's the case. Now, like I mentioned, the of President of India is sworn in by the Chief Justice of India or the senior most Supreme Court
judge. The vice president is sworn in by the President of India or a person appointed by the President of India. In case they're too lazy or busy to do it, The Prime Minister is sworn in by the President of India. A governor of a state is sworn in by the Chief Justice of the respective state High Court and the state chief minister is sworn in by the governor of the respective state. That is the answer to the audience question that we had asked in the beginning of the
episode. Aditya will now regain you with the next question, which is going to be the audience question path. Do All right, So for the audience question, as it is also commonly called, yeah, again, a
visual question. I will be posting this image on Reddit on Instagram. If you are listening to this and do not have access to those platforms, I'm going to do my best to describe it. And you can send in your answers on all of our social media platforms on on Instagram, on reply on Reddit and send it to us on our e-mail areyouusingme@gmail.com, wherever you see fit. The image in question is of an individual who is merged atop a
very high stack of paper. In fact, there are two stacks of paper, and all of these stacks of paper are in the middle of a forest. So picture this, two stacks of paper, a very high stack of paper, and in the middle of a forest, a pretty dense forest. And on top of that is an individual 2 parter. Who is this individual and what is this picture for? If you know the answer, go ahead and tell us on our social media platforms.
Looking forward to it. Aditya, before we wind up today's episode, what is your pop culture? What are your pop culture recommendations for this week? I'm going to recommend two shows actually. I've been watching a lot of content and there are a bunch of movies that I want to recommend, but for today only two shows. And the first show has to do with two women, Broad City. I don't know why I slept on it. I don't know. Watching it a long time back, I started it.
I didn't quite get engaged. And then I revisited it now and just the absurdist, surrealist comedy of it is beautiful, brilliant, so much fun. So Broad City. Check it out. It is available on OTT platforms. It is two women in New York doing absolutely batshit stuff and having the best of times. They're in their 20s. So, so think of think of I remember recommending adults and telling you that it is Friends, but for a more modern palette, Broad City is in the 2010.
So it kind of bridges the gap when friends ended and there wasn't anything in the mainstream which was filling that niche. And then now there are the shows also. I mean, of course there are other shows which are the popular Broad City was one of the ones which was kind of under the radar. Cool if you knew about it. Only the really in people knew and were watching. It's a Broad City. Brilliant, brilliant. By the way, actresses or female actors, whoever was created the show.
So check that out. The other thing that I'm going to recommend has two men in it. Well, men. They might be pushing it because one of them is a child and this is a Knight of the Seven Kingdoms. There is some really fun stuff happening on IMDb for anybody who's chronically online because.
Oh yes, yes, Breaking Bad fans. Breaking Bad fans have finally, quite literally been taking a peg down because they have been for years and years, apparently downloading other shows and episodes which they didn't approve of because they would
achieve the same status. That Aussie Mandy is one of the most famous episodes on. Brilliant episode mind you, which had a 10 on 10. Really the only ever episode to get and rating and then other TV show TV episodes would would be close to achieving it and then breaking back. Fans would go and just review bomb it.
So they tried to do that same thing with the recent episode of Night of Seven Kingdom. And finally, finally the dam broke and it kind of backfired because there were review bombs on Aussie Mandeas. So both Aussie mandeas and the Night of Seven Kingdoms episode, both of them no longer are at 10. They're all at 9 point something regardless all that stupid drama side net ascend kingdoms just so much fun and I don't remember the last time something in the
Game of Thrones universe excited me it and in a very different way. It doesn't have anything to do with, like, murder, intrigue, incest, none of that. It is just a very small, simple, beautiful story of somebody in this fantasy medieval Duncan Egg situation. Yeah. Dunks. Sir Duncan, other than Dunk and Egg, is this little child who's. Sir Duncan's a. Dog in the tall and Egg who
wants to be squat. Two very interesting characters, 2 very well written characters, 2 characters that you just want to empathize with. And so far at least, nothing too too drastically bad about them has happened in the show. Who knows what features episodes have in store? So I haven't seen the show, but I am a big fan of the stories, the short stories on which they are based, and the graphic novels. I've read both versions.
For those who haven't, I would say go in without any spoilers because there is a pretty big twist. You know, you, you could probably see it coming somewhere around one at least 2/3 into the story. So that is possible. You know that you might enjoy it if you go in without any spoilers, though. I'd be more interested in seeing how they make the second story the Swan Sword because I've felt that was one of that is one of the weakest of the Duncan Egg tales.
I think there are three out of the thing that will be. They're planning that as the next season. But I'm waiting for all the episodes to air before I watch it. And I think the last episode just aired a couple of days ago, but I haven't gone out to watching it, which I will. My recommendation is a movie called a Ronin. Have you seen this movie? A video? I have a feeling I have, yes. Yeah. Yes, So Ronan is a 1998 noir spy thriller. Oh no, I've not seen it.
It's on my list. I've not seen it. OK, so it's it's got like a fantastic cast. You've got Robert De Niro, Jean Renault, Sean Bean, Stellen Skarsgard, Jonathan Pryce, and a lot of character actors who you will recognize if and when you see the movie. I'm just, I'll just say just go watch the movie. It's a very 90s movie. You can obviously like everything the way from the way it's short to the locations to the storylines. Everything is very 90s.
It's about a team of former spies and special operators who come together, who are brought together by this mysterious figure and who wants them to steal something and things just go from there. I really enjoy it because it's got some killer car chase cakes seats, like some very realistic car chase scenes, which is not surprising because the director was John Frankenheimer, who directed with the Manchurian Candidate, who directed the French Connection.
So those are, you know, famous movies of the 1960s and the 70s, and this was, I think his last big film. So I would say go watch Ronan. And that's all the time we have for today's episode. Thank you all for joining in. We hope you enjoyed the show. Please reach out to us on Instagram at Are You Quizzing Me? If you want questions that you have which you want asked on the show, please send them to us at areyouquizzingme@gmail.com.
Just make sure to put the name of the quizmaster in the subject line. You can also find us on any podcast platform. Please rate, review, and subscribe on whichever platform you're listening to and follow us on YouTube and Instagram. That's all the time we have. And I will see you all next week and Aditya will see you next week with the answer to the audience question, Pennsylvania Do, which is French for Part 2. And as we like to say, dig a little deeper. Nah. Nope. Nope. Nope.