War of the Currents

the planning phase. Organizers wanted to make the fair grander and more advanced than the much talked about Paris World's Fair of American technology had seen amazing innovations in recent years. Internal combustion powered tractors, the incandescent lamp, and the rotary dial, just to name a few. And one more marvel the introduction of the skyscraper right there in Chicago five years prior.

Organizers had plans as big as the city itself, and for the first time since its invention, the Ferris wheel would make its debut at the fair. With the recent invention of the electric light, the organizers came up with an idea that would surely outshine pairs. Event literally that

light the entire six hundred and ninety acre city. Keeping with the tradition of envisioning the future, Chicago saw the potential for electricity to light buildings and homes everywhere, though Chicago's prediction was more a foregone conclusion than dreamy speculation. Most homes in the late eighteen hundreds still used kerosene lamps or candles. Sure, there were the lucky few homes

and businesses that already used electricity. Companies supplying wire and power were already rushing to control as much of the market as possible, but lighting up the entire World's Fair was no small undertaking. The company that could pull off such an endeavor would certainly win the line's share of the market. Needless to say, the bidding war between companies vying for the honor to light the World's Fair was fierce.

General Electric made the first bid, offering to do the job at a cool one point eight million that's over fifty million dollars today. The organizers declined, though, looking for a cheaper alternative. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, with brilliant inventor Nicola Tesla on board, bid a bit over five hundred thousand dollars at nearly a third of General Electrics bid. The organizers accepted. The deal, made news worldwide. Chicago's exposition

would be the first fair powered by electricity. Tesla originally planned on using general electric light bulbs, but Thomas Edison, who held the patent and owned GE, didn't feel the need to lose Gracefully, knowing it would put Tesla and Westinghouse in a bind, he refused to sell a single bulb to them. Westinghouse sued, but the courts sided with Edison. Tesla and Company had the means to power the fair,

but they didn't have a single light. With less than a year ago before the fair opened, they needed to get creative. The young inventor came up with a solution

that didn't infringe on Edison's patent. The double stopper lightbulb had a shorter lifespan but was sufficient to use for the fair, and until Edison's patent expired, Westinghouse amped up production, producing a hundred and twenty thousand bulbs along with twelve thousand horsepower polyphase generators capable of supplying enough power to keep those lights glowing, plus enough electricity to provide a

method of travel to and from the fair. The city's elevated railroad system would whisk up to fifty thou people an hour to and from the fair grounds inside. Electric rail cars, electric boats, and even a moving sidewalk would be ready to move visitors around the exposition. On opening day, May, one packed crowd gathered at the fairground entrance in anticipation. President Grover Cleveland stepped up to the podium and gave

a short speech. When he finished and declared the fair open, he thrust his fist down on a gold plated button to start up the fairs machinery and turn on all those lights. The crowd gasped in astonishment, and the light people streamed through the gates. Aside from the expected cotton candy and other snacks, an entire section devoted to culinary innovation greeted them. There were livestock arenas, vendor tents, buildings with shows and art exhibits, and that ferris wheel towering

over at all. Wishful homeowners admired fully electric kitchens, complete with dishwashers, electric cop plates, ranges, broilers, and kettles. Inventors showed off electric bed warmers for those cold winter nights, and electric fans for those sweltering summer days. Business Men balked at the neon lights and fax machines. Naturally, Westinghouse had their own exhibit. They have bully demonstrated to the

crowd how the fair benefited from alternating current. Opposite from them was general electric, with the Edison Tower showcasing direct current. The day turned to dusk, and visitors still had so much to see. They were thrilled that the brilliant lights allowed them to stay longer. One newspaper reporter wrote that the exposition was worthy of world attention. The city and sky on the first evening were a light, as though transformed by a magician. The dome at the heart of

the exposition glowed as though draped in stars. The lights dazzled everyone and became the talk of the nation and yes, the world. The way we use electricity had changed forever in the public's mind. Westinghouse and Tesla's alternating current had won the war and had stepped into center stage. And when the fair finally came to a close, it seemed

everyone couldn't have been more pleased with how things turned out. Well, almost everyone, because in the War of the currents, there was one person in particular who didn't like to be outshined. I'm Lauren Vogelbaum, Welcome to American Shadows. Like every good war story, the most pivotal moments occurred long before the first battle. Thomas Alva Edison was born on February eleventh of eighteen forty seven. He was the seventh child born to parents Samuel and Nancy, though only four of them

made it to adulthood. Perhaps surprisingly, his education was sparse. He left school in eighteen fifty nine to work on the train route between Detroit and Port Herein. Then, just a few short years after the Civil War, an emerging technology swept the nation, the telegraph. Edison became so captivated with this new invention that he quit his route on the railroad and found employment as a telegraph operator. The job allowed him to work anywhere in the country, and

he traveled extensively. But Edison had some difficulty with his chosen profession. He was deaf in one ear and had limited hearing and other due to childhood illnesses. This made understanding and translating the Morse Code to English much harder. He refused to give up, though he improved the device, making it easier for deaf and heart of hearing people to use. Edison's interpretation of the telegraph used a metal

stylus and chemically treated paper. His version greatly improved upon the old one, recording up to a thousand words a minute. He found he enjoyed the process of creating new things, and worked on another invention, the universal stock printer. In the early days, his inventions earned him a tidy sum of forty dollars roughly seven hundred thousand today, so Edison quickly gave up working with telegraphs and moved to New Jersey to set up a lab and invent full time.

When Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone, Edison set out to improve it. He developed a microphone that used carbon to create variable resistance in a current, which could transmit over much longer distances. His basic method would be used until digital telephones appeared in the nineteen eighties. His inventions, or the improvement of other inventions, earned him a new nickname,

the Wizard of Menlo Park. The press reported on him frequently, and the public anxiously awaited to see what he had come up with next. In eighteen seventy eight, harnessing electricity became his new obsession. Edison bought patent after patent along with power plants, placing himself in the perfect position to monopolize the market as he had with other inventions. He quickly set out to improve on how electricity was being used. Making it safer and cheaper would also mean more customers.

His first goal was to replace the gas light. The idea wasn't exactly new, the light all had been invented back in eighteen thirty five, but Edison felt he could do it better and more affordably. As smart a businessman as he was an inventor, he convinced financial heavyweights like JP Morgan and the Vanderbilts to invest in his research. The funds were enough to found the Edison Electric Company, which later became General Electric. His first real breakthrough came

in eighteen seventy nine. Edison came up with a light bulb that used a platinum filament. In eighteen eighty, he carbonized bamboo, creating a long lasting and affordable light bulb. Overnight, Edison became the biggest name in science. But lightbulbs don't

work without current, and he needed electrical infrastructure. He chose what's called direct current or d C. With DC, the current flows in one direction in September at eighteen eighty two, the very first power station opened in New York City. Fifty nine paying customers immediately signed up. Before long, more plants were built. As you might imagine, the gas companies weren't exactly thrilled. They argued that direct current was dangerous for every day use by the general public, and there

were drawbacks. Namely, direct current couldn't transfer past a mile, so customers needed to be rather close to a power plant, and costs were high. Copper wiring was expensive. Direct current wasn't the only game in town, though. There's also alternating current, or a C, which periodically reverses direction, and it has fewer limitations on distance. Farther distance fewer power plants, cheaper to operate, and lower costs. Overall, a second transformer could

also lower the voltage. George Westinghouse was not only a proponent of a C power he was an economic Powerhouse had invented the air brake, which had set him up financially with the railroads. But Westinghouse had a problem. No amount of enthusiasm or money made a C work as well as Edison's d C. That didn't mean he didn't have a solution, though he hired a former Edison employee, a man named Nicola Tesla, touted as an exceptionally brilliant engineer.

Tesla had immigrated from Serbia to New York City in eighteen eighty four. Upon arriving, he applied with Edison. Coming highly recommended and regarded, he handed Edison a letter of recommendation that read, my dear Edison, I know two great men, and you are one of them. The other is this young man. Born on July tenth of eighteen fifty six, Nicola Tesla was one of four siblings. Had become fascinated

with electricity after a demonstration from his physics professor. Able to do complex calculations in his head and recall images with amazing detail, he completed his schooling in three years instead of four, though he left before acquiring his degree. He arrived in New York with the aforementioned letter and four set in his pocket. He knew of Edison and wanted the chance to work with such a great inventor, and Edison hired him, offering him a fifty thou dollar

bonus if he could improve the direct current generators. Tesla loved a challenge, and in five, he provided his new employer with a solution, an alternating current generator. Edison scoffed at the idea, calling it splendid but impractical. It didn't help that his nemesis, Westinghouse also believed alternating current was the future of electricity. Though Tesla had met his end of the bargain, Edison did not. He refused to pay his new hire, telling him when you become a full

fledged American, you will appreciate an American joke. Tesla didn't find the situation funny at all and promptly quit. As a new immigrant, employment was hard to find. Still, he found work digging ditches. It wasn't much, but he remained determined to save enough to work on his own inventions. The two would cross paths again, and not just during the finale at the World's Fair in Chicago. In fact,

sparks were about to fly. Tesla didn't give up. Edison might have scoffed at his suggestion, but the idea of an alternating current generator was too tempting to walk away from. While digging ditches made for long, tiresome days, he worked out an invention in his head. Later he had jot the diagrams and notes onto paper, and they worked as

jotted flawlessly, in fact, without ever changing a thing. Tesla had what's called idetic memory, which is the ability to vividly recall an image even if you've only seen it once. It's occasionally found in very bright children, but rarely ever in adults. Tesla patented his inventions, said to be the most valuable since the creation of the telephone. George Westinghouse took notice and not only licensed to the young inventor's patents, but he also hired him for its sixty dollars plus

royalties and stock. If Westinghouse could corner the market on electricity, Tesla would be one of the world's wealthiest men. The company soon set up their new engineer in a lab not far from Edison's office. It must have felt pretty satisfying for Tesla. Shortly afterward, he invented a coil capable of generating high voltages and frequencies. In turn, this helped create new forms of light bulbs, such as fluorescent and neon. It also had another use, sending radio signals, and that

gave Tesla another idea. He pitched JP Morgan's and ideas for wireless transmission. The financial tycoon loved the ideas so much he spent a hundred and fifty thou dollars to build a huge transmission tower. There was a problem, though, legal issues with one Guglielmo Marconi and the prior patent. It would be years before the Supreme Court overturned Marconi's patent, giving credit to Tesla for the first patent in radio technology.

Edison watched Tesla and Westinghouse carefully. Though he had treated the young inventor poorly, he still realized Tesla was a genius in his own right. It didn't take much to see that alternating current was closing the gap on direct current. Rural areas favored a C in many out of the way places, d C just wasn't practical. All told, Westinghouse had recently set up sixty eight power plants closing in

on Edison's one. Like a lot of business men, he decided that if he couldn't make his product look better, he'd make the other guys look worse. Legal battles ensued as Edison tried to claim that alternating current infringed on his patents. He also claimed that using alternating current was inferior to his direct current system. Now any electrician will tell you neither current is safe. If you're not careful,

electricity is unforgiving. All Edison needed to do was a little fearmongering show the public the dangers of alternating current. Edison already knew that most electric companies installed a C wire on poles in a less than cautious manner. The faster that any company provided electricity d C or a C two businesses and homes, the more money they made, which did not incentivize them to create robust safety measures

for the linesmen installing the wire. Though linesmen frequently climbed poles upwards of a hundred and fifty feet tall, they weren't offered helmets, harnesses, or other safety gear. Add to that, the haphazard way the wires were attached and it was an accident waiting to happen. That didn't stop Edison from trying to push through legislation to limit the use of

alternating current. Specifically, when papers touted the benefits and the growth of a C, Edison was it to saying, just as certain as death, Westinghouse will kill a customer within six months, and when a Western Union lineman died on the job. Edison quickly pointed to it, and the press wasted little time selling papers with the gruesome story of

linesman John Pikes. After snowstorm snapped wires and plunged the city into darkness for days, New York determined that for safety reasons, all wires should be buried instead of strong overhead. The new mayor determined to make this a priority, set a deadline. Companies had just ninety days to finish the job or he'd have the poles cut down. It was an impossible task, and by mid April nine, the city

workers began cutting down poles like they were lumberjacks. Then they rolled up the remaining wire and carried it away. It's not that the companies who owned the lines didn't try, it's how Western Union lineman John Fikes found himself on a pole in downtown New York at lunchtime on October eleven. He lost his footing on what should have been a low voltage pole, but it wasn't. He hit the first set of wires, then tumbled towards the ground, becoming entangled

in more wiring. Lunch goers below were horrified as the corpse caught fire. To further demonstrate how horrible a death from a c was, Edison connected a dog named Dash to three volts of alternating current, essentially frying the poor dog. Then he performed his demonstration on more animals, using strays or dogs and cats from a shelter. Other times, had paid neighborhood kids a quarter to bring him pets. Most were cats and dogs, but he electrocuted a few cows

and horses as well. None of the deaths were quick, and that was Edison's point. Still, it wasn't enough. Tesla and Westinghouse continued to gain market share. With more safety measures now in place and most of the wires buried underground, fewer deaths were occurring. Edison needed something that would ruin Westinghouse and Tesla, and as it turned out, the state of New York had already offered a solution. It's a

morbid origin story. Alfred P. Southwick, a Buffalo, New York dentist, had been determined to find a way to execute criminals sitting on death row. Had had this obsession since when the story of a drunken doc worker piqued his interest. The worker had grabbed a large electric dynamo and unable to let go had died. Coupled with Edison's demonstrations electrocuting animals, the dentist believed he had found an alternative to hanging

people on death Row. After writing a few successful articles about using electricity to euthanize animals, Southwick caught the attack should have a commission appointed by New York Governor David Hill in eighty three. Within the year, the commission recommended carrying out executions with the electric chair. They needed additional research, though, so they contacted Edison. Naturally. The feigned inventor recommended the use of alternating current, and not just any a C generator,

but specifically those made by Westinghouse. When a government employee working on the committee questioned him about how electricity would be used as a means of execution, Edison suggested that death Row inmates should be forced to work as a New York lineman that he assured the official would dispatch them in short order. Harold Brown, an electrical engineer secretly on Edison's payroll, sent a scathing letter to the New York Post in June of eight trashing any power company

using alternating current. He claimed that companies didn't care about deaths as long as they got rich, offering a cheap utility. George Westinghouse wrote his own letter to the Post the next day in an attempt to put the situation to rest once and for all. He invited Edison to Pittsburgh so that they could talk and get past their differences. Edison refused, citing his work taking up too much of

his time. In July, Brown and Edison headed to Columbia College to again demonstrate the danger of alternating current to the general public. They electrocuted one dog after another. Sickened by their casual cruelty, people yelled at them to stop, while others fled in horror. But the collusion between the two men didn't end there. Brown was selected to design the electric chair. Edison and company quickly coined the term

Westinghouse for those condemned to death. Westinghouse was mortified. It never intended for the A C generator to be used for such a thing, and he refused to sell them

for that purpose, but the courts forced the issue. The first person slated for execution with the new device was convicted murderer William Kemler, an alcoholic he had, during one of his drunken stupors, grabbed a hatchet and repeatedly struck his girlfriend on March twenty nine, Then, calmly, he had walked next door and confessed the crime to his neighbors. Though the case was open and shut, his attorneys argued

death by electrocution was cruel and unusual punishment. The impending execution appalled Westinghouse so much he contributed a hundred thousand dollars to Kemmler's defense. The Supreme Court deemed the method humane and ruled in favor of the use of electricity and Westinghouses generators. On August six of eighteen ninety, at five o'clock in the morning, Kemmler sat down to breakfast, wearing a suit, a white shirt, and a necktie. Afterward, he prayed as a guard shaved the top of his head.

At six thirty eight a m seventeen witnesses watched Kemler enter the execution room. They remarked how cool and composed he seemed. After strapping him into the chair and covering his face with a hood, the executioner charged up the generator. They believed the shock would send him into immediate cardiac arrest. Once the switch was flipped, a thousand bolts surged through his body for a full seventeen seconds. When it was done,

Southwick turned to the crowd. Pleased with the results, he announced that the execution had been the result of hard work and study, then added, we live in a higher civilization today. That's when the screams erupted behind him, and the witnesses, all looking over Southwick's shoulder, screamed too. Some ran from their seats, vomiting. Kemmler was still alive. From under the hood. Covering his face, he let out agonized shriek. After shriek, the executioner threw the switch again, but the

dynamo needed time to rebuild a charge. As the current began to slowly build, Kemler wheezed and gasped for breath. Then two thousand volts shocked him, causing blood vessels under his skin to rupture and his body to catch fire. Witnesses fainted for several minutes more the execution went on. Finally, Kembler's body went rigid. The switch was turned off, and the physician cautiously stepped forward to check for signs of life. Finding none, he pronounced the prisoner dead. The news of

the botched execution reached to the press. Of course, neither Edison nor Westinghouse had predicted how it would turn out. However, Tesla had. Edison said that the execution had been sloppy, but nothing more than a temporary setback, when the future executions using a C would go a lot smoother. The public disagreed. They seemed to decide with Westinghouse, who said the execution had been so brutal that it would have been more humane if they bludgeoned Kembler with an axe.

The battle between A C and d C began to wind down. After that, Edison Electric merged with another company, becoming General Electric in and once Westinghouse in, Tesla won the bid for the World Fair and the Niagara Falls hydro electric project in the War of the Currents was over. By November six eight, Buffalo, New York was lit up like a Christmas tree. Tesla stated that his patent, coupled with the falls, would be enough to light up not

just Buffalo, but the entire Eastern United States. In the end, historians agree it maybe Edison's light bulb that lights the room, but Tesla's alternating current powers the world. Although it helped bring alternating current to the forefront, Tesla faded from history in the last decades of his life. He lived in a New York hotel room. His mental health began to suffer, and it's reported that he may have had dementia. He

never married and had no children. He only had a few close friends, namely the writers Mark Twain and Rudyard Kipling. Although as his mental health deteriorated, he much preferred the company of pigeons over people, and spent most of his days feeding and talking to the birds. He also developed an obsession with the number three and exhibited a phobia of women's earrings. Nonetheless, after Tesla's death in nineteen forty three,

US government officials seized his possessions, including his notes and inventions. Eventually, many of them were released to his nephew, who sent them to Belgrad in nineteen fifty two for inclusion in a museum dedicated to Tesla that wound up being tightly controlled by the government. There. There are rumors that some are lost or of still being withheld, and it's only been for the past few decades that some of his inventions diagrams and notes have come back into the public eye.

In one journal entry from Tesla wrote that people would one day be able to communicate with each other instantly, irrespective of distance. He believed that through such technology would be able to communicate on small handheld devices, not just transmitting our voices, but our images as well, all with a device small enough to fit in a pocket. His other predictions ranged from WiFi to m ri I, to renewable energy to the idea that someday there would be

women in power. Nicola Tesla held over seven hundred patents, including ones for the Tesla coil, the first hydroelectric power plant, the fluorescent bulb neon lights, the remote control the Tesla turbine, and a radio controlled boat. He also held the patent for a death ray. Little is known about his notes and diagrams for it, but the idea that it could work hasn't been fully dismissed. Oh and one more thing. The battle over electric current wasn't the last time. Tesla

and Edison went head to head. One night at the turn of the century, while alone in his lab, Tesla picked up on sounds from a crystal radio. At first, he thought the sounds, which resembled voices might be from ghosts. Later in nineteen eighteen, when he heard the sounds again, he attributed them to electrical storms rather than anything paranormal. But Edison, upon hearing that Tesla might be able to speak with the dead, wanted to best his former rival.

Although he was agnostic, Edison polled magazine reporters that he was working on a spirit phone, a device that would allow contact with the world beyond our own. Drawing from Albert Einstein's work on the theories of quantum entanglement and relativity, Edison invited scientists and mediums alike to test the device.

In nine, the spirit phone emitted a small beam of light that Edison claimed originated from the dead, seeing nothing supernatural about the device, though his guests declared the invention

of disappointment. Despite the failure of that embarrassing one sided competition with Tesla over ghosts, Edison made a bet he an engineer Walter Dinwittle agreed that whoever died first would contact the other using the spirit phone, But when Dinwittle passed late in nine, Edison never recorded any kind of contact. Despite his many other inventions, Edison's spirit phone would go on to become his most disastrous, but thankfully it was a whole lot less deadly than the War of the Currents.

There's more to this story. Stick around after this brief sponsor break to hear all about it. Louis Prince knew he wouldn't follow in his father's military footsteps. He was spending too much time at the photography studio of a family friend, and it had enchanted him. He took lessons from Louis de Guerre, who was a chemist and painter,

but also a pioneer in photography. The younger Louis became enthrawled with the process, so when it came time to go to university, he aimed for a degree in chemistry, an essential field of study for anyone wishing to explore the brand new world of photography. In eighteen sixty six, a college friend named John Whitley extended Louis an invitation to come live in Leeds, a city in West Yorkshire, England.

Once there, he discovered that John's sister, Elizabeth, also shared his love of art and was an accomplished artist in her own right. The two began dating and wed in eighteen sixty nine. Two years later, the couple started the Leeds Technical School of Art. Their method of put colored photography onto pottery quickly brought them fame. The wealthy hired them for portraits including Queen Victoria and Prime Minister William Gladstone.

The le Prince's work was included in a time capsule and placed into the foundations of Cleopatra's Needle on the bank of the Thames River. Ten years later, they moved to the United States to work with Whitley Partners, the company who had made the time capsule. After their contract ended, the couple chose to stay and manage a small group of French artists creating large scale battle scene panoramas. The panoramas became quite popular and found their way to exhibits

in New York, Washington, d c. And Chicago. To better capture subjects, Louis began building a new camera, one with sixteen lenses. He also experimented with different film stock. The new camera allowed him to take a series of pictures that appeared to be in motion when projected in sequence. He patented the camera, though it needed improvements to keep the subject from appearing to jump around On the finished product.

He and Elizabeth returned to Leeds in May of eighteen eighty seven, where Louis continued to work with moving images and various styles of new cameras. In early eighteen eighty eight, he built a single lens camera, one that allowed him to shoot stop motion picture films. The very first motion picture in history was filmed on October fourteenth of eight In the short silent footage, Louie's son Adolf, his wife's parents, and the close friend of the family are seen walking

around their garden. Louis went on to record the traffic on the Leeds Bridge and another short film of Adolph playing the accordion. In eighteen eighty nine and eighteen ninety he worked with a mechanic to create a better projector, and when it was complete, he debuted his creation to family and friends. The private showing went well, so Louie decided to take his invention to the general public back in the United States. Just before his trip, though, he

took some time off to see his brother in d Jon, France. Then, on September sixteenth of eighteen ninety, Louis boarded a train back to Leeds, but when friends arrived in Leeds to meet his train. Louis wasn't on board, and neither was his luggage. The French police and Scotland yard were both called in, and friends and family orchestrated their own search, but sadly, no one ever saw Louis Le Prince again.

Somehow he had vanished, as if into thin air, without a body or any evidence as to what had happened. All they had were theories. His grand nephew suggested Louis had died by suicide because of his debts, but that ignored the fact that Louis also had many successful inventions and patents. Elizabeth believed something more nefarious had happened to her husband. She believed he had been killed to prevent

him from show pacing his newest motion picture camera. He had been happy with it and was looking forward to the trip to the United States. It's also been suggested that perhaps Louis simply abandoned his family, but there's no evidence to back up that claim either. There was no indication that his family life was anything other than stable.

A few historians think his brother killed him, possibly for financial gain, and that Louis never left Dijon on that train out of France, but again there's no evidence there. What is interesting, though, is that the very same year Louis disappeared, another man began his work in motion picture cameras, Thomas Edison. The first time he showed off his newest

invention was a year later, in eighteen ninety one. And we know that Edison was aware of Louise's work because he took Louise estate to court in eighteen ninety eight, declaring that he alone was the sole inventor of cinematography. Amazingly, the court ruled in Edison's favor, even though proof of louise pattents were presented. A year later, the court overturned the verdict, so in nineteen hundred Edison reissued his patents and went on to dominate the film industry for decades.

But that old footage recorded with Louie's family and friends has helped establish that the first film was shot in Leeds, England. Together with the death certificate of the family friend who had passed away a couple of months after appearing in the film, the footage is easily dated to eight making it much earlier than Edison's work. Despite all of that, Edison is still the first person most people think of when they're asked about the invention of the motion picture.

He may have lost the war of currents, but his devious victory over Louis Le Prince makes one thing clear. His reputation might be his most powerful invention of all American Shadows is hosted by Lauren Vogelbaum. This episode was written by Michelle Muto, researched by Ali Steed, and produced by Miranda Hawkins and Trevor Young, with executive producers Aaron Mankey, Alex Williams, and Matt Frederick. To learn more about the show,

visit grim and mil dot com. For more podcasts from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.