Rat Packs

attributed to Winston Churchill, is actually of uncertain origin. So much of the past has been lost, and the historical records we do have can be extremely biased. Take the story of Nathaniel Russell, for example. Born in Rhode Island in seventeen thirty eight, Nathaniel moved to Charleston, South Carolina in his late twenties. He began a career as a merchant, trading rice, tobacco, cotton, and human beings. Nathaniel made a

fortune participating in the African slave trade. In seventeen eighty eight, when he was fifty years old, Nathaniel married a woman named Sarah Hopton. Sarah was the daughter of a wealthy Charleston family, so the union secured his social and economic position in colonial America. He later paid for the construction of a lavish mansion in South Carolina, where his family and the humans that he enslaved lived. These days, the Nathaniel Russell Houses considered one of the most important examples

of Neoclassical architecture in America. It's since been restored, but remains decorated in ante bellum fashion. Think floor to ceiling windows, a giant spiral staircase, and oil paintings hung on every wall. The home gives the impression of luxury and esteem, two things that Nathaniel and his family certainly enjoyed. But like I mentioned, the Russells weren't the only ones who lived

inside this Charleston mansion. Over two centuries, the stories of the people they enslaved were lost, But then in twenty seventeen, representatives from the Historic Charleston Foundation decided to restore the kitchen House. Now, the kitchen house was a separate building on the property. It's where enslaved people would have worked and lived, Unlike the rest of the mansion, though this part had never been fixed up, which meant that there

were parts that had never been explored. When conservation experts cut into the walls, they found a whole lot of dust. Beneath that, there was hair, buttons, marbles, part of a waistcoat, fragments of a newspaper from November of eighteen thirty three, and lots of rodent droppings. It was a nineteenth century rat's nest, preserved inside the walls for roughly two hundred years. Now, if the thought makes your stomach turn, I don't blame you,

but here's the thing. Rats are actually furry little historians, and their archives are entirely unbiased. You see, in order to build their nests, rats gather a bunch of random stuff from their environment. They inadvertently create a snapshot of a specific time in place, simply by collecting the items that happened to be there. There is an entire area of study devoted to this phenomenon. It's called rat nest archaeology, and the practice has revealed interesting items all over the

American South. For example, at Poplar Forest Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Retreats, rats filled the walls with newspapers, eighteenth century board game pieces, and even an entire shoe. At the Bray School in Williamsburg, Virginia, rats. Pilford a mechanical pencil from the eighteen thirties, one of the earliest models manufactured in the United States, and it goes back even further than that. Rats can also help

us understand ancient history. In Central Oregon's Paisley Caves, seven thousand year old rodents' nests were found to contain man made items. This suggests that some of the earliest humans in the region lived in those caves too. But I want to go back to the Nathaniel Russell House. Of all the stuff rodents hid in the walls of the kitchen House, one thing stuck out to me the most

scraps torn out of an early writing textbook. Remember this was inside a building where only enslave people lived and worked, and this was an era when the vast majority of enslaved people were forced to remain illiterate. Based on the paper scraps, archaeologists think that those who lived inside the Kitchen House were teaching themselves to read and write in a world that said that they were less than human.

They were working to gain a small bit of power, the ability to tell their own stories, to record their own history. And we know this because, as it turns out history is not written by the victors, it's collected by rats. For most of us, learning to write a bicycle was a rite of passage, one that involved more than a few scraped elbows and knees. Learning how to balance, pedal and break can be tough, but beyond the actual mechanics of riding a bike, there's a deeper lesson that

all kids need to learn. When you fall, you have to get back up and try again. Thankfully, our modern pedal powered machines have a relatively low risk of injury. In fact, when they were first developed, they were advertised as safety bicycles, and that's because their predecessors were remarkably dangerous. The first two wheeled bicycle was invented in Germany in eighteen seventeen. Its official name was the lauf Machine or running machine in English, but everybody just called it the

bone shaker. It looked similar to bicycles of today, except it was made almost entirely out of wood and it didn't have any pedals. The idea was that you could sit down, kick the ground to get some momentum, then the wheels would propel you forward. It was kind of like the car from the flint stones. But it wasn't exactly an off road vehicle since it was wooden. The tiniest pebble or crack the pavement would send shutters through the whole machine, hence the nickname the bone shaker. This

is how the American Cyclopedia described it. Quote. The defects of the running machine its rigidity and its strain on the rider in propelling it by muscular thrust, besides rendering it impractical for general road travel and subjecting the rider to severe jolting, were frequent cause of abdominal hernia. Yeah. Clearly the design needed some improvements, so an English inventor named James Starley, better known as the father of the

bicycle industry, answered the call. In the eighteen seventies, he updated the running machine in a number of ways. Instead of wood, his new design was made with hollow metal frame and rubber tires. He also added pedals. All in all, it seemed like the bicycle was moving in a good direction. Right. Well, there's one more thing that you should know. James Starley's bike was built for speed, which is why its front wheel measured over five feet tall and its back wheel

was a meager fourteen inches in dice diameter. Oh and it didn't have any brakes. This weird bike was called a penny Farthing. It was named after two British coins, which were vastly different in size. Just like the two wheels, Getting on and off was a challenge, and the lack of brakes meant that crashes were very common. But still the machine speed was a big draw. By the early nineteen hundreds, people flocked to London to watch and join

penny farthing races. These events were exciting too, if only because the spectacle was so strange and the risk of disaster so high. Bikes could travel over fifteen miles an hour. Because the front wheel was so tall, riders often sat five to seven feet up in the air. If two penny Farthings collided, the drivers would be pitched out of their seats, and way back then, nobody was wearing helmets.

Penny Farthings fell out of fashion in the nineteen twenties when the safety bikele hit the stores, but curiously, the Victorian era vehicle has experienced a modern resurgence. Competitive races became common again in the nineteen eighties, although helmets are now required. Perhaps the most well known Dash takes place in the English village of Nottsford. Every ten years. The streets are blocked off to make room for the Great Race,

a penny farthing sprint for the benefits of charity. The last Great Race was held in October of this year. Melissa Idel, the current European female Penny Farthing racing Champion, was there. She describes riding the asymmetrical bike as and I quote, a combination of flying a helicopter and riding a mechanical horse. It's avant garde, it's risky. One jerk can mean the bike flips and that's you hurtling through

the air. And with that, I think it's fair to say that the Penny Farthing puts a different spin on the age old wisdom. If you fall from seven feet high, get back up, brush yourself off, and consider getting a bike that actually has brakes. I hope you've enjoyed today's guided tour of the Cabinet of Curiosities. Subscribe for free on Apple Podcasts, or learn more about the show by visiting Curiosities podcast dot com. The show was created by

me Aaron Mankey in partnership with how Stuff Works. I make another Award winning show called Lore which is a podcast, book series, and television show and you can learn all about it over at the Worldoflore dot com. And until next time, stay curious.