Game On

and phone calls. It's nice to take a little time to kick off one's shoes, lean back, and enjoy some peace and quiet. Now the way we relax is up to personal preference. Where one person might play video games well into the night. Someone else may pour themselves a cup of tea or scotch and curl up with a good book. Still, others unwind by engaging their brains by attending trivia nights, or playing card games, or perhaps honing their mental acuity with a puzzle. Those were the people

Arthur was interested in. Born in England in eighteen seventy one, Arthur seemed destined to work for a newspaper. After all, his father had been the editor of the Liverpool Mercury for many years. In when Arthur was twenty years old, he came to the United States looking to establish a

name for himself. He found his place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and while his father may have been the editor of a local paper back home, Arthur would have to work his own way up at the much larger Pittsburgh Press. There's was not a modest operation. In fact, it only lagged behind the Philadelphia inquir the most popular newspaper in Pennsylvania at the time. The Press served as the perfect

springboard for Arthur's rise to fame. By thirteen, he had moved on from Pennsylvania to Cedar Grove, New Jersey, where he took a job at another newspaper called The New York World. Now The World was owned by the Pulitzer family, and they were in need of material for their Fun section, an area of the paper where puzzles and games were often published to keep readers entertained. Arthur, though, didn't want

to repurpose something someone else had made. He knew of all kinds of puzzles that would have worked within the World's pages, but rather than limit himself to a common brain teaser that might have been found in a children's activity book, Arthur created his own, and he designed it with adults in mind. He borrowed an idea from the word square, a puzzle in which letters of random words were arranged in a square shape so that they were

read the same horizontally and vertically. Except instead of a square, Arthur laid out small boxes into a diamond shape, with the word fun already filled in across the top three squares. The rest of the boxes had small numbers printed in their corners and a list of clues underneath. It was the reader's job to read each clue and fill in the corus boding answer and the puzzle, with each letter occupying a single square. His creation became an overnight sensation.

Within a few years, his unique word puzzles were being adapted and printed in newspapers all over the country, including Arthur's old stomping grounds, the Pittsburgh Press. Of course, as the puzzles continued to gain popularity, newspapers started altering the original design. That first diamond shape went through a number of iterations until it became standardized into the now common

square shaped layout. In order to separate the clues and make the answers more readable black boxes were also added. Puzzle addicts were solving them everywhere, on subway trains, in cafes, and on park benches. The New York Public Library found itself policing the use of its dictionaries as the children who needed to use them were being turned away by fervent puzzle solvers. And as with all popular pastimes, Everyone's

latest obsession also attracted its fair share of critics. One writer for The New York Times called it a primitive form of mental exercise, which is pretty funny considering that today The New York Times is home to one of the most popular and wide be solved puzzles in the world. Published every Monday through Saturday, there's measures and even fifteen by fifteen squares. However, on Sunday it balloons to an impressive squares because when something is popular, people just want more.

Arthur Wins silly game took the world by storm. Originally called a word cross, the element of its name got rearranged, much like the squares on the page, into something more timeless and classic, the crossword puzzle. When it comes to notable events in American history, New Jersey tends to stand out above the rest it was the location of more

revolutionary war battles than any other colony. The boardwalk in Atlantic City was not only the first one ever built, it was also the longest in the world, and founding father, Alexander Hamilton's was famously killed in a duel there by Aaron Burr in eighteen o four. Speaking of Hamilton's, he had great plans for New Jersey. He believed that the town of Paterson was destined to become the start of a new revolution, and it was Hamilton's insisted the United

States needed to focus on industry. The rest of the world was moving ahead and the new nation he'd helped create was at risk of falling behind. Patterson became the first planned industrial city in the country, and though its future was hampered by events like the Great Depression and the end of World War Two, it's intended greatness rippled out to other parts of the state, namely nearby Hawthorne,

New Jersey. In nineteen fifty seven, two engineers from Hawthorne, American Alfred Fielding and Swiss chemist Mark Chavon were working to disrupt an industry they thought had fallen pretty flat. Literally, they wanted to create a new kind of wallpaper, specifically one that was three dimensional. Among their many attempts, one involved two shower curtains, which they adhered together with a heat ceiling machine. Their plan hit a snag, though, when

they found air bubbles trapped between the curtains. Yet, even though it wasn't what they had anticipated, Fielding and Chavon had achieved their goal a wholly unique kind of wallpaper. It's puffy texture was different from the boring and flat two dimensional wallpapers people were already familiar with, so they pressed forward, but it didn't catch on. Customers couldn't see the benefit of having padded walls in their homes. Even the beat Nicks they were targeting with their hip new

invention didn't want it. Fielding and Chavon didn't quit, though they piloted their air filled shower curtains to another industry, building installation, specifically for greenhouses. Sadly, horticulturalists didn't care much for it either. While it did provide some benefit to greenhouse owners, it wasn't enough to justify the cost. It seemed nobody wanted to install this new breed of covering on their walls, regardless of whether they were made of

plaster or glass. It wasn't until three years later, when Frederick W. Bowers got ahold of it, that things started to turn around. Bowers was a marketing whiz, and he saw a burgeoning opportunity for Fielding and Chavon in the

technology space. It was October of nineteen fifty nine and IBM was getting ready to launch their new fourteen oh one data processing system, comprised of three components, a card read punch about the size of a bedroom dresser, the processing unit, which looked a lot like a squat refrigerator, and the massive printer. Together these pieces cost a month

to rent roughly two dollars today. They required large trucks to transport them, and Bowers believe the puffy wallpaper that he was selling would be perfect for making sure the fourteen oh ones got to their destination safely and securely. IBM thought so too. After a brief demonstration, they contracted Bowers Company to wrap their new computers in it before rolling them out the door and onto the new trucks.

The original design for Fielding and chavan was tweaked to include more air pockets for better protection, and Alfred Fielding's five year old son also seemed to like it. One day, while playing with a sheet of the stuff, the little boy popped one of the pockets in his hands. It went off with a bang. He didn't cry, though. He reached for another one and popped it, and then another,

and then another. The IBM deal was the beginning. The discovery that had failed to fulfill its first and second intended purposes, had found new life as an ideal packaging material. It was a rousing triumph and one more feather in New Jersey's prolific cap of successful inventions. Today, Bowers Company Sealed Air sells about half a billion dollars worth of the would be wallpaper each year under its more popular name bubble Rap. I hope you've enjoyed today's guided tour

of the Cabinet of Curiosities. Subscribe for free on Apple Podcasts, or learn more about the show by visiting Curiosities podcast dot com. The show was created by me Aaron Manky in partnership with How Stuff Works. I make another award winning show called Lore, which is a podcast, book series, and television show, and you can learn all about it over at the World of Lore dot com. And until next time, stay curious. Yeah h